AUSTRALIAN MARITME COLLEGE 1 FOREwORd This handbook is intended for the guidance of radio operators: (a) On Australian vessels which are voluntarily fitted with marine VHF radiotelephony and marine VHF radiotelephony with digital Selective Calling (dSC) capability. (b) On Australian vessels which are compulsorily fitted with marine VHF radiotelephony and marine VHF radiotelephony with digital Selective Calling (dSC) capability. It is the recommended textbook for candidates undertaking the Marine Radio Operators VHF Certificate of Proficiency (MROVCP) examination. Procedures and requirements outlined in the handbook are based on the International Radio Regulations formulated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), on provisions governing the use of radio transmitters in Australia laid down in the Radiocommunications Act 1992, and on radiocommunications station licence conditions set by the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA). Careful observance of the procedures covered by this handbook is essential for the efficient exchange of communications in the marine radiocommunications service, particularly when the safety of life at sea is concerned. Special attention should be given to those sections dealing with distress, urgency and safety. It should be noted that no provision of this handbook, the International Radio Regulations, or the Radiocommunications Act 1992, prevents the use by a vessel in distress of any means at its disposal to attract attention, make known its position and obtain help. Similarly, no provision of this handbook, the International Radio Regulations, or the Radiocommunications Act 1992, prevents the use by vessels engaged in search and rescue operations of any means at their disposal to assist a vessel in distress. This booklet is based on extracts from the Marine Radio Operators Handbook 2008 and reflects the new arrangements for maritime communication stations from 1 July 2002. These arrangements include substantial changes to the frequencies monitored by these stations for distress and safety, and changed requirements for ships wishing to participate in the AUSREP reporting system. It also contains information about the Global Maritime distress and Safety System (GMdSS) marine communications techniques which are available for use by small vessels in Australia. The system uses advanced technology and automation to ensure that search and rescue authorities, as well as ships in the vicinity of an emergency, are alerted reliably and rapidly. Both satellite and terrestrial communications form essential components of the GMdSS. The Australian Maritime College (AMC) acknowledges the contribution of ACMA, the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA), the Bureau of Meteorology, Telstra, and the Governments of the States and the Northern Territory in the preparation of this Handbook.
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(a)On Australian vessels which are voluntarily fitted with marine VHF radiotelephony and marine VHFradiotelephonywithdigitalSelectiveCalling(dSC)capability.
(b)On Australian vessels which are compulsorily fitted with marine VHF radiotelephony and marine VHFradiotelephonywithdigitalSelectiveCalling(dSC)capability.
It is the recommended textbook for candidates undertaking theMarine Radio Operators VHF Certificate ofProficiency(MROVCP)examination.
Procedures and requirements outlined in the handbook are based on the International Radio Regulationsformulated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), on provisions governing the use of radiotransmittersinAustralialaiddownintheRadiocommunications Act 1992,andonradiocommunicationsstationlicenceconditionssetbytheAustralianCommunicationsandMediaAuthority(ACMA).
Careful observance of the procedures covered by this handbook is essential for the efficient exchange ofcommunications in the marine radiocommunications service, particularly when the safety of life at sea isconcerned.Specialattentionshouldbegiventothosesectionsdealingwithdistress,urgencyandsafety.
It should be noted that no provision of this handbook, the International Radio Regulations, or theRadiocommunications Act 1992, prevents the use by a vessel in distress of any means at its disposaltoattractattention,makeknownitspositionandobtainhelp.
This booklet is based on extracts from the Marine Radio Operators Handbook 2008 and reflects the newarrangementsformaritimecommunicationstationsfrom1July2002.Thesearrangementsincludesubstantialchangestothefrequenciesmonitoredbythesestationsfordistressandsafety,andchangedrequirementsforshipswishingtoparticipateintheAUSREPreportingsystem.
It also contains information about the Global Maritime distress and Safety System (GMdSS) marinecommunicationstechniqueswhichareavailableforusebysmallvesselsinAustralia.Thesystemusesadvancedtechnology andautomation to ensure that search and rescue authorities, aswell as ships in the vicinityofanemergency,arealertedreliablyandrapidly. Bothsatelliteandterrestrialcommunications formessentialcomponentsoftheGMdSS.
generalNational and International systems exist toprovide prompt and effective search andrescue assistance to ships in distress. Bycomplyingwiththefollowingprocedures,shipstationoperatorscanensurethatthesesystemscontinuetoworkeffectivelyforthebenefitofallmariners.
All radiotelephony distress, urgency and safety calls and messages should be spoken slowly and clearly.Thephoneticalphabetandfigurecodeshouldbeusedifnecessary.Useofthestandardmarinevocabularyisrecommendedinthecaseoflanguagedifficulties.
The class licence does not authorize the operation of a ‘homebase’. Except in special cases,marine radioequipmentinprivateresidenceswillnotbeauthorisedbyACMA.
oPeratorSQualIFIcatIonSAsaminimum,under theabove licence conditions, all operatorsofmarineVHFequipment are required topossestheMarineRadioOperatorsVHFCertificateofProficiency(MROVCP)asissuedbytheOfficeofMaritimeCommunications(OMC),abranchoftheAMC,onbehalfofACMA.
Generally speaking range atVHF is slightly greater than the visual line of sight of the combined antennas,thehighertheantennathegreatertheranges.duringcertainatmosphericconditions,particularlyduringthesummermonths,the‘groundwave’,mayberefractedroundtheearth’ssurfaceforafargreaterrangethanwould normally be expected at VHF. This phenomenon is known as ‘ducting’ and should not be regardedasnormal.
generalcareandMaIntenanceVessel owners should be aware that, on occasions, a power supply fuse will blow when the transceiver ismalfunctioningandfornoapparentreason.Itisrecommendedthatasupplyoffusesofthemanufacturer’srecommendedvaluebecarriedonboard. Forsafekeepingspare fusescouldbecontained inanoldplasticfilmcontainer.
VHF marine repeaters are unmanned shore installations usually located at geographically high points.Theyaredesignedtotransmitandreceivesimultaneouslyandwillretransmitor ‘repeat’allsignalsreceived.Retransmittedsignalscanbereceivedbyanystationlisteningontherepeaterchannel.
There are no fixed hours for the radio service provided by limited coast stations and many do not offera continuous service. Hours of service are determined by local requirements or, in some cases, by StateGovernmentlegislation.
Repeater channels must not be used as ‘chatter channels’. Communications must be restricted to thoseconcerningthemovementsofvesselsandsafetyofvesselsandpersons.Todiscouragelengthyconversations,repeaterswillincorporateanautomatictimerestrictionofapproximatelythirtyseconds.
If not apparent by monitoring, a ship station can gain an indication of its ability to access a repeater bymomentarilydepressingthemicrophonebutton.Ifabrief(approximatelyonesecond)burstor‘tail’ofnoiseisheardfromtheloudspeakerwhenthebuttonisreleased,thenthevesselisactivatingtherepeater.Ifa‘tail’isnotheard,itisprobablethatthevesselisoutofrangeoftherepeater.
All radiotelephony distress, urgency and safety calls and messages should be spoken slowly and clearly.Thephoneticalphabetandfigurecodeshouldbeusedifnecessary.Useofthestandardmarinevocabularyisrecommendedinthecaseoflanguagedifficulties.
autHorItyoFtHeMaSterA ship radio station and the service it provides are placed under the authority of the master, skipper,orthepersonresponsibleforthesafetyofthevessel.
>> urgencycallS,messages and trafficmay be broadcast to all stations or transmitted to an individualstationonchannelsallocatedfordistresscommunicationsoronaworkingchannelifthemessageisofanurgentmedicalrequestorrepetitionofanoverduevesselreport.
>> SaFety callS andmessagesmay be broadcast to all stations or transmitted to an individual station.Thesafetymessagewillalwaysbetransmittedonaworkingchannel.Anacknowledgmentisnotexpectedforasafetybroadcast.
SIlencePerIodSThe International regulations no longer require silence periods to be observed on the distress and callingfrequencies.SilencePeriodsforradiotelephonyarefromthehourandhalfhourforaperiodofthreeminutes.It is the practice in all Australian waters to observe silence periods on the radiotelephony distress VHFChannel16.
during communications difficulties the recommended time for the transmission of distress traffic is duringa silence period. Those vessels that come under the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulationsmaintain acontinuouswatchonVHFdSCchannel70andalisteningwatchonchannel16.
PHonetIcalPHaBetandFIgurecodewhenexperiencingdifficultieswith the exchangeof radio communications, i.e. languagedifficulties, itmaybe necessary to exchange communications by the use of the Phonetic Alphabet, especially during distresscommunicationssituations.(seepage40).
dISTRESSCALLINGPROCEdURESreSPonSIBIlItyState and Territory police forces, using the resources of recognized volunteermarine rescue organizations,aswellastheirownwaterPolice,co-ordinatemostinshoreboatingemergencies.
tHedIStreSSSIgnalThe distress signal is the wordMAYdAY. The transmission of the distress signal indicates that the vessel,orpersonsonboardthatvessel,areinGRAVEANdIMMINENTdANGERandrequireimmediateassistance.
tHedIStreSScallThe distress call and message is broadcast to ALL STATIONS, in the SIMPLEX mode of transmission.Theradiotelephonydistresscallconsistsof:
dIStreSSPoSItIonInForMatIonPreference should be given to indicating the position by latitude and longitude (degrees andminutes anddecimalpointsofaminuteifnecessary,NorthorSouth,Eastorwest);ortruebearinganddistance(theunitofdistanceshouldalwaysbespecified,forexample,nauticalmilesorkilometres)fromaknowngeographicalpoint(forexample045degreestruefromPointdanger,24nauticalmiles);oraprecisegeographicallocation(forexample,inthecaseofavesselrunningaground).wherelatitudeandlongitudearenotused,caremustbetakentoensurethatthepositiongivencannotbeconfusedwithanyotherplaceorgeographicalpoint.
oBlIgatIontoacknowledgereceIPtoFadIStreSSMeSSageShip stations that receive a distress message from another vessel which is, beyond any possible doubt,intheirvicinity,should immediatelyacknowledgereceipt.However, inareaswherereliablecommunicationswithalimitedcoaststationispracticable,shipstationsshoulddeferthisacknowledgmentforashortintervaltoallowthelimitedcoaststationtoacknowledgereceipt.
The vessel in distress or the station in control of distress trafficmay impose silence on any or all stationsinterferingwithdistress trafficbysending the instructionSeelonceMayday. This instructionmustnotbeusedbyanystationotherthanthevesselindistress,orthestationcontrollingdistresstraffic.
whenashipstationhearsadistressmessagewhichhasnotbeenacknowledgedbyotherstations,butisnotitself in a position toprovide assistance, it should acknowledge the call and then take steps to attract theattentionofalimitedcoastradiostationorvesselswhichmightbeabletoassist.
reSuMPtIonoFreStrIctedworkIngShould the station controlling distress traffic consider that complete silence is no longer required on thedistresschannel, thestationshouldtransmitonthatchannelamessageaddressedtoallstations indicatingthatrestrictedworkingmayberesumed.Shipstationsmaythenresumeuseofthedistresschannelfornormalpurposes,butinacautiousmannerandbeingawarethatthechannelmaystillberequiredfordistresstraffic.
tHeurgencySIgnalTheurgency signal consists of thewordsPANPAN, and indicates that the caller has anurgentmessage totransmitconcerningthesafetyofthevessel,aircraftorperson.Ithaspriorityoverallothercommunicationsexceptdistress.
generaldigital Selective Calling (dSC) was first introduced to mariners with the commencement of the GlobalMaritimedistressandSafetySystem(GMdSS),primarilyforvesselscompulsorilyequippedwithmarineradiocommunicationsequipment.
MarineVHFdSCoperatesonChannel70.ThedSCalertistransmittedviatheVHFunitonChannel70,andiscomparabletoatelephonepagingsystem.ThedSCisdesigned,inmanyways,toreplicatewhatanoperatormaysaywhenoperating radiotelephonyequipment. dSC isalsodesigned to take theplaceofanoperatorcontinuouslymonitoringtheInternationaldistresschannel16.However,regulatoryauthoritieshavedecidedthatoperatorsofmarineVHFshould,whenatsea,continuetomonitorChannel16indefinitely.
tranSMISSIonoFadScalertThe dSC transmission, on Channel 70, is a brief burst of digital data, typically 0.5 seconds in duration.Thischannelisprotectedandshouldnotbeusedforanyothertypeoftransmission.
dIStreSSPoSItIonInForMatIonwithGPS interfacing position informationwill automatically be inserted into the distress alert and give anindicationofwhenthatpositionwaslastupdated.
Following the International Telecommunications Union (Radio Regulations) ITU(RR): If the position is notupdated within 23.5 hours the section indicating Latitude will show five 9s and the section indicatingLongitude will show five 9s. The section indicating the time of the position will show four 8s. Somemanufacturers will insert a series of asterisks (*) to replace the digits of position and time informationif the position has not been updated. On vessels compulsorily fitted with dSC it may be necessary toupdate the position information no later than four hours, with a warning system to indicate that theposition requires updating. therefore the position and time at which it was last updated will alwaysbeindicated.
rePetItIonoFdIStreSSalertSThe acknowledgement of a VHF distress alert should be anticipated from a coast or limited coast station.However,ifanacknowledgementisnotreceivedforthedSCdistressalertthenitwillautomaticallyberepeatedatapproximatelyfourminuteintervalsforfivetransmissions.
If aMAYdAY is received on VHF Channel 16 it should be acknowledged using the standard radiotelephonyprocedure.OncethedSCdistressacknowledgementisreceivedtherepeatdSCdistressalertiscancelled.
generalEPIRBsareauthorizedundera class licenceandas suchdonot requirean individual radiocommunicationslicence. An EPIRB is described as a small, self-contained, battery-operated radio transmitterwhich is bothwatertightandbuoyant.
TheessentialpurposeofanEPIRB is toassist indetermining thepositionof survivors in searchand rescueoperations.TheEPIRBshouldnotbeconsideredasanalternativetoanapprovedmarineradiotransceiver.
OperationoftheEPIRBshouldbeasimpletwostepaction,andonceswitchedonoractivated,shouldnotbeswitchedoffuntil rescuehasbeencompleted. InternationalRadioRegulationsstate that theEPIRBbatteryshouldbecapableofsupplyingpowertotheePIrBforaminimumof48hours.
There are two LUTs in Australia, one located at Albany, in western Australia, and another at Bundaberg,Queensland,bothofwhicharelinkedtotheRescueCoordinationCentre(RCC)Canberra.AnotherLUTlocatedatwellington,NewZealand,isalsolinkedtoRCCCanberra.
IdentIFIcatIonoFa406MHzePIrBPurchasers of a 406MHz EPIRB are required to complete a registration formwhich in turn is lodgedwiththeAustralianMaritimeSafetyAuthorityCanberra. The406MHzEPIRBhasauniqueidentitycodewhichistransmittedaspartofitsdigitisedsignalandindicatesitscountryofregistration.RCCsaroundtheworldcanthereforeidentifythevesseltowhichanactivatedEPIRBbelongs.
The system also uses five satellites that are geo StatIonary, in fixed positions, some 36,000 km abovetheequator.
EMERGENCYPOSITIONINdICATINGRAdIOBEACONS,EPIRBS
SurVIValcraFteQuIPMent
27 SURVIVALCRAFTEQUIPMENT
tHe406MHzePIrBThe 406 MHz EPIRB transmits a short burst of digital data on thefrequenciesof406.025MHz,406.028MHzand406.037MHz. Thisburstof data is typically a 5 watt signal of 0.5 of a second duration every50seconds.
The406MHzEPIRBmanufacturedtoAustralianspecificationsalsotransmitson 121.5 MHz for aircraft homing purposes. Transmission on 121.5 MHzsimultaneouslyradiatesacontinuousseriesofdistinctivedescendingtoneswhichcontainsnostationidentification.
EPIRBs operating on 406.028 and 406.037 MHz operate in a similar manner to the 406.025 MHz EPIRB.However,the406.028and406.037MHzEPIRBalsohaveaninbuiltGlobalPositionSystem(GPS)unitinstalled.Once activated the GPS unit can receive position information from GPS satellites and within 5 minutesinclude that information in theburst of data that is receivedby the LUTwhich is then relayed to theRCC.Positionaccuracyistowithin150metresoftheactivatedEPIRB.
SerVIcIngoFePIrBSAnEPIRBmustnotbetestedexceptstrictlyinaccordancewithmanufacturer’sinstructions.OwnersofEPIRBsshould refer to the relevant regulation concerning performance verification tests and the owner’s manualconcerningservicingandrecommendedbatteryreplacementdates.Hydrostaticreleasemechanismsshouldbeinspectedandservicedatregularintervals.
Fig.6 Image on the radar once the vessel has altered course to head towards the SART position
SEARCHANdRESCUETRANSPONdERSgeneralASearchandRescueTransponder, or SART, is abattery-poweredportabledevice,whichmaybeusedbyasurvivalcrafttoindicateitspositiontosearchingaircraftandvessels.
TheSARToperates inthe9.3to9.5GHzbandandwillrespondonlytoradarequipmentoperatingonthosefrequencies (X Band, 3 Centimetre radar). The SART will not respond to 3 GHz (S band, 10 Centimetre)radar. TheSARTshouldoperateinthestandbymodeforaminimumof96hourswithafurthereighthoursoftransmission.
SartoPeratIonOnce switchedon theSARTwill scan theXBandof radar frequencies. whena searching radar isdetectedthe SART will lock onto that particular radar frequency and commence to transmit on the entire X Band,thusenablingallvesselsinthevicinitytoreceiveanindicationoftheSARTtransmission.
Ondetectingsignalsfromdistantradarequipment,anactivatedSARTwillgenerateaseriesofresponsesignalsoftwelveblipswhichwillbedisplayedonthereceivingradarscreen,extendinginaline,approx5to8nauticalmiles in length,outwardfromtheSARTposition,alongits lineofbearing. Thisuniqueradarsignal iseasilyrecognisedandtherescuevesseloraircraftcanlocatethesurvivors.(SeeFig.5&6)
An interrogated SART will provide proof to survivors of operations by means of an audible and/or visibleflashinglight.
locatIondIStanceSA SART should respond to a ship’s radar with a scanner height of 15 metres at a distance of at least 5nauticalmiles.
TheelectrolyteinbatterycellsconsistsofamixtureofwaterandSulphuricacid.Itissufficientlyconcentrated,particularly after charging, to damage eyes, skin or clothes if spilt or splashed. Immediate and prolongedapplicationofrunningwaterisrecommendedtominimiseitseffect.
It is recommended thateyeprotection,gloves, etcbewornwhenaperson is carryingoutmaintenanceonbatteries.Batteriesshouldnotbetopped-upwhilstoncharge.
A battery which is near flat, defective or have corrosion of battery terminals may be able to providesufficient current to operate the receiver, but not the transmitter. Should the transmitter fail to operateand dial lights or channel display dim significantly when the button is operated, the battery shouldbesuspected.
Seawatermustnotbeusedunderany circumstances. The levelof theelectrolyte shouldbemaintainedatapproximately10mmabovetheplatesunlessotherwisespecifiedbythemanufacturer.Iftheelectrolytelevelistoohigh,itmayoverflowduringchargingprovidinganunwanteddischargepath.Iftheelectrolyteistoolow,theplatesareexposedtotheairandpermanentdamageandlossofcapacitymayresult.
Itmaybenoticedthatabatterythatisnearingtheendofitsusefullifewillrequiremorefrequenttopping-up than has been previously necessary. Low-maintenance batteries will require infrequent topping-up.Maintenance-freebatteriesmayrequirenoneatall.
Vessels that are used frequently (say, several times each week) should have no problem maintaining afully charged radio battery. However, on vessels that are used relatively infrequently (say, once every fewweeks), it is likely that during storage even a battery that starts as fully charged, will self-discharge andgoflat.
MeaSurIngtHeSPecIFIcgraVItyThe specific gravity, also called the relative density, of the electrolyte (the liquid inside the battery) variesproportionallywiththeamountofchargeinthebattery.Itishighestwhenthebatteryisfullychargedandlowestwhenthebatteryisfullydischargedorflat.Itfollowsthattheamountofchargeinabatterycanbedeterminedbymeasuringthespecificgravityoftheelectrolyte.Asimple,inexpensivedevicecalledahydrometerisusedtomeasurespecificgravity.
Ingeneral, for a fully chargedbattery the specificgravity shouldmeasure about 1.250. Half chargewill beindicatedbyareadingof1.200andfullydischargedby1.150. Allcells inabatteryshould indicateasimilarspecific gravity. A variation of more than about 0.025 will indicate a faulty cell and the battery shouldbereplaced.
Specificgravityreadingsshouldnotbetakenimmediatelyaftertopping-upacellastheaddedwaterwillfloattowards the topof the cell andgivea false reading. Charging for thirtyminutesormoreafter topping-upwillmix theelectrolyteandallowaccurate readings. Topup thebatterybefore chargingas thepouringof
35 POwERSUPPLIES
1.3
1.2
1.1
RECHARGE
FAIR
GOOD
RubberBulb
Hollowglassfloat
GlassBarrel
Scale
Electrolytebeingmeasured
weighttoholdfloaterect
Rubberhose
1.150
1.200
1.250
1.300
Fig.10Hydrometer
colddistilledwaterontohotacidinthebatterywillcausesplatter.Batterieswhichhavecellswherespecificgravity readings fail to rise,orrespondpoorly toadequatecharging, shouldbereplaced.
MeaSurIngtHeon-loadterMInalVoltageMeasurement of the terminal voltage whenabattery issupplyingcurrenttoa load,suchas a transmitting radio, will also providean indication of the amount of charge in abattery. Thismeasurement is known as theon-loadterminalvoltage.
For a 12-volt battery, the on-load terminalvoltage should not fall below approximately11.4 volts while transmitting. If thevoltage does fall significantly below thisfigure, the battery requires charging.Ifaftercharging,theon-loadterminalvoltagestill falls significantly below 11.4 volts, it isan indication of a faulty cell and the batteryshouldbereplaced.
Measurementof theoff-load (when thebattery is idle) terminalvoltageofabattery isapoor indicationofitscondition.
MaIntenanceFreeBatterIeSMaintenance free Lead – Acid or Gel type batteries are becoming increasinglymore popular and availabletomariners. Usersof these typesofbatteriesare recommendedto followthemanufacturer’sguidelines inascertainingtheconditionof thebattery regardingreplacement. Onvesselswhere it ismandatorytocarryan independent emergency means of electrical supply, for communications equipment, it may also be arequirementtoreplace‘maintenancefree’batteriesafterashortoperationalperiodof1year.
connectIonoFBatterIeSdurIngeMergencIeSForavesselwithmorethanasinglebankofbatteries it ishighlyrecommendedtoconnectthebatteries inparallelduringemergencysituations.Thebatteryon/offorinterchangeswitchwillindicateifthisispossible.
c) ThechannelsofthepresentAppendix,butpreferablyChannel28andwiththeexceptionofChannels06,13,15,16,17,70,75and76,maybeusedfordirect-printingtelegraphyanddatatransmission,subjecttospecialarrangementbetweeninterestedandaffectedadministrations.
- itshallnotaffectthe25kHzChannelsoftheAppendix4maritimemobiledistressandsafetyfrequencies,especially the Channels 06, 13, 15, 16, 17, and 70, nor the technical characteristics mentioned inRecommendationITU-RM.489-2forthosechannels;
h) within theEuropeanMaritimeAreaand inCanada, these frequencies (Channels 10, 67, 73)mayalsobeused,ifsorequired,bytheindividualadministrationsconcerned,forcommunicationbetweenshipstations,aircraftstationsandparticipatinglandstationsengagedinco-ordinatedsearchandrescueandanti-pollutionoperationsinlocalareas.
i) Thepreferredfirst three frequencies for thepurpose indicated inNotea)are156.450MHz (channel09),156.625MHz(channel72)and156.675MHz(channel73).
k) Channel 13 is designated for use on a worldwide basis as a navigation safety communication channel,primarilyforintershipnavigationsafetycommunications.Itmayalsobeusedfortheshipmovementandportoperationsservicesubjecttothenationalregulationsoftheadministrationsconcerned.
m)These Channels (18 and 82 to 86) may be operated as single frequency channels, subject to specialarrangementbetweeninterestedoraffectedadministrations.
Subject to the International Radio Regulations, when operating outside Australian territorial waters, shipstationsmayuseanymaritimemobilefrequencyauthorisedbythoseregulations.detailsmaybefoundintheManualforUsebytheMaritimeMobileandMaritimeMobile-SatelliteService,publishedbytheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion.
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Position when latitude and longitude are used, these should be expressed in degrees and minutes(and decimals of aminute, if necessary), north or south of the Equator and east orwest ofGreenwich.
when the position is related to a mark, the mark shall be a well-defined charted object.Thebearingshallbeinthe360-degreenotationfromtruenorthandshallbethatofthepositionfromthemark.