Force feeding

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1FORCE FEEDING of MUSCOVY DUCKS

By: Dr. Mohammed Abo Gabal

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Effect of force feeding on some productive and physiological traits on Muscovy ducks under hot climate

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1. INTRODUCTION3

4Waterfowl have over 5000 years been used by human for meat, fattened livers and eggs (Stani-slaw, 1999). Waterfowl as one of the poultry kind which could by used in solving the lack of animal protein in human nutrition. Water fowl is more convenient for regions with hot and humid climate than chickens.

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Waterfowl

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Waterfowl

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Waterfowl

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One of the large table birds is the Muscovy duck. Muscovy ducks are very large bird, have a better adaptability to hot climate and suitable for small scale rural farmers in Africa especially in Egypt, and could contribute to food security.8

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Muscovy duck

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Muscovy duck

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Muscovy duck

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As reported in FAO STATE, (2009). Egypt is the leading producer of duck meat production in Africa with 39,000 tons meat. This indicated that waterfowl production in general is getting more attention in Egypt as a source of animal protein. 12

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Force-feeding is an ancient practice, first recorded in ancient Egypt, but until the 1950s fatty liver production remained somewhat limited in volume. Foie gras is currently produced in various countries but approximately 80% of world production and consumption takes place in France,(CIFOG 2002).13

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Force feeding

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Force feeding

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Force feeding

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The tradition of force-feeding is very old, originating from Egypt 2500 BC, (Guemene and Guy, 2004). However, although force feeding is an ancient practice in Egypt and only few species of waterfowl are nowadays used for fatty liver production.17

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Unfortunately, very few data are available on the metabolic response to force feeding, especially the information about the overfeeding of Muscovy duck on some productive and physiological traits of this breed is not reported till now. 18

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Also, the investigation will include some factors affecting on force feeding period. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the performance of force fed duck under Egyptian condition (hot Climate).19

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2. MATERIALSand Methods

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21 This present study was carried out at the poultry research station, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.

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Birds and diets. Growth and force feeding performance. Chemical analysis. Blood analysis. Statistical analysis.

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Birds and diets.One day 14 day.

Unsexed.

Starter diet: 22% C.P 2900 K.Cal

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Growing periodFrom 2 12 weeks.

Sexing.

Growing diet: 18 % C.P 3000 K.Cal

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Force feeding period From 12 - 14 weeks (14 days)Sex & BW groups

Force feeding applied twice/day

Force feeding diets (H.D.E.) 8.20 % C.P 3350 K.Cal25

* Growth performance during growing period:Live body weight (LBW).Body weight gain (BWG).Feed consumption (FC).Feed conversion ratio (FCR).Every 2 weeks from 2 -12 Wks of age.

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* Growth performance during force feeding period:Live body weight (LBW).Body weight gain (BWG).Feed consumption (FC).Feed conversion ratio (FCR). Before & After

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Slaughter test:

Was doneBefore & After force feeding By:3 birds/BWG/SexChosen randomly28

* Chemical analysis: (meat & liver)MoistureCrude proteinEther extractAsh

Association of Official Analytic Chemists (A.O.A.C, 2000).

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* Blood analysis:Total Protein (TP)Albumin (Alb.)Globulin (Glob.)A/G ratioTotal lipids (TL)Triglycerides (Tri-G)Using suitable kits.

Cho.HDLLDLALTAST

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Statistical analysis: Data were analyzed by usingSPSS program for Win. ( SPSS 2007 )

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3. Results32

Effect of sex onLBW (g) of Muscovy ducks during growing period33

Table (1): Effect of sex on live body weight (g) of Muscovy . ducks during growing period34 Where:(M S.E) = Mean Standard error.a , b = Significant difference between sex in the same age.Age (weeks)MalesFemalesInitial body weight At: 14 days335.93 a 4.03307.17 b 3.374 Week1196.21 a 11.44930.00 b 11.226 Week1996.38 a 12.961650.33 b 18.058 Week2798.88 a 30.332290.00 b 30.0710 Week3796.64 a 35.882600.83 b 28.9312 Week4774.02 a 39.823090.08 b 32.13

Live body weight during fattening period35

Effect of sex on BWG, FC and FCR of Muscovy ducks during growing period36

Table ( 2 ): Effect of sex on growth performance of Muscovy ducks during growing period.37

Where:(M S.E) = Mean Standard error. a , b = Significant difference between sex in the same parameter

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Body Weight Gain (g).38

Feed Consumption (kg).39

Feed Conversion Ratio40

Effect of force feeding on LBW and BWG of Muscovy ducks during fattening period41

Table ( 3 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on body weight and body weight gain of Muscovy ducks.42

Where: (M S.E)= Mean Standard error.P = Probability level for the effect of sex during force feeding.*,**, NS = Significant (P 0.05), high significant (P < 0.01),non significant (P > 0.05).a,b,c = Significant difference between body weight groups for the same parameter. ParametersGroupsSexPMalesFemalesBody weightbefore force feeding(g)15222.78 a 42.193313.33 a 44.14*24761.36 b 77.462884.38 c 52.89*34316.15 c 60.36-----Body weight after force feeding(g)16510.00 a 88.303851.67 a 40.15*26033.64 b 71.343447.50 b 53.71*35808.53 b 90.45-----Body weightgain(g)11287.22 a 0.23538.33 a 87.07*21272.27 a 0.39563.13 a 24.87*31493.15 a 75.36-----Body weightgain(%)124.65 b 1.8816.31 b 1.77*226.78 b 1.8419.62 a 0.87*334.58 a 1.86-----

Live Body Weight (g)43

Body Weight Gain (g)44

Body Weight Gain (%)45

Effect of force feeding on FC and FCR of Muscovy ducks during fattening period46

Table ( 4 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on feed consumption and feed conversion of Muscovy ducks.47

Where:(M S.E)= Mean Standard error.P = Probability level for the effect of sex during force feeding.*,**, NS = Significant (P 0.05), high significant (P < 0.01),non significant (P > 0.05).a,b,c = Significant difference between body weight groups for the same parameter.

Feed Conversion

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Effect of force feeding on Slaughter test of Muscovy ducks during fattening period49

Absolute weights of body parts & organs of Muscovy ducks.50

Table ( 5 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on live body weight, absolute weights of body parts and organs of Muscovy ducks.ParametersGroupsMalesFemalesP3P4BeforeAfterP1BeforeAfterP2Live body weight(g)15348.75a 45.656510.00 a 88.91**3230.00 a 89.543847.17 a 53.90******24720.00 b 55.236030.97 b 88.34**2818.33 b 60.983451.67 b 40.36******34226.67 c 60.365782.62 b 75.83**--------Liver Weight(g)175.00 a 0.82293.54 a 14.92**52.33 a 1.03107.50 a 1.86******263.33 b 1.81287.50 a 10.03**49.00 a 2.68100.00 a 3.23******357.00 c 1.08284.29 a 11.77--------Giblets Weight(g)1235.67 a 2.25472.77 a 16.49**168.00 a 3.49209.40 a 3.51******2179.00 b 2.48474.72 a 11.13**138.00 b 4.08197.78 b 3.95******3159.6 c 2.25472.29 a 14.94**--------Carcass Weight(g)13256.67a 20.723942.22 a 88.23**1991.67 a 55.242423.00 a 56.18******22850.00 b 33.733565.14 b 70.15**1676.67 b 36.652023.52 b 40.59******32551.67 c 36.823403.81 b 73.73**--------Edible parts Weight (g)13484.20 a 29.964415.89 a 163.89**2159.63 a 83.032633.78 a 108.89******23029.01 b 50.974041.91 b 165.89**1814.67 b 57.332220.38 b 78.83******32711.33 c 55.233895.50 c 100.50**-----------Inedible parts Weight (g)11816.67 a 23.511974.44 a 39.55**1033.43 a 38.251139.67 a 24.45******21518.62 b 27.741889.09 b 26.70**932.76 b 24.591135.01 a 28.70******31421.97 b 27.441851.67 b 49.32**-------------

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Live Body Weight (g)52

Liver Weight (g)53

Giblets weight (g)54

Carcass weight (g)55

Edible parts weight (g)56

Inedible Parts Weight (g)57

Relative weights of body parts & organs of Muscovy ducks.58

Table ( 6 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on live body weight, relative weights of body parts and organs of Muscovy ducks.ParametersGroupsMalesFemalesP3P4BeforeAfterP1BeforeAfterP2Live body weight(g)15348.75a 45.656510.00 a 88.91**3230.00 a 89.543847.17 a 53.90******24720.00 b 55.236030.97 b 88.34**2818.33 b 60.983451.67 b 40.36******34226.67 c 60.365782.62 b 75.83**--------Liver Weight(%)11.42 a 0.024.38 a 0.23**1.62 a 0.022.80 a 0.06******21.34 a 0.024.74 a 0.14**1.74 a 0.092.90 a 0.11******31.35a 0.014.87 a 0.27**Giblets Weight(%)14.45 a 0.027.14 b 0.26**5.20 a 0.055.67 a 0.11******23.79 b 0.037.85 ab 0.11**4.90 a 0.075.54 a 0.11******33.78 b 0.018.10 a 0.37**--------Carcass Weight (%)160.04 a 0.1860.56 a 0.86NS61.66 a 0.0161.85 a 0.74NS****260.38 a 0.0259.09 a 0.42NS59.49 b 0.0558.62 b 0.76NS****360.37 a 0.0158.96 a 0.86NS--------Edible parts Weight(%)164.94 a 0.1767.69 a 0.97**64.86 a 0.0567.52 a 0.86******264.17 a 0.0166.94 a 0.49**64.39 a 0.0764.61 b 0.84******364.15 a 0.0467.06 a 1.00**--------Inedible parts Weight (%)134.02 a 0.2330.34 a 1.29*34.10 a 0.5732.38 a 1.22*****233.51 a 0.0631.38 a 0.90*33.09 a 0.3832.65 a 1.08*****333.64 a 0.1831.88 a 1.15*--------

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Liver Weight (%)60

Giblets Weight (%)

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Edible Parts Weight (%)

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Inedible Parts Weight (%)

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Effect of force feeding on Chemical composition of Muscovy duck meat during fattening period64

Table ( 7 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on body chemical composition of Muscovy ducks.ParametersGroupsMalesFemalesP3P4BeforeAfterP1BeforeAfterP2Moisture(%)173.28a 0.4051.32b 0.66**73.99a 0.1952.90 b 0.81**NSNS274.00 a 0.3355.07 a 1.15**74.17 a 0.3055.29 a 0.74**NSNS373.89 a 0.3156.01 a 0.95**--------Crude Protein(%)118.73 a 0.2313.57 b 0.26**19.01 a 0.2513.93 a 0.63**NSNS219.00 a 0.2613.47 b 0.37**18.61 a 0.2212.35 a 0.61**NSNS318.65 a 0.1415.20 a 0.72**--------Ether Extract(%)14.01 a 0.2631.67 a 0.77**4.03 a 0.4230.09 a 0.38**NSNS23.93 a 0.2028.22 a 1.40**3.97 a 0.2528.81 a 1.12**NSNS34.17 a 0.2926.11 b 0.32**--------Ash(%)11.48 a 0.081.27 a 0.11NS1.64 a 0.101.19 a 0.09**NSNS21.46 a 0.071.22 a 0.07*1.73 a 0.061.20 a 0.01***NS31.40 a 0.061.20 a 0.06*--------

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Ether Extract (%)66

Moisture (%)67

Crude Protein (%)68

Ash (%)69

Effect of force feeding on Liver weight (g and %) of Muscovy ducks during fattening period70

Liver weight

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Liver weight

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Liver weight

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Table ( 8 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on liver weight (g) and (%) of Muscovy ducks.ParametersGroupsSexPMalesFemalesLiver weightbefore force feeding(g)175.00 a 1.8252.25 a 1.03*263.33 b 1.8139.00 a 1.06*357.00 c 1.08-----Liver (%)of body weight before force feeding11.43 a 0.031.55 a 0.02*21.34 a 0.051.67 a 0.04*31.35 a 0.04------Liver weightafter force feeding(g)1293.54 a 10.03107.50 a 1.86*2287.50 a 10.03100.00 a 1.23*3284.29 a 11.77-----Liver(%)of body weight after force feeding14.52 c 0.343.26 b 0.17*24.75 a b 0.313.48 a 0.13*34.86 a 0.27-----

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Liver Weight (g)75

Liver Weight (%)76

Effect of force feeding on Liver chemical composition of Muscovy ducks during fattening period77

Table ( 9 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on Liver chemical composition of Muscovy ducks.ParametersGroupsMalesFemalesP3P4BeforeAfterP1BeforeAfterP2Moisture(%)168.77a 0.6945.14b 2.11**69.15a 0.3551.69a 1.21**NS*268.92a 0.6854.36a 1.72**68.05b 0.2754.61a 1.03**NSNS369.00a 0.3649.35ab 0.70**--------Crude Protein(%)120.87a 0.2412.12a 0.35**19.52a 0.0812.34a 0.25****NS219.70a 0.2412.07a 0.30**20.32b 0.2712.63a 0.44**NSNS319.81a 0.5312.27a 0.44**--------Ether Extract(%)17.39a 0.4240.04a 2.28**8.18a 0.2433.27a 1.38**NS*28.29a 0.6931.44b 2.13**8.49a 0.1830.36a 0.93**NSNS38.30a 0.8036.23ab 0.74**--------Ash(%)11.50a 0.090.37a 0.03**1.48a 0.060.80a 0.05**NSNS21.37a 0.050.80a 0.07**1.32a 0.050.85a 0.07**NSNS31.33a 0.030.76a 0.03**--------

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Ether Extract (%)79

Moisture (%)80

Crude Protein (%)81

Ash (%)82

Effect of force feeding on Blood parameters of Muscovy ducks during fattening period83

Plasma Proteins:Alb.,Glub.,&A/G ratio. 84

Table ( 1 0): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on Plasma levels of . Total protein, Albumin, Globulin and A/G ratio of Muscovy ducksParametersGroupsMalesFemalesP3P4BeforeAfterP1BeforeAfterP2Total protein(g/dl)14.14 a 0.194.70 a 0.18NS5.20 a 0.255.34 a 0.19NS**24.66 a 0.394.85 a 0.31NS5.42 a 0.265.65 a 0.23NSNSNS34.36 a 0.264.61 a 0.31NS--------Albumin(g/dl)12.02 a 0.092.55 a 0.10**2.37 a 0.112.78 a 0.09**NS22.15 a 0.172.59 a 0.16NS2.47 a 0.112.79 a 0.11NSNSNS32.02 a 0.132.45 a 0.17NS--------Globulin(g/dl)12.40 a 0.112.15 a 0.08NS2.8 3 a 0.132.56 a 0.l0****22.51 a 0.222.27 a 0.17NS2.96 a 0.152.86 a 0.11NSNS**32.34 a 0.142.16 a 0.14NS--------A/G Ratio10.844 0.021.186 0.004**0.839 0.0011.086 0.015**NS**20.856 0.011.142 0.007**0.837 0.0140.977 0.003**NS**30.859 0.011.130 0.006**--------

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Total Protein (g/dl)86

Albumin (g/dl)87

Globulin (g/dl)88

A/G ratio89

Plasma Lipids:T. Lipids,Tri-G,&Cholesterol. 90

Table ( 11): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on Plasma levels of Total Lipids, Triglycerides and Cholesterol of Muscovy ducksParametersGroupsMalesFemalesP3P4BeforeAfterP1BeforeAfterP2Total Lipids(mg/dl )1922.71a 9.282837.71 a 56.17**766.43 a 11.332029.39 a 81.19******2877.71 b 15.732740.43 a 37.21**698.43 b 19.281744.00 a 115.62******3822.29 c 14.912351.07 b 86.08**--------Triglyceride(mg/dl )164.18 a 2.22225.27 a 7.81**65.11 a 3.65128.27 a 7.18**NS**268.93 a 1.49216.43 a 4.68**67.99 a 1.70132.59 a 3.32**NS**366.54 a 1.39221.58 a 4.63**--------Cholesterol(mg/dl )1157.93 a 6.26310.06 a 8.84**167.57 a 6.12231.26 a 3.86**NS**2151.87 a 4.55271.78 b 6.37**163.50 a 6.45218.82 a 5.93**NS**3156.38 a 5.86274.64 b 6.05**--------

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Total Lipids (mg/dl)

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Triglycerides (mg/dl)

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Cholesterol (mg/dl)

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Plasma Lipoproteins:HDL &LDL&Liver function enzymes:ALT & AST 95

Table ( 12 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on Plasma levels of HDL, LDL, ALT and AST of Muscovy ducks. ParameterGroupsMalesFemalesP3P4BeforeAfterP1BeforeAfterP2HDL(mg/dl )161.58a 1.82148.78 a 5.63**59.10 a 1.41113.71 a 2.50**NS**262.40 a 2.61145.92 a 3.10**60.41 a 1.26109.94 a 3.67**NS**365.44 a 3.07141.93 a 3.77**--------LDL(mg/dl )185.52 a 5.46105.06 a 3.54**90.40 a 3.8695.18 a 3.48****275.68 b 6.54103.66 a 2.65**89.49 a 7.6294.64 a 2.42****377.63 b 7.79103.13 a 5.12**--------ALT(U/L )127.43 a 1.65126.33 a 9.10**25.29 b 0.6872.71 a 3.84**NS**224.86 a 1.08105.87 b 2.34**28.00 a 0.6966.57 a 1.96******328.14 a 1.50107.12 b 4.05**--------AST(U/L )1162.71 a 7.095852.72 b 19.7**140.14 a 7.86483.49 a 27.12******2158.57 a 5.96576.97 b 17.33**135.86 a 6.03452.40 a 20.09******3167.00 a 6.89631.83 a 10.95**--------

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HDL (mg/dl)

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LDL (mg/dl)

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ALT (U/L)

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AST (U/L)

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4. Conclusion andrecommendations101

1- Muscovy duck is an excellent meat type ducks. Body weight reaches 5.00 kg in males and 3.10 kg in females at 12 weeks of age..

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2- Females should be fattened till the 10th week only then marketing to have a good and economical feed conversion and males will marketing at 12 weeks.

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3-Males only are suitable for force feeding than females to achieve a fast increase in body weight in a short time & to produce fatty liver. 104

5. Future work105

Although the results obtained, the research needs more future work to get the global weights of fatty liver (Foie Gras). 106

By: 1. Using the specialized strains. 2. Improve the feeding system & force feeding machine. 3. Give more attention to diets quantities & diets qualities.107

Thanks for your attention., 108

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Questions ?WelcomeWITH YOUR

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MeasurementsPeriods(Wks)MalesFemales

Weight gain (g)2 - 61940.38a 9.69 1594.33b 6.47

Feed consumption (g)4240.00a 31.203955.00b 36.35

Feed conversion 2.18b 0.122.48a .011

Weight gain (g)6 - 122777.84a 38.851439.75b 9.09


Feed conversion 2.97b 0.164.72a 0.22

Weight gain (g)2 - 124718.22a 48.543034.08b 15.56


Feed conversion 2.65b 0.183.62a 0.16

ParametersGroupsSexP

MalesFemales

Feed consumption(kg)19.100 a 0.009.100 a 0.00NS

29.100 a 0.009.100 a 0.00NS

39.100 a 0.00----

Feed Conversion

17.31 a 0.4417.21 a 0.40**

27.47 a 0.3016.45 a 0.76**

36.14 a 0.37----

Force feeding

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