Force,Motion, and Simple Machines Study Guide This study guide is meant to be a tool to help you prepare for your test. You should know all of the terms, equations and concepts that are on this study guide. However, I also suggest that you study your homework, labs, and quizzes because they are just as useful. While this study guide does cover some test material it might not cover all of the test material A. Vocabulary: 1. force- the push, pull, or lift of an object 2. work- when you move or use force on something 3. machine- something that makes work easier 4. friction- the rubbing of one surface against another 5. weight- the measure of the pull of gravity on an object B. Students should be able to list the four forces: 1. push 2. pull 3. friction 4. gravity C. Students should be able to describe the forces acting upon the ball in the picture below. 1. A push started the ball rolling. 2. At first, the force made the ball speed up. 3. The ball then rolled off the table and the force of gravity pulled it to the floor where it bounced. 4. Then the ball rolled on the floor and began to slow down due to the force of friction. 5. The ball rolled a short distance and then stopped. D. Students should be able to answer questions about the following information: q The three forces that act upon a paper airplane are push (from your hand), friction (from the air), and gravity . q Friction can be harmful: pushing a big box across the floor, riding your bike through sand, scraping your knee q Friction can be helpful: brakes on a bike, sand on an icy sidewalk, striking a match, using sandpaper to make a piece of wood smooth q HOW WE DESCRIBE MOTION: q Speed: measure of how fast an object is going q -specifically measures the distance an object moves in a given amount of time
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F o r c e ,M o t io n , a n d S im p le M a c h in e s S t u d y G u id e This study guide is meant to be a tool to help you prepare for your test. You should know all of the terms,
equations and concepts that are on this study guide. However, I also suggest that you study your homework, labs, and quizzes because they are just as useful. While this study guide does cover some test material it
might not cover all of the test material A . V o c a b u la r y : 1. force- the push, pull, or lift of an object 2. work- when you move or use force on something 3. machine- something that makes work easier 4. friction- the rubbing of one surface against another 5. weight- the measure of the pull of gravity on an object B . S t u d e n t s s h o u ld b e a b le t o l is t t h e f o u r fo r c e s :
1. push 2. pull 3. friction 4. gravity
C . S t u d e n t s s h o u ld b e a b le t o d e s c r ib e t h e fo r c e s a c t in g u p o n t h e b a l l in t h e p ic t u r e b e lo w . 1. A push started the ball rolling. 2. At first, the force made the ball speed up. 3. The ball then rolled off the table and the force of gravity pulled it to the floor where it bounced. 4. Then the ball rolled on the floor and began to slow down due to the force of friction. 5. The ball rolled a short distance and then stopped. D . S t u d e n t s s h o u ld b e a b le t o a n s w e r q u e s t io n s a b o u t t h e fo l lo w in g in fo r m a t io n :
q The three forces that act upon a paper airplane are p u s h (from your hand), fr ic t io n (from the air), and g r a v it y .
q Friction can be harmful: pushing a big box across the floor, riding your bike through sand, scraping your knee
q Friction can be helpful: brakes on a bike, sand on an icy sidewalk, striking a match, using sandpaper to make a piece of wood smooth
q H O W W E D E S C R IB E M O T IO N :
q S p e e d : measure of how fast an object is going q -specifically measures the distance an object moves in a given amount of time
q -speed can be shown on a graph: if the line is going up, speed is INCREASING; if line is going down, speed is DECREASING
q D ir e c t io n : can be determined by reading a compass and are expressed in terms “north “south” “east” “west” “right” “left” “up” “down”
q -an object will move in the direction that has the greatest force acting on it
q P o s it io n : the location of an object relative to another object (the reference point) “above” “below” “beside” “behind” “ahead of”
q F r a m e o f r e fe r e n c e (r e fe r e n c e p o in t ): must have this to determine if an object is moving; also describes direction
q Define (include the formula and circle diagram for calculating speed, velocity, and acceleration):
o Distance: The length between two objects or the length of the path traveled. o Speed: distance traveled by the time it took to travel. s p e e d = d is t a n c e /t im e o Velocity: distance traveled by the time it took to travel and the direction that you traveled in.
v e lo c it y = d is t a n c e /t im e o Acceleration: change in velocity or velocity over time.
q What is the speed of an object at rest? 0 m/s q The difference between speed and velocity is that velocity includes direction. q The SI unit for distance is meter (m). q The SI unit for speed or velocity is meter per second (m/s). q The SI unit for acceleration is meter per second squared (m/s2).
SIMPLE MACHINES
1. Simple Machines: A machine made with few or no moving parts that makes work easier.
2. Work: The moving of some object using force.
3. Force: The push or pull on an object.
4. Compound Machines: A machine made up of two or more simple machines.
There are six simple machines: • Wedge • Inclined Plane • Wheel and Axle • Pulley • Screw • Lever
Simple machines make work easier. They make it easier to:
• Lift or move a heavy object • Push things apart • Cut or split objects • Hold an object together
S im p le M a c h in e H o w it W o r k s H o w it M a k e s J o b s E a s ie r
E x a m p le s
Lever
A lever is made of a stiff bar that rests on a fulcrum. The bar is the part of the lever that moves and the fulcrum does not move.
It helps you to lift or pry things open/apart more easily.
Inclined Plane
A flat surface that is higher on one end.
It helps you push an object to a lower or higher place.
Wedge
Made up of two incline planes that form together to create 1 sharp edge
It helps you push two objects apart, or cut an object into pieces. It can also hold objects into place.
S im p le M a c h in e s H o w it W o r k s H o w it M a k e s a J o b E a s ie r
E x a m p le s
Screw
Made from an incline plane that winds around a cylinder; it has ridges unlike a nail.
It helps you hold objects together. I can also create holes.
Wheel and Axle
Has two parts, the wheel and axle. The axle is a rod that goes through the wheel and helps the wheel turn.
It helps you to move or turn things.
Pulley
Made up of a wheel and a rope; the rope fits into the wheel and part of the rope is attached to an object. When you pull on one side of the pulley the wheel will turn and the object will move up, down, or sideways.
It helps you move objects up, down, or sideways. They are good for moving objects in hard to reach places.
Examples of Compound Machines: 1. Scissors 3. Wheelbarrow
2. Bicycle 4. Shovel
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