For the PMP® Exam using PMBOK® Guide 5th Edition

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For the PMP® Exam using PMBOK®

Editionth5Guide

© Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP 2015

PMI®, PMP®, PMBOK® Guide are registered trade marks of Project Management Institute, Inc.

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Contacts

• Name: Khaled El-Nakib, MSc, PMP, PMI-RMP

• URL: http://www.khaledelnakib.com

• E-mail: [email protected]

• LinkedIn: https://eg.linkedin.com/pub/khaled-el-nakib-msc-pmp-pmi-rmp/16/471/6a8


Quality Definition

The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics

fulfill requirements

American Society for Quality

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Quality Management

• Compatible with:

• ISO

• Deming Approach

• Grospy Approach

• Juran Approach

• Total Quality Management (TQM)

• Six sigma

• Cost of Quality (COQ)


Deming’s P.D.C.A. cycle

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Quality Vs. GradeQuality Vs. GradeQuality Vs. GradeQuality Vs. Grade

• Quality is the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfill requirements

• Grade is the category assigned to products or services having the same functional use but different technical characteristics.

�Low quality is always a problem.

�Low grade may not be.


Precision Vs. accuracyPrecision Vs. accuracyPrecision Vs. accuracyPrecision Vs. accuracy

• “Precision is consistency that the value of repeated

measurements are clustered and have little scatter.”

• “Accuracy is correctness that the measured value is very

close to the true value.”

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Precision Vs. accuracyPrecision Vs. accuracyPrecision Vs. accuracyPrecision Vs. accuracy (continued)(continued)(continued)(continued)


Modern quality management and project

management

• Both recognize

• Customer satisfaction

• Conformance requirements

• Fitness to use

• Prevention over inspection

• Quality is planned, designed, and built in

• Continues improvement

• P-D-C-A cycle

• Management responsibility

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Cost of Quality (COQ)

Cost of

Quality

Cost of

Conformance

Prevention

cost

Appraisal

Cost

Cost of non-

conformance

Internal

failure Cost

External

failure Cost

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Cost of conformance

• Training

• Document processes

• Equipment

• Time to do it right

• Testing

• Destructive testing loss

• inspection

Prevention Cost Appraisal Cost

Money spent during the project to avoid failure


Cost of non-conformance

• rework

• scrap

• Liabilities

• Warranty work

• Lost business

Internal Failure Cost External Failure Cost

Money spent during and after the project because of failure

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Cost Benefit Analysis

• The primary benefit of meeting quality requirements can include less rework, higher productivity, lower cost, and increased stakeholders satisfaction


Control Chart

USL

LSL

UCL

LCL

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Benchmarking

• Benchmarking involves comparing actual or planned project practices to those of comparable projects to identify best practices, generate ideas for improvement, and provide a basis for measuring performance.


Design of Experiments

• Design of Experiments (DOE) – A.K.A. Experimental Design –is a statistical method for identifying which factors may influence specific variable of a product or process under development or in production.

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Statistical Sampling

• Statistical sampling involves choosing part of the population of interest for inspection.

Simple random sampling

Systematic sampling

Stratified sampling

Probability proportional to size sampling

Cluster sampling

Matched random sampling

Quota sampling

Convenience sampling

Line-intercept sampling

Panel sampling

Event sampling methodology


Flowchart

• A flowchart is a graphical representation of a process showing the relationships among process steps.

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Cause and Effect Diagrams

• A.K.A Ishikawa diagrams or fishbone diagrams. It illustrates how various factors might be linked to potential problems or effects.



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Histogram

• A histogram is a vertical bar chart showing how often a particular variable state occurred

Fre

qu

en

cy

Weeks

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Pareto Chart

• A specific type of histogram ordered by frequency of occurrence.

• Pareto’s Law holds that a relatively small number of causes will typically produce a majority of problems or defects. It is commonly referred to as the 80/20 principle.


Pareto Chart

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Run Chart

• A line graph the shows data points in the order in which they occur. It shows the trend over time


Scatter Diagram

• A scatter diagram shows the relationship between two variables, dependent variable and independent variable.

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Scatter Diagram


Affinity Diagram

Classification of

generated ideas

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Process Decision Program Chart (PDPC)

Used for contingency planning

since it aids team to predict

intermediate actions that can

derail objectives


Interrelation Digraph

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Tree Diagram

A.K.A Systematic Diagram,

used to represent

hierarchical

decompositions. Examples

include WBS, RBS and OBS


Prioritization Matrix

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Matrix Diagrams

The Matrix diagram seeks to show

the strength of relationships between

factors, causes, and objectives that

exists between the rows and columns


Inspection

• An inspection is the examination of work product to determine whether it conforms to documented standards.

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Quality Audits

• A quality audit is a structured, independent review to determine whether project activities comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures.

Project Quality Management Project Quality Management Project Quality Management Project Quality Management

ProcessesProcessesProcessesProcesses

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Project Quality Management

Project Quality Management processes includes all the activities of the performing organization that determine quality policies, objectives, and responsibilities so that, the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken



• Project Quality applies on all Project

• Meeting schedule

• Team satisfaction

• Within budget

• Customer satisfaction

• Product Quality is industry specific

• Bug free

• Meeting requirements

• Meeting performance requirements

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Plan

Quality

Perform

Quality

Assurance

Perform

Quality

Control


Assurance VS Control

• Are we following standards?

• Use measurements from QC

• Perform continuous improvements

• Perform quality audit

• Find good practices

• Share good practices

• Are we meeting standards?

• Measure quality

• Identify quality improvements

• Validate deliverables

• Complete checklists

• Update lessons learned

• Submit change requests

Perform Quality Assurance Perform Quality Control

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Plan Quality

• Plan Quality is the process of identifying quality requirements and/or standards for the project and product and documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance.


Inputs

1. Project Management Plan• Scope Baseline

• Scope statement• WBS• WBS dictionary

• Cost performance baseline• Schedule baseline• Other management plans

2. Stakeholder register

3. Risk register

4. Requirements Documentation

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Inputs (continued)

5. Enterprise environmental factors

• Standards, rules, regulations, guidelines

6. Organizational process assets

• Quality policy, procedures, historical data, lessons learned,


Tools and techniques

1. Cost-benefit analysis

2. Cost of quality

3. Seven basic quality tools

4. Benchmarking

5. Design of experiments

6. Statistical sampling

7. Additional quality planning tools

8. Meetings

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Out-1: Quality Management Plan

• The quality management plan describes how the project management team will implement the performing organization’s quality policy.


Out-2: Process Improvement Plan

• The process improvement plan details the steps of analyzing processes to identify activities which enhance their value.

• Areas to be considered:

• Process boundaries

• Process Configuration

• Process Metrics

• Target for performance improvements

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Out-3: Quality Metrics

• A quality metric describes a project deliverable or product attributes and how control quality process will measure it.

• Length : 199.6 – 120.4

• Budget ± 10%

• Duration ± 1 day

• The tolerance defines the allowable variation on the metric.


Out-4: Quality Checklists

• A checklist is a structured tool, usually component specific, used to verify that a required steps has been performed

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Out-5: Project Documents Update

• Stakeholder register

• Requirements Traceability Matrix (RTM)


Perform Quality Assurance

• Perform Quality Assurance is the process of auditing the quality requirements and the result from quality control measurements to insure appropriate quality standards and operational definitions are used.

• Quality Assurance seeks to build confidence that work in progress will be completed in a manner that meets the specified requirements and expectations

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INPUTS

1. Quality management plan

2. Process improvement plan

3. Quality Metrics

4. Quality control measurements

5. Project documents


Tools and Techniques

1. Quality Management and Control Tools

2. Quality Audits

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TT-3: Process analysis

• Process analysis follows the steps outlined in the process improvement plan to identify needed improvements.

• Process analysis includes root cause analysis – a specific technique to identify a problem, discover the underlying causes that lead to it, and develop preventive actions


Outputs

1. Change requests

2. Project management plan updates

3. Project documents updates

4. Organizational process assets updates

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Control Quality

• Control Quality is the process monitoring and recording results of executing the quality activities to assess performance and recommended necessary changes.

• Objectives:

• Identify cause of poor process and product quality

• Validate project deliverables


Inputs

1. Project management plan

2. Quality metrics

3. Quality checklists

4. Work performance data

5. Approved change requests

6. Deliverables

7. Project documents


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Tools and techniques

1. Seven Basic Tools

2. Statistical Sampling

3. Inspection

4. Approved Change Requests Review


Out-1: Quality Control Measurements

• Quality control measurements are the documented results of quality control activities in the format specified in the quality planning

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Out-2: Validated Changes

• Any changed or repaired items are inspected and will be either accepted or rejected.


Out-3: Verified deliverable

• Deliverables that passed quality tests

• Verified deliverables are in input to validate scope for formalized acceptance

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Out-4: Work Performance information

• Performance data collected from various controlling processes, analyzed in context and integrated based on relationships across areas.


Common outputs

5. Change requests

6. Project management updates

7. Project documents updates


• Completed checklists

• Lessons learned documentation

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Question & AnswersQuestion & Answers
