Forestry in Indonesia: An Overview

Forestry in Indonesia: An Overview

Presented to the Delegations from EthiopiaCIFOR, 15 January 2015

By. Dede Rohadi

Presentation Outline

• Forest Extent• Forest Administration• Forest Policies and Practices• Social Forestry

I N D O N E S I A

Indonesia: • Population: + 250 million people (+ 3% growth since

1970) – mostly living in Java.• Land area: + 187 million ha• 34 Provinces, 410 districts, 98 municipalities (cities)

Forest Extent

Definition of Forest?

Forest

Forest Area

Areas with and/or without vegetation

Views:

• Economy• Ecology• Legal

State Forest

Private ForestNon-Forest AreaStatistic Bias ?

Source: Sardjono (2007)

Forest by Function (MoF, 2013)

Forests Land = 127 million haNon Forests Land = 62 million ha

2212%

3016%

2915%28

15%

1810%

6233%

Conservation Forest

Protection Forest

Permanent Production Forest

Limited Production Forest

Convertible Production Forest

Non Forest Land

Conservation Forests (millions ha)

National

Park

Wild

life Sa

nctuary

Strict

Nature Rese

rve

Grand Fo

rest Park

Others

Nature Recre

ational

Park

Game Hunting P

ark0.002.004.006.008.00

10.0012.0014.00

Terresterial Marine

Forest by land cover (million ha)

Land cover typeConserv

ation forest

Protection forest

Permanent Production

forests

Limited Production

Forest

Convertible Production

ForestNon Forest

Land Total

Forested 16 25 20 19 10 9 99

Primary forest 11 15 7 7 5 1 46

Secondary forest 5 9 11 11 5 6 48

Planted forest 0 0 2 0 0 1 4

Non forested 5 7 14 4 11 48 89

Total 21 32 34 23 21 57 188

Percentage (%)

Forested 75 77 59 82 49 15 53

Non forested 25 23 41 18 51 85 47

Forest Administration

Central Government

Provincial Government

District Government

President&

Ministers

Governors&

Provincial Offices

Bupati/City Mayors&

District OfficesGov

ernm

ent S

truc

ture

s

Brief History of Ministry of Forestry

• 1945 : Nation’s Independence• 1966 : Establishment of Directorate General of

Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture• 1983 : Establishment of Ministry of Forestry• 1998 : Establishment of Ministry of Forestry and

Estate Crops• 2001 : Back to Ministry of Forestry• 2015 : Ministry of Environment and Forestry

Minister of Forestry

Inspector General Secretary General

DG of Forest Business

Development

DG of Watershed

Management and Social Forestry

DG of Forest Protection and

Nature Conservation

DG of Forest Planning

Agency of Research and Development

(FORDA)

Minister Advisers:1. Industrial Revitalization2. Economic and International

Trade3. Environment and Climate

Change4. Organization Relationship5. Forest Guard/Security

Center for Facility and

Logistic

Center for Standardization

and Environment

Center for Community

Relation

Center for International Cooperation

Center for Forestry

Development

Center for Financing

Of Forestry Development

8 Echelon I5 Minister Advisers52 Ec II172 Ec III403 Ec IV

Agency of Extension and

Human Resource

Development

Forest Policies & Practices

Important Forest Policies:Pre Independence or Colonial Period

Dutch:

‘Domein Verklaaring’ 1870 (state ownership)

Long-term concession (> 75 years)

Policy issues: forest utilization and protection

Japan:

Forest for war (weapons, boats, fortress, etc)

Forest conversion (into agricultural lands)

Military powers rule forests

Source: Sardjono (2007)

NEW ORDER REGIME PERIOD1998

Transition

The 70’s The 80’s The 90’s

Economic Aspects Ecological

Aspects SocialAspects

1966

Diagram: Trends and Focus of Indonesian Forestry Policies during New Order Regime for the Last Three Decades of Twentieth Century

Source: Sardjono (2007)

Forest Policy Characters during Hegemony of the New Order

Positive

Clearer forestry development plan (annual, mid-term/5 years, long-term 25 year)

Availability of all needed instruments (regulations, forest land use, silvicultural system, hierarchical administration etc.)

Significant leap from first tropical timber exporter (in the ’70s) to top plywood and sawn-timber producer (in the ’80’s)

Source: Sardjono (2007)

Primary contributor of country revenue from export (in the ’80’s= USD 200 mill./year; in the beginning of the ’90s= USD 2.0 bill/year; and almost USD 20.0 bill. or about 10% total GDP before monetary crisis 1997)

Source: Sardjono (2007)

Negative

Increasing annual deforestation rate (in average 2.8 mill.Ha.) and degraded forests (at least 56.0 mill.Ha. in the beginning of the year 2000)

Insignificant roles in reducing poverty (ranging 35.0 to 40.0 mill. people in the beginning of XXI C) and limiting living space of local communities (about 70.0 million people living in and around forests)

Source: Sardjono (2007)

Reform Period (1998 – 2001)

• Chaotic period (highest deforestation occurred)• Reframing of forest use (Forestry Act No. 41/1999 to

revise the previous Act No.5/1967)• Autonomy era

Social Forestry? Period (2001 – now)

• Social, rights of people on forest resources• Environmental (moratorium, climate change)

Social Forestry in Indonesia

Social Forestry Period

Forest Management

Period

Forest Utilization

Period

Pre Colonial Period

Colonial Period

Dutch(VOC)

Japan

Independence Period

Dutch ColonyPeriod

TransitionPeriod

Forest Concession

Period

Timber Estate Period

1998-…SF Dev.

1980s-1997Adoption of SF

1960s-1980sAdat community

1967PP 22/1967

1945-1967Privatization of

forest outside Java

Djati (Teak) BedrijftTeak forest in Java

1990PP 7/1990

Source: Herawati (2012)

Social Forestry in Indonesia

• 1978 : World Forestry Congress II in Jakarta “Forest For People”

• 1980s : Community Forestry• 2003 : Revitalization of Social Forestry• Social Forestry Schemes:

Community Forest (Hutan Kemasyarakatan/HKm) Community Plantation Forest (Hutan Tanaman Rakyat/HTR) Village Forest (Hutan Desa/HD)

• Reforestation and Land Rehabilitation Programs: National Movement on Reforestation and Land rehabilitation (GERHAN) One Man One Tree One Billion Tree Village Nursery (Kebun Bibit Rakyat/KBR)

Thanks for your attention