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Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush
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Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

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Page 1: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Foreign Policy

Truman to G.W. Bush

Page 2: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Cold War

Reasons for tension?– Second-front delay– Soviet desire to protect Western border– Insistence by Western allies on free

elections– Soviet military position at Yalta– Atomic bomb

Page 3: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Methods by which CW fought

Threats Arms race Espionage Economic and military aid Limited wars Peacetime alliances

Page 4: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

U.S. Policy to handle perceived Soviet threat? Containment: Truman

– Truman Doctrine– Marshall Plan– NATO– Significance of Election of 1948?

Crises– Berlin June 1948-May 1949

National Security Act 1947: Dep. Of Defense, CIA, NSC-68

Page 5: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.
Page 6: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

China

Containment less effective in far East Chiang K-ai-shek v. Mao Tse-Tung October 1949—Formosa/Taiwan Korea

– June 25, 1950: Syngman Rhee, Kim Il-Sung, UN Security Council, Macarthur, Pusan, Inchon, Yalu, 38th Parallel/DMZ

Page 7: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.
Page 8: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Eisenhower

“Brinkmanship” End cold war or at least relax tensions abroad, but

not at home!– Hydrogen bomb 1952– Advisor Dulles and “Massive retaliation”

Crises– Korea– Covert Operations: Guatemalan Guzman overthrown by CIA

in 1954 (Operation PBSUCCESS), Overthrow of anti-Western Mossadeq and replacement of Iran Shah 1953 (Operation Ajax)

Page 9: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Shah Palahvi and his wife, John Foster Dulles, and Jacobo Arbenz Guzman

Page 10: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Eisenhower, cont’d

French Indochina: Dien Bien Phu falls, 1954, Geneva Conference 17th parallel, Ngo Dinh Diem, Viet Cong, Ho Chi Minh

Hungarian Revolution 1956 Middle East

– Suez Canal, Aswan Dam, role of USSR/Britain/France, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Eisenhower Doctrine

Page 11: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Fall of Dien Bien Phu, 1954

Page 12: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

New Hope: Peaceful Coexistence

Soviet Leader: Khrushchev, attempts at arms control, Sputnik

Khrushchev’s visit U2 Incident

Page 13: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Eisenhower Doctrine: U.S. will use force ANYWHERE in the Middle East against “aggression from any country controlled by international communism.”

(Really just reiterated CONTAINMENT POLICY.)

Page 14: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Kennedy: Flexible Response

Tactics: ICBMs, conventional weapons, special forces: $6 Billion jump in spending

OAS, Alliance for Progress, Peace Corps Crises

– Berlin August 1961– Bay of Pigs April 1961– Missile Crisis October 1962: arms race escalation– Vietnam

Page 15: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Berlin, August 1961

Page 16: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1961

Page 17: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Cuban Missile Crisis: October 1962

Page 18: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Johnson

Upheld previous policies Crises

– Canal Zone rioting 1965– Dominican Republic 20,000 Marines sent– Vietnam– Six Day War

Page 19: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Soldier with his gas mask

Page 20: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Paddling down a canal in jungle

Page 21: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Letters from home

Page 22: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Trying to relax

Page 23: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Carrying the wounded

Page 24: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Nurses tended to patients

Page 25: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Vietnamese Civilian life devastated by fighting

Page 26: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Search and Destroy missions destroyed many homes in search

of V.C.

Page 27: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.
Page 28: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.
Page 29: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

The Tet Offensive: Turning Point

• January 31, 1968

• VC sneak in weapons through Ho Chi Minh Trail (Laos and Cambodia)

• Launched surprise attacks all over South Vietnam

Page 30: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Viet Cong did not WIN…

• But proved they were nowhere NEAR surrender

• Johnson, demoralized, tired, and frustrated, announced in March 1968 he would not seek re-election.

Page 31: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Richard Nixon and Vietnamization

• 1968-1974

• “Withdrawal with honor”

• But VC attacks got stronger

• Ordered secret bombings of Laos and Cambodia April 1970

• Kent State Killings May 4, 1970

Page 32: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Failed Peace Talks

• Kissinger tries to get peace deal reached, but doesn’t succeed until 1973

• Watergate scandal in 1974 forces Nixon to decide to resign

Page 33: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

President Gerald Ford

• April 30, 1975, orders all US personnel to evacuate Saigon

• Pulled off roof-tops, left South Vietnamese behind to be “re-educated”

• Saigon Falls: renamed Ho Chi Minh City

Page 34: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Fall of Saigon to Communists

Page 35: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Legacy of Vietnam Today?

• Approximately 58,000 US deaths

• Lack of trust in US government and foreign policy

• Social changes at home

• Instability in Vietnam and Southeast Asia: millions of Vietnamese dead, wounded, and homeless

Page 36: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Operation Babylift: April 1975

Plane crashThe first military evacuation flight, a C-5A Galaxy cargo plane loaded with over 300 crew, children and adult escorts, experienced an "explosive rapid decompression" about 40 miles (64 km) outside Saigon when the rear ramp and pressure door blew out through the rear of the aircraft (due to a lock failure) and was forced to return to Tan Son Nhut with no flight controls to the tail, and only limited roll control.The plane could not reach the airport; but instead crash-landed, at about 270 knots (500 km/h), two miles (3 km) away into a field of flooded rice paddies, killing 138 people, including 127 of the orphans. However, over half of the passengers survived the crash. Most of the infants and adults in the upper deck areas survived. Those in the lower decks, including most of the adult "chaperones", "non-essential" members of the Defence Attache's Office (mainly administrative staff), did not.News of the plane crash brought widespread attention and sympathy toward the operation and the evacuees in the U.S. and other nations.

Page 37: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Nixon: Detente

Abandoning Cold War as an ideological struggle, view it as traditional great power rivalry which can be managed/controlled

Use trade/technology to induce cooperation

Page 38: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Nixon Policy Implementation

China Card 1971 SALT I (ABMs, ICBMs freeze) Vietnam Truce 1973 Yom Kippur War Oct 1973

– US tried to take more neutral stance– Uneasy truce– OPEC action

Page 39: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Yom Kippur War

Page 40: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Ford

Fallout of Vietnam– War Powers Act: President must consult with

Congress before troops sent– Saigon’s fall April 30, 1975, U.S.S. Mayaguez

incident, Khmer Rouge (Cambodia) and Pol Pot– Helsinki Accords: pledging support for HUMAN

RIGHTS (U.S.S.R. signs, but later says in private, “it’s just a piece of paper…”)

Page 41: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Carter: Troubled Policy

Maintain détente Human rights policy

– Boat people– Cuban refugees– Soviet dissidents

Latin America– Gradual Panamanian responsibility for operation of

Canal– Nicaragua: 1979 Somoza, Sandinistas: some

economic aid– El Salvador: military assistance

Page 42: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Carter and Middle East

Camp David Accords 1978: Anwar Sadat, Menachim Begin, Gradual return of Sinai, No role for PLO

Iranian Revolution 1979: 1978 Reza Shah Pahlavi, Ayatollah Khomeini, Oct 1979 Shah to US, Nov. 4, 1979 Embassy seized, failed rescue, helped Reagan!

Page 43: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

USSR’s “Vietnam” Banned technology sales, resumed

draft registration, boycotted 1980 Olympics, Withdrawal of SALT II

Mujahadeen/Osama bin Laden? CIA

Page 44: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Reagan: “Evil Empire”

Terrorism, Lebanon, Nicaragua, Grenada, 1982 Israel withdraws from Sinai but no Jewish settlements in West Bank

Latin America: cut aid to Sandinistas, asked Congress for money to help Contras but Congress refused: Covert CIA– Boland Amendment: no U.S. agency could spend

money in Latin America– El Salvador: death squads

Page 45: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Reagan’s pressure

Defense Build-up: $300B – B1 Bomber, MX missile, New missiles in NATO

nations, SDI (“Star Wars”) Gorbechev 1985– Perestroika, glasnost, freedoms in E. Europe– Pressure on USSR: Star Wars, Berlin

Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988: U.S. works with Saddam Hussein

Page 46: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Iran-Contra affair

6 American hostages in Lebanon held by Iranians

1985: Trade military supplies for hostages: sell weapons and divert money to Contras secretly

Oliver North takes fall

Page 47: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

George H.W. Bush

Tiananmen Square Lech Walesa Berlin Wall Boris Yeltsin and fall of U.S.S.R., 10

member CIS START Panama December 1989

Page 48: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Operation Desert Storm

August 2, 1990 invasion of Kuwait Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf, Colin

Powell Hussein punishes Shi’ites in south,

Kurds in North Why didn’t we get rid of Saddam in

1990?

Page 49: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Foreign Policy of the Clinton Administration Attempts at Peace in the Middle East

– Oslo Accords, 1993, Rabin and Arafat– Camp David, 2000, Barak and Arafat

Bosnia and Kosovo Operations in Mogadishu, Somalia,

October 1993 Failure to act in Rwanda, 1994, Clinton’s

“biggest regret as President”

Page 50: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Terrorism on the Rise

Failed NYC World Trade Center attacks, 1993

Bombing of the U.S. Embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, 1998

Bombing of the U.S.S. Cole in Aden, Yemen, October 2000

al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden

Page 51: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

Terrorist threats today?

September 11, 2001 Muammar Qaddafi’s involvement in Pan

Am Flight 103, 1988 Taliban in Afghanistan Dealing with insurgency

Page 52: Foreign Policy Truman to G.W. Bush. Cold War Reasons for tension? –Second-front delay –Soviet desire to protect Western border –Insistence by Western.

What is the role of the United States today in FOREIGN POLICY?

HOW do we DECIDE where to go and where NOT to go?


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