For Radio Communications The ARRL Handbook Eighty-Ninth Edition Published by: ARRL the national association for Amateur Radio ™ Newington, CT 06111 USA Editor H. Ward Silver, NØAX Contributing Editors Steven R. Ford, WB8IMY Mark J. Wilson, K1RO Editorial Assistant Maty Weinberg, KB1EIB Technical Consultants Bob Allison, WB1GCM Michael E. Gruber, W1MG Edward F. Hare, Jr, W1RFI Zachary H.J. Lau, W1VT Cover Design Sue Fagan, KB1OKW Bob Inderbitzen, NQ1R Production Michelle Bloom, WB1ENT Nancy G. Hallas, W1NCY Elaine Lengyl Carol Michaud, KB1QAW Jodi Morin, KA1JPA David F. Pingree, N1NAS Additional Contributors to the 2012 Edition Alan Bloom, N1AL Doug Grant, K1DG Joel R. Hallas, W1ZR Carl Leutzelschwab, K9LA Mark Steffka, WW8MS Jim Tonne, W4ENE Paul Wade, W1GHZ Cover Info: Top to bottom: The impedance transformer designed by Phil Salas, AD5X, for matcing vertical antennas on 160 and 80 meters. (see Chapter 24) Joe Carcia, NJ1Q designed and built the automatic antenna relay control and display unit. (Also in Chapter 24) Amateurs with stacked HF Yagis can use this remote-switched matching transformer designed by George Cutsogeorge, W2VJN. (See Chapter 20) 2012
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For Radio Communications
The ARRL Handbook
Eighty-Ninth Edition
Published by:ARRLthe national association for Amateur Radio™Newington, CT 06111 USA
EditorH. Ward Silver, NØAX
Contributing EditorsSteven R. Ford, WB8IMYMark J. Wilson, K1RO
Editorial AssistantMaty Weinberg, KB1EIB
Technical ConsultantsBob Allison, WB1GCMMichael E. Gruber, W1MGEdward F. Hare, Jr, W1RFIZachary H.J. Lau, W1VT
ProductionMichelle Bloom, WB1ENTNancy G. Hallas, W1NCYElaine LengylCarol Michaud, KB1QAWJodi Morin, KA1JPADavid F. Pingree, N1NAS
Additional Contributors to the 2012 EditionAlan Bloom, N1ALDoug Grant, K1DGJoel R. Hallas, W1ZRCarl Leutzelschwab, K9LAMark Steffka, WW8MSJim Tonne, W4ENEPaul Wade, W1GHZ
Cover Info: Top to bottom: The impedance transformer designed by Phil Salas, AD5X, for matcing vertical antennas on 160 and 80 meters. (see Chapter 24) Joe Carcia, NJ1Q designed and built the automatic antenna relay control and display unit. (Also in Chapter 24) Amateurs with stacked HF Yagis can use this remote-switched matching transformer designed by George Cutsogeorge, W2VJN. (See Chapter 20)
Copyright secured under the Pan-American Convention
International Copyright secured
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form except by written permission of the publisher. All rights of translation are reserved.
Printed in the USA
Quedan reservados todos los derechos
ISBN: 978-0-87259-667-2 Softcover
ISBN: 978-0-87259-663-4 Hardcover
Eighty-Ninth Edition
Contents
A more detailed Table of Contents is included at the beginning of each chapter.
InTroduCTIon1 What is Amateur (Ham) radio? 1.1Do-It-YourselfWireless 1.2JoiningtheHamRadioCommunity 1.3AssemblingYourStation 1.4Hello, World!—GettingontheAir 1.5YourHamRadio“Lifestyle” 1.6PublicService 1.7HamRadiointheClassroom 1.8Resources 1.9Glossary
AnTennA sysTems And rAdIo ProPAgATIon19 Propagation of radio signals 19.1FundamentalsofRadioWaves 19.2Sky-WavePropagationandtheSun 19.3MUFPredictions 19.4PropagationintheTroposphere 19.5VHF/UHFMobilePropagation 19.6PropagationforSpaceCommunications 19.7NoiseandPropagation 19.8GlossaryofRadioPropagationTerms 19.9ReferencesandBibliography
equIPmenT ConsTruCTIon And mAInTenAnCe22 Component data and references 22.1ComponentData 22.2Resistors 22.3Capacitors 22.4Inductors 22.5Transformers 22.6Semiconductors 22.7Tubes,Wire,Materials,Attenuators, Miscellaneous 22.8ComputerConnectors 22.9RFConnectorsandTransmissionLines 22.10ReferenceTables
23 Construction Techniques 23.1ElectronicShopSafety 23.2ToolsandTheirUse 23.3SolderingToolsandTechniques 23.4SurfaceMountTechnology(SMT) 23.5ElectronicCircuits 23.6MechanicalFabrication
24 station Accessories 24.1 A 100-W Compact Z-Match Antenna
Tuner24.2 A Microprocessor Controlled SWR
Monitor24.3 A 160- and 80-M Matching Network for
Your 43-Foot Vertical24.4 Switching the Matching Network for
Your 43-Foot Vertical24.5 An External Automatic Antenna Switch
for Use With Yaesu or ICOM Radios24.6 A Low-Cost Remote Antenna Switch24.7 Audible Antenna Bridge24.8 A Trio of Transceiver/Computer Interfaces24.9 A Simple Serial Interface24.10 USB Interfaces For Your Ham Gear24.11 The Universal Keying Adapter24.12 The TiCK-4 — A Tiny CMOS Keyer24.13 The ID-O-Matic Station Identification
Time24.14 An Audio Intelligibility Enhancer24.15 An Audio Interface Unit for Field Day
and Contesting
25 Test equipment and measurements 25.1 Introduction 25.2 DC Measurements 25.3 AC Measurements 25.4 RF Measurements 25.5 Receiver Measurements 25.6 Transmitter Measurements 25.7 Miscellaneous Measurements 25.8 Construction Projects 25.9 References and Further Reading 25.10 Test and Measurement Glossary
26 Troubleshooting and maintenance 26.1 Test Equipment 26.2 Where to Begin 26.3 Testing Within a Stage 26.4 Typical Symptoms and Faults 26.5 Troubleshooting Hints 26.6 Components 26.7 After the Repairs 26.8 Professional Repairs 26.9 Repair and Restoration of Vintage Equipment 26.10 References and Bibliography
27 rF Interference 27.1 Managing Radio Frequency Interference 27.2 FCC Rules and Regulations 27.3 Elements of RFI 27.4 Identifying the Type of RFI Source 27.5 Locating Sources of RFI 27.6 Power-line Noise 27.7 Elements of RFI Control 27.8 Troubleshooting RFI 27.9 Automotive RFI 27.10 RFI Projects 27.11 RFI Glossary 27.12 References and Bibliography
sTATIon AssemBly And mAnAgemenT28 safety 28.1ElectricalSafety 28.2AntennaandTowerSafety 28.3RFSafety
29 Assembling a station 29.1FixedStations 29.2MobileInstallations 29.3PortableInstallations 29.4RemoteStations 29.5ReferencesandBibliography operating supplement (Cd-rom only) SpaceCommunications DigitalCommunications ImageCommunications 2012HFTransceiverSurvey
Thisedition’slargestchangeisabrandnewchapteronTest equipment and measurementbyAlanBloom,N1ALwhopreviouslyupdatedthemodulationanddsP and softwareradio designchapters.Thebasicsreceiveafreshnewtreatmentandseveralnewtopicsareincludedforthefirsttime.Awholenewsetoftestequipmentconstructionprojectsisincluded,aswell.
CONSIDERATE…never knowingly operates in such a way as to lessen the pleasure of others.
LOYAL…offers loyalty, encouragement and support to other amateurs, local clubs, and the American Radio Relay League, through which Amateur Radio in the United States is represented nationally and internationally.
PROGRESSIVE…with knowledge abreast of science, a well-built and efficient station and operation above reproach.
FRIENDLY…slow and patient operating when requested; friendly advice and counsel to the beginner; kindly assistance, cooperation and consideration for the interests of others. These are the hallmarks of the amateur spirit.
BALANCED…radio is an avocation, never interfering with duties owed to family, job, school or community.
PATRIOTIC…station and skill always ready for service to country and community.
—The original Amateur’s Code was written by Paul M. Segal, W9EEA, in 1928.
Public Relations/AdvocacyGovernment Relations and Spectrum Protection: www.arrl.org/regulatory-advocacy e-mail: [email protected] and Media Relations: www.arrl.org/media-and-public-relations
Membership BenefitsMembership Benefits (all): www.arrl.org/membershipAwards: www.arrl.org/awardsContests: www.arrl.org/contests FCC License Renewal / Modification: www.arrl.org/fcc-license-info-and-forms QSL Service: www.arrl.org/qsl-bureau Regulatory Information www.arrl.org/nationalTechnical Information Service www.arrl.org/technology e-mail: [email protected] tel. 860-594-0214
Contributions, Grants and ScholarshipsARRL Development Office: www.arrl.org/donate-to-arrl e-mail: [email protected] tel. 860-594-0397 ■ ARRL Diamond Club/Diamond Terrace ■ Spectrum Defense Fund ■ Education & Technology Fund ■ Planned Giving/Legacy Circle ■ Maxim SocietyARRL Foundation Grants and Scholarships: www.arrl.org/the-arrl-foundation
The American Radio Relay League, Inc.
Public ServicePublic Service Programs: www.arrl.org/public-serviceAmateur Radio Emergency Service® (ARES®): www.arrl.org/aresARRL Field Organization: www.arrl.org/field-organization
Clubs, Exams, Licensing and TeachersFind an Affiliated Club: www.arrl.org/find-a-clubMentor Program: www.arrl.org/mentoring-online-coursesFind a Licensing Class: www.arrl.org/find-a-classSupport to Instructors: www.arrl.org/volunteer-instructors-mentorsFind an Exam Session: www.arrl.org/finding-an-exam-sessionVolunteer Examiner Coordinator (VEC): www.arrl.org/volunteer-examiners
Publications & EducationQST — Official Journal of ARRL: www.arrl.org/qst e-mail: [email protected] QEX — Forum for Communications Experimenters: www.arrl.org/qex e-mail: [email protected] NCJ — National Contest Journal: www.arrl.org/ncj e-mail: [email protected] Books, Software and Operating Resources: tel. 1-888-277-5289 (toll-free in the US); www.arrl.org/shop Advertising: www.arrl.org/business-opportunities-sales e-mail: [email protected] Education / Online Courses: www.arrl.org/online-courses
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JOIN or RENEW or ORDER Publicationstel. Toll Free 1-888-277-5289 (US)
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VISITING ARRL HEADQUARTERS AND W1AWTours Mon-Fri at 9, 10, 11 AM; 1, 2, 3 PMW1AW guest operating 10 AM to noon, and 1 to 3:45 PM (bring your license).
The American Radio Relay League, Inc. is a noncommercial association of radio amateurs, organized for the promotion of interest in Amateur Radio communication and experimentation, for the establishment of networks to provide communication in the event of disasters or other emergencies, for the advancement of the radio art and of the public welfare, for the representation of the radio amateur in legisla-tive matters, and for the maintenance of fraternalism and a high standard of conduct.ARRL is an incorporated association without capital stock chartered under the laws of the State of Connecticut, and is an exempt organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Its affairs are governed by a Board of Directors, whose voting members are elected every three years by the general membership. The officers are elected or appointed by the directors. The League is noncommercial, and no one who could gain financially from the shaping of its affairs is eligible for membership on its Board.“Of, by, and for the radio amateur,” the ARRL numbers within its ranks the vast majority of active amateurs in the nation and has a proud history of achievement as the standard-bearer in amateur affairs.A bona fide interest in Amateur Radio is the only essential qualification of membership; an Amateur Radio license is not a prerequisite, although full voting membership is granted only to licensed amateurs in the US.Membership inquiries and general correspondence should be addressed to the administrative headquarters: ARRL, 225 Main Street, Newington, Connecticut 06111-1494.
ARRL, 225 Main Street t Newington, Connecticut 06111-1494, USA