Foreign Policy Chapter 17. Goals & Objectives 1. Foreign Affairs & National Security; Isolationism to Internationalism 2. Foreign & Defense Agencies:

Foreign PolicyChapter 17

Goals & Objectives

1. Foreign Affairs & National Security; Isolationism to Internationalism

2. Foreign & Defense Agencies: CIA, NSA

3. Monroe Doctrine, Manifest Destiny, WWI & WWII, Cold War, Terrorism

4. Foreign Aid & Defense Alliances: NATO, UN, Middle East

Isolationism to Internationalism Domestic Affairs: Foreign Affairs: Isolationism: Why refusal to become

involved? George Washington: “Stay out of European

affairs”. Too Costly: War through the alliance system. Too Costly: Trade barriers

Isolationism to Imperialism

TodayToday’’s Worlds World

1.1. Chemical & Biological WeaponsChemical & Biological Weapons

2.2. Drug CartelsDrug Cartels

3.3. Rogue States (Iran, N. Korea)Rogue States (Iran, N. Korea)

4.4. International TerroristsInternational Terrorists

5.5. Civil WarsCivil Wars

What role should the U.S. Play and Why?What role should the U.S. Play and Why?

Drug Cartels to TerroristsDrug Cartels to Terrorists

Foreign Policy DefinedForeign Policy Defined

1.1. DiplomaticDiplomatic

2.2. MilitaryMilitary

3.3. CommercialCommercial

Which foreign policy characteristic most often leads Which foreign policy characteristic most often leads our nation into foreign wars and why?our nation into foreign wars and why?

Use 3 examples to support your answer. Use 3 examples to support your answer.

Role of President in Foreign PolicyRole of President in Foreign Policy

1.1. Commander-in-Chief: MilitaryCommander-in-Chief: Military

2.2. Chief Diplomat: AppointmentChief Diplomat: Appointment

3.3. Executive Treaty: AgreementsExecutive Treaty: Agreements

4.4. Head of State: SpokesmanHead of State: Spokesman

Foreign Policy DefinedForeign Policy Defined

1.1. TreatiesTreaties2.2. AlliancesAlliances3.3. TradeTrade4.4. DefenseDefense5.5. Economic AidEconomic Aid6.6. U.N. (International Law)U.N. (International Law)7.7. Imports/ExportsImports/Exports8.8. ImmigrationImmigration9.9. Space ExplorationSpace Exploration

Secretary of StateSecretary of State

PresidentPresident’’s right arm in foreign affairss right arm in foreign affairs Conduct the NationConduct the Nation’’s Foreign Policys Foreign Policy

C. Powell-GH Bush appointment, 1C. Powell-GH Bush appointment, 1stst African AmericanAfrican American

C. Rice- GW Bush appointment, 1C. Rice- GW Bush appointment, 1stst African American FemaleAfrican American Female

11stst Cabinet Member Cabinet Member 55thth in line for the Presidency in line for the Presidency

AmbassadorsAmbassadors

Promote American Interests: Promote American Interests: 1.1. TradeTrade

2.2. IntelligenceIntelligence

3.3. ImmigrationImmigration

4.4. Aiding American Citizens abroadAiding American Citizens abroad

1.1. Special Ambassadors: Special Ambassadors: 1.1. United NationsUnited Nations

2.2. North Atlantic Treaty CouncilNorth Atlantic Treaty Council

Role of the Secretary of StateRole of the Secretary of State

Passports & VisasPassports & Visas

• Passports: legal permission to leave

• Visas: legal permission to enter

• Ilegal Immigrants vs. American passports– You must have permission to depart but not to

enter the United States..?

Passports VisasPassports Visas

Diplomatic ImmunityDiplomatic Immunity

• AmbassadorsAmbassadors may not be sued, may not be sued, taxed, or arrested.taxed, or arrested.– They have privacy in their papers, They have privacy in their papers,

communications and other property.communications and other property.

– Persona non grata-Persona non grata- may be expelled may be expelled for unacceptable behavior.for unacceptable behavior.

Department of WarDepartment of WarDefense DepartmentDefense Department

The War Department (1789)The War Department (1789) The Department of the Navy (1798)The Department of the Navy (1798)

The Defense Department (1947)The Defense Department (1947)– National Security ActNational Security Act

Unify all military departments under one Unify all military departments under one umbrellaumbrella

1.4 million military personnel1.4 million military personnel

Defense DepartmentDefense Department

Civil Control of the military…Civil Control of the military…– Why? Dangers posed to free Why? Dangers posed to free

governmentgovernment Congress power to declare war and regulate Congress power to declare war and regulate

the armed servicesthe armed services President commander-in-chiefPresident commander-in-chief

– Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances

American Militia: 2American Militia: 2ndnd Amendment Right to Amendment Right to Form & Maintain a Well-Regulated MilitiaForm & Maintain a Well-Regulated Militia

Defense DepartmentDefense Department

1.1. Secretary of DefenseSecretary of Defense: appointed and : appointed and confirmed.confirmed.

2.2. PentagonPentagon: one-forth of federal budget: one-forth of federal budget

3.3. Joint Chiefs: 5 membersJoint Chiefs: 5 members1.1. Chairman of Joint ChiefsChairman of Joint Chiefs2.2. Army ChiefArmy Chief3.3. Chief of Naval OperationsChief of Naval Operations4.4. Commandant of the Marine CorpsCommandant of the Marine Corps5.5. Air Force Chief of StaffAir Force Chief of Staff

PentagonPentagon

The Big 3 Military The Big 3 Military DepartmentsDepartments

1.1. ArmyArmy

2.2. Navy: Marine CorpsNavy: Marine Corps

3.3. Air ForceAir Force

United States ARMYUnited States ARMY

Department of ArmyDepartment of Army

1.1. OldestOldest

2.2. LargestLargest

3.3. Created: 1775 Second Continental Created: 1775 Second Continental CongressCongress

4.4. Ground Base Operations, land warfareGround Base Operations, land warfare

5.5. Regular Army, Army National Guard, Army Regular Army, Army National Guard, Army ReserveReserve

6.6. 435,000 men 75,000 women (no special 435,000 men 75,000 women (no special forces)forces)

7.7. Heavy Guns, Helicopter, Anti-AircraftHeavy Guns, Helicopter, Anti-Aircraft

Unites States NAVYUnites States NAVY

United States MARINES: United States MARINES: Department of the U.S. NavyDepartment of the U.S. Navy

Department of NavyDepartment of Navy

1.1. Second Continental Congress 1775Second Continental Congress 1775

2.2. Sea warfare and DefenseSea warfare and Defense

3.3. 385,000 men, 50,000 women385,000 men, 50,000 women

4.4. Marine Corps: 1775Marine Corps: 17751.1. Land force for Naval OperationsLand force for Naval Operations

2.2. 160,000 men, 10,000 women160,000 men, 10,000 women

United States AIR FORCEUnited States AIR FORCE

Department of Air ForceDepartment of Air Force

1.1. Youngest (1947)Youngest (1947)1.1. Aeronautical Division of the Army Signal Aeronautical Division of the Army Signal

Corps (1907)Corps (1907)

2.2. ******Nation******Nation’’s First Line of Defenses First Line of Defense

3.3. Air and Aerospace OperationsAir and Aerospace Operations

4.4. To attack enemy on land, air, seaTo attack enemy on land, air, sea

5.5. Transport and support responsibilitiesTransport and support responsibilities

6.6. 365,000 men 65,000 women365,000 men 65,000 women

Foreign Affairs & Defense Foreign Affairs & Defense AgenciesAgencies

1.1. FBIFBI-Federal Bureau of Investigations-Federal Bureau of Investigations1.1. Combats terrorism, espionageCombats terrorism, espionage

2.2. Public Health ServicePublic Health Service: : 1.1. Pandemics, bioterrorism, diseasesPandemics, bioterrorism, diseases

3.3. Coast GuardCoast Guard: : 1.1. Protect shipping on high seasProtect shipping on high seas

Centers for Disease ControlCenters for Disease Control

Federal Bureau of Federal Bureau of InvestigationsInvestigations

United States Coast United States Coast GuardGuard

Central Intelligence Central Intelligence AgencyAgency

National Security Council (1947)National Security Council (1947) Appointed by President, confirmed by Appointed by President, confirmed by

SenateSenate

CIA: CIA: 1.1. Coordinate information-gatheringCoordinate information-gathering

2.2. Analyze and evaluate data (info)Analyze and evaluate data (info)

3.3. Brief President and NSC membersBrief President and NSC members

Central Intelligence AgencyCentral Intelligence Agency

Central Intelligence Central Intelligence AgencyAgency

1.1. ““cloak and daggercloak and dagger”” agency agency

2.2. Espionage or spyingEspionage or spying1.1. Covert-secret operationsCovert-secret operations

3.3. Not allowed to conduct operations in Not allowed to conduct operations in United StatesUnited States

Department of Homeland Department of Homeland SecuritySecurity

► 2002: Anti-Terrorism agency2002: Anti-Terrorism agency

1.1. Border and TransportationBorder and Transportation2.2. Infrastructure protectionInfrastructure protection3.3. Emergency PreparednessEmergency Preparedness4.4. Chemical, Biological Radiological, Chemical, Biological Radiological,

nuclear Defensenuclear Defense5.5. Information analysisInformation analysis

Homeland SecurityHomeland Security

1.1. Secret ServiceSecret Service

2.2. CustomsCustoms

3.3. INSINS

4.4. Coast GuardCoast Guard

5.5. TransportationTransportation

6.6. TreasuryTreasury

7.7. FEMAFEMA

NASANASA

1957: National Aeronautics and Space 1957: National Aeronautics and Space Administration—independent agencyAdministration—independent agency

1986: Challenger1986: Challenger 2003: Columbia2003: Columbia

1.1. Origin, Evolution, Structure of UniverseOrigin, Evolution, Structure of Universe

2.2. Space Station (2000): Brazil, Canada, US, Space Station (2000): Brazil, Canada, US, Russia, Japan, 10 European Nations Russia, Japan, 10 European Nations

NASANASA

Selective Service System

1790’s Beginning; no way to enforceCivil War: South and North

Conscripted: Compulsory:

Selective Service Act of 1917: WWIDraft ends 1947 following WWII1st peacetime draft: 1948-1973, Vietnam18-26 years of age: Major ProtestsDraft suspended 1973 until Jimmy Carter by executive order reactivates

Founding Fathers Warnings

• G. Washington: 1796; to steer clear of permanent alliances

• T. Jefferson: 1801; no entangling alliances

• Why Isolationism?

Manifest Destiny1. East Coast to West Coast—One Nation

1. Louisiana Purchase: 18032. Texas 18453. Mexican-American War 1846-18484. Oregon 18465. Native American Territories and the Railroads6. 1853 Gadsden Purchase7. 1867 Alaska8. 1867 War with France in Mexico

East Coast to West Coast: One Nation

The Monroe Doctrine

1. 1823: Western Hemisphere warning to Russia and Europe

2. Protect American trade interests

3. Expansion of Manifest Destiny North and South Poles

Monroe Doctrine an Empire

Spanish-American War 1898

1. Philippines

2. Guam

3. Puerto Rico

4. Cuba ?

5. Hawaii1. S. Dole and the Hawaiian King and Queen?

Spanish-American War 1898

Good Neighbor Policy

1. T. Roosevelt Corollary1. 1903 Panama and Colombia and Panamian

Canal

2. Dollar Diplomacy

3. Big Stick Diplomacy

2. F. Roosevelt and a Good Neighbor

3. 1947: Rio Pact—Stay Out Warning!

Speak Softly & Carry a Big Stick

Open Door Policy in China Trade and Commerce Boxer Rebellion

1899: War with China

Boxers vs Economic Expansion

W. Wilson’s Big Lie

1. 1916: “Reelect me, I kept you out of war”

2. 1917: Selective Service Act

3. 1917: “to make the world safe for democracy”

1. You can have any type of government you want as long as it is democratic?

2. Banks: 20 million loans to G. Britain and France

14 Points: League of Nations

Post WWI 3 Back to Back to Back Republicans Warren G. Harding: “A return to Normalcy”

Isolationists Roaring 20’s

American Banks finance European governments? Punish Germany? New war!

Return to Normalcy: End of WWI

WWII (1941-1945) FDR: “arsenal for/of democracy”

Allies: ??? China, Russia, Great Britain Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan

Today’s Enemy: Russia, China Today’s Allies: Germany, Japan????

Supplied Allies to defeat Axis in WWII, ended Great Depression in America

2 New Principles2 New Principles

• Collective SecurityCollective Security– United Nations United Nations

19451945

• DeterrenceDeterrence– Military MightMilitary Might– GW Bush: GW Bush:

preemptive war, 1preemptive war, 1stst strike to potential strike to potential enemyenemy

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine

1.1. Containment: stop spread of Containment: stop spread of communismcommunism

1.1. How?How?

2.2. Economic and Military AidEconomic and Military Aid1.1. Where?Where?

3.3. Greece , Turkey, CubaGreece , Turkey, Cuba1.1. When? 1947-1980When? 1947-1980

Berlin BlockadeBerlin Blockade

East Germany: Soviet, CommunismEast Germany: Soviet, Communism West Germany: G. Britain, France, U.SWest Germany: G. Britain, France, U.S

When? 1948-1949When? 1948-1949 Why? To force out G. Britain, France, U.S.Why? To force out G. Britain, France, U.S.

– Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge– What Happened? Pearl Harbor?What Happened? Pearl Harbor?

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

Fidel Castro turned to CommunismFidel Castro turned to Communism When? 1959When? 1959 Why? LotWhy? Lot’’s of cash from the Sovietss of cash from the Soviets When? 1962, CIA invasion of CubaWhen? 1962, CIA invasion of Cuba

– Result: Defeated by Cubans and SovietsResult: Defeated by Cubans and Soviets– 13 day Nuclear threat of War!13 day Nuclear threat of War!

Korean ConflictKorean Conflict

When? 1950-1953When? 1950-1953 Who? ****1Who? ****1stst and only UN war. and only UN war. Why? ContainmentWhy? Containment Results: 20 billion spent, 33,629 Results: 20 billion spent, 33,629

American soldiers livesAmerican soldiers lives Today: Standoff along 38Today: Standoff along 38thth parallel parallel

• Is Communism really defeated?Is Communism really defeated?

Vietnam ConflictVietnam Conflict

When? 1954-1975 AmericaWhen? 1954-1975 America’’s longest s longest warwar

Who? U.S. vs. Nationalist Ho Chi Who? U.S. vs. Nationalist Ho Chi Minh, China, USSRMinh, China, USSR

Why? ContainmentWhy? Containment Results: America defeated in retreatResults: America defeated in retreat Today: Vietnam is a semi-Communist Today: Vietnam is a semi-Communist

countrycountry 58,000 dead American Soldiers58,000 dead American Soldiers

Vietnam ConflictVietnam Conflict

AmericaAmerica’’s distrust of Foreign Policys distrust of Foreign Policy AmericaAmerica’’s distrust of Selective s distrust of Selective

Service ActService Act

AmericaAmerica’’s need to regain world s need to regain world respect for foreign policy initatitvesrespect for foreign policy initatitves

Cold War 1945-1992Cold War 1945-1992

United Soviet United Soviet SocialistsSocialists Republic Republic• USSR: USSR: • WAR against Communism and SocialismWAR against Communism and Socialism

What was the threat? Explain your answer. What was the threat? Explain your answer.

DétenteDétente: relaxation of tensions : relaxation of tensions with?with?

Dangerous World

1. Osama bin Laden: al Qaida

2. Taliban-Afghanistan

3. Nuclear Arsenals: Pakistan, India, N. Korea, Iran

4. Saddam Hussein: Iraq

Foreign AidForeign Aid

60 years of aid dating back to FDR60 years of aid dating back to FDR ’’s s Lend-Lease ActLend-Lease Act

$500 Billion in Aid to 100 countries$500 Billion in Aid to 100 countries

Security AlliancesSecurity Alliances

1.1. NATO: 1949 ?NATO: 1949 ?2.2. Rio Pact: 1947 ?Rio Pact: 1947 ?3.3. Japanese Pact: 1951 ?Japanese Pact: 1951 ?4.4. Philippines Pact: 1951 ?Philippines Pact: 1951 ?5.5. Korean Pact: 1953 ?Korean Pact: 1953 ?6.6. Taiwan Pact: 1954 ?Taiwan Pact: 1954 ?7.7. United Nations: 1945 ?United Nations: 1945 ?8.8. Israel: 1948Israel: 1948