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• Large robust perennial forb, up 1.5 m tall.• Leaves: ternate (3 part) petioles conspicuously inflated.• Flowers: compound umbels of white floweres.• Habitat: moist slopes, streamsides, roadsides mainly south
• Mostly herbaceous species.• Leaves alternate, simple or
compound, without stipules; basal rosettes are common.
• Small reduced flowers (florets) are arranged in a composite head that is diagnostic for the family and acts as a single functional blossom.
• The head is subtended by imbricated bracts or phyllaries, collectively called the involucre. Composite heads may be solitary or arranged in corymbs, cymes, panicles or racemes on the plant.
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Carolyn Parker, UAF Biol 474
http://www.ece.ubc.ca/~ianc/Firth1/
Typical aster family flower
Disk floretRay floret
http://www.anbg.gov.au/PLANTFAM/AUST1F.HTM
Composite flower head• Disk florets are tubular.• Ray florets consist of a
short tube and one long ray or ligule, and often lack stamens.
• The sepals on both floret types are reduced to pappus, bristles, or lacking entirely.
• Depending on the group, heads may have all ray florets (Taraxacum), all disk florets (Antennaria) or both, typically with disk florets to the inside, surrounded by ray florets (Aster).
• Fruit is an achene.
Achillea borealis Family: Asteraceae (Compositae)Common name: Common yarrow
Stems: simple, or somewhat forked above 20-60 cm tall. Leaves: alternate, 3-15 cm long, lanceolate, 2-4 times pinnate, highly dissected,Flowering heads: Numerous in flat or round-topped paniculate-corymbose inflorescence. Involucre bracts with dark margins.
http://kaigan.civil.tohoku.ac.jp/~sawamoto/Gallery.HTMStems: Branching forb, 10-60 cm tall. Leaves: From basal rosette, 5-20 cm long, 2-3 times pinnately divided, blade glabrous, bright green (most Artimisia are heavily tomentose, dull green)Inflorescence: Raceme or panicle of yellow and reddish tinged flowers.Habitat: Colonizing plant on river gravels, also along streams, and rich moist to dry tundra, alpine meadows.
Tall perennial sage to 1 m tall.Leaves: mostly cauline (along stem), 2-10 cm long with 1- or 2- pinnatifid. Inflorescence: paniculate or racemose, nodding heads.Flowers: yellow, often tinged with red.
Freely branching erect forb with slender creeping rhizome 20-40+ cm tall.Stems: leafy, to 20-40+ cm tall.Leaves: Lanceolate, sessile, lower cauline leaves shorter than those above, sharply serratede to entire, ciliate. Inflorescence: 1-several compound flowers, with purple ligules, yellow disk flowers, pappus reddish brown.Habitat: Common along streams, gravelly river bars, dry meadows.
Stems: up to 10-50 cm tall, white tomentum, arising from cord-like rhizome. Leaves: 2-18 cm long, arising from the rhizome basal leaves highly variable shapes, cordate to reniform, sometimes strongly lobed and/or toothed, glabrous above, thick to thinnly tomentose beneath. Long petioles to 30 cm. Main stem has alternating clasping leaf-like bracts.Flowering heads: several to numerous in coymbose clustersFlowers: Involucre bracts, greenish or reddish tinged. Outer flowers, short white ligules. Disk flowers white or reddish tinged. Habitat: Common on mineral soils and disturbed sites where roots have access to mineral soils.
Stems: up to 1040 cm tall, white tomentum, from cord-like rhizome. Leaves: all cauline leaves (along stem), 5-10 long, linear to lanceolate sinnuate or slightly dentate often involute margin , tapering to narrow short petioleFlowering heads: 3-5 in corymbose clustersFlowers: 3-4 rows of involucral bracts. Ligules narrow, purplish, anthres purplish, pappus tawny. Habitat: moist nonacidic tundra to dry tundra, forb-rich meadows.
• Leaves usually alternate, sometimes in basal rosettes, simple, often pinnately dissected or lobed, or palmately or pinnately compound, entire to serrate.
• Inflorescences: indeterminate. Flowers: 4 distinct sepals and petals often forming a cross (hence the name Crucifer), often with an elongate claw and abruptly spreading limb.
• Fruit a berry or capsule, fre- quently with 2 valves often breaking away from a central persistent septum (the fruit then a silique), these are highly variable in form and diagnostic for many species, short to elongate, globose to flattened.
Judd, W.S. et al. 1999. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach.
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Mustard or Crucifer Family
Draba lactea: Growth form, leaves, flower and capsules. http://svalbardflora.net/index.php?id=206#
• Pinnate leaves. Upper leaves with linear leaflets; basal leaves variable in shape with more elliptical leaflets or even fern like (name “cuckoo-flower” derived from “crazy” basal leaves).
• White flowers with pink veins• Mainly vegetative reproduction
via adventious leaflets that detach and produce roots.
Image author: S.G. Aiken, C. Campbell and E. Robinson
Flora of Canadian Archipelago: http://nature.ca/aaflora/data/www/bacapr.htm
• Growth form: Mostly herbs, but sometimes secondarily woody.
• Leaves: Usually alternate, simple, sometimes lobed, entire to serrate, with pinnate venation; stipules absent.
• Inflorescences various. • Flowers: Usually bisexual, radial to
bilateral, with hypanthium, sometimes twisting 180° in development (resupinate). Usually 5 connate sepals and 5 connate petal forming a tubular or bell-shaped corolla (as in Campanula) or 2- lipped to 1-lipped and then with a variously developed dorsal slit, the lobes valvate (as in Lobelia, shown in drawings). (See Plant Family Characteristics web page for more detail.)
Campanula rotundifolia.
Lobelia cardinalis. Judd, W.S. et al. 1999. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach.
Lobelia cardinalis. Not an Arctic plant.Photos by Alan heilman and Penny Stritch. http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/lobelia_cardinalis.shtml.
• Usually small forb, 5-10 cm tall.• Leaves: Mainly basal, linear or lanceolate, dark green.. • Flowers: Solitary, nodding in anthesis. Hairy sepals (C. rotundifolia sepals are glabrous.)
CaryophyllaceaePink or Carnation Family
Growth form: Usually forbs, sometimes mat or cushion forms in the Arctic.Leaves: opposite, simple, entire, often narrow. Leaf nodes usually swollen; stipules lacking or present. Inflorescences: determinate, sometimes reduced to a single flower, terminal. Flowers usually bisexual, radial. True petals lacking, but outer whorl of 4-5 stamens very often petal-like, here called "petals” frequently bilobed. Fruit: Capsule, opening by valves or apical teeth, but sometimes a utricle;
Mostly Silene virginica. Judd, W.S. et al. 1999. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach.
Flowers: Solitary, pink to purple, sepals united forming tube, calyx inflated (like Chinese lantern) with dark veins, nodding when young, erect in fruit.
Flowers: solitary, whitesepals often reddishFruit: grooved, spherical capsule, 3 parts at maturity
Lvs glabrous, ciliatein marginStem creeping
Photo: Martha Raynolds
• Growth form: Mat forming forbs.• Leaves: Elliptic lanceolate, sessile. • Flowers: Solitary, white. Sepals often
purplish. • Fruit: Grooved spherical capsule.
inflated, 2-3 locules.• Habitat: Streams and brackish
shorelines.
Inflated fruits of W. physodes. http://www.cdhs.us/Flower%20Project/Flower%20Project%20Images/Images/W.-physodes-1.jpg
CrassulaceaeStonecrop Family
Succulent herbs; with leafy stems. Leaves: succulent, inflated; stipules lacking.Inflorescences: determinate, sometimes reduced to a solitary flower, terminal or axillary. Flowers: Sepals and petals usually 4 or 5, distinct or nearly so; stamens 4-10. Fruit: an aggregate of dry dehiscent follicles.
Growth form: Succulent forb, with thick much branched rhizome.Leaves: Alternate, oblong lanceolate, entire or dentate.Flowers: Dense terminal cluster, male flowers yellow, female flowers dark red to purple.Fruits: Follicles, reddish, plump. Habitat: Moist alpine sites to rocky beaches. Saline tolerant.
Fabaceae (Leguminosae)Legume or Pea Family
Growth form: Perennial herbs in the Arctic but trees and shurbs in many temperate and tropical areas.Leaves: Alternating, pinnately or palmately compound, stipulate.Flowers: Perfect, irregular; calyx cup-shaped or tubular, usually with 5 teeth. Corolla with 5 petals, with upper median one larger (the banner) and two similar lateral ones (wings), and with two lowest petals joined to form a keel.Fruits: various shaped legumes, often a pea-like pod.
An unknown Mongolian Oxytropis, illustrating the typical pea flower.
Growth form: Erect forb 10-30 cm tall.Leaves: 4-12 cm long, 7-11 leaflets.Inflorescence: Short, few-flowered racemeFlowers: Pendulous. Petals, yellow. Calyx lobes, short triangular, green to brown, sparely black villous.Legumes: 20-25 mm long, black hirsute, stipitate, pedulous.Habitat: Rich nonacidic meadows.
To separate H. alpinum (edible, Eskimo potato) from very similar H. mackenzii (poisonous, bear root).H. alpinum leaves are glabrous on underside with with prominent lateral veins; loments are net veined and have a narrow wing margin and 2-5 joints.H. mackenzii leaves are felty and whitish on underside and veins are not prominent. Loments are cross veined, not wing-margined, and pubescent with 3-8 joints.
Loment of H. alpinum. http://www.colinherb.com/Leguminosae/Hedysarum/Alpinum/Hedysarum_alpinum_1353_094.htm
Leaves. Palmate leaves. Basal leaves long petioled. Inflorescence: Showy racemes 4-14 cm long. Corolla: Bluish purble.Pods: 2-4 cm long, silky pilose. Habitat: Common in nonacidic tundra and along rivers.
Family: FabaceaeCommon name: Yellow or Field Oxytrope
http://davesgarden.com/forums/t/479560/
Oxytropis campestris
http://www.flogaus-faust.de/e/oxytcamp.htm
http://w
ww
.mun.ca/biology/delta/
arcticf/fab/ww
w/faoxct.htm
Growth form: caespitose forb from stout taproot.Leaves: basal, pinnate with 11-35 mostly opposite silky-pilose to glabrescent leaflets.Flowering heads: Capitate racemes, 6-26 flowered.Flowers: cream colored to yellow. Calyx with black and white hairs, Fruit: Pods, yellow green with mixed white and black hairs. Habitat: Common on gravel river bars and terraces and open slopes.
• Climbing forb by means of tendrils at end of pinnate leaves. • Common weed in Fairbanks area. • Flowers, purple racemes.
LiliaceaeLily Family
• Worldwide distribution. Includes many ornamentals as well as onion, garlic, and chives. A very diverse family which is divided into several different families by some workers.
• Herbaceous, 3-merous flowers which are distinctive and known to most. Many have bulbs, corms, or swollen rhizomes. Leaves are simple, often basel, and have parallel venation. Flowers are regular and may be showy, or small and inconspicous, but always have that 'lily' look with 3 sepals (which may be petaloid), 3 petals, and 6 stamens.