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CASESTUDIESFOR

HEALTHSYSTEMSANDPOLICYANALYSIS

CASESTUDYOFPOLICYCHANGEThemarketingofalcoholicdrinksin

SouthAfrica

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TABLEOFCONTENTSABOUTTHISCASE 4

CASESTUDYOFPOLICYCHANGE:THEMARKETINGOFALCOHOLICDRINKSINSOUTHAFRICA 5

CASESTUDYFOCUS 5THEALCOHOLINDUSTRYANDADVERTISING 5HOWDIDGOVERNMENTDEVELOPTHEDRAFTBILLANDWHATBECAMEOFIT? 6KEYACTORSANDTHEIRPOSITIONS 8HOWDIDTHEACTORSENGAGEWITHGOVERNMENTANDEACHOTHER? 9MARCH2011–2013 92014TOMAY2017 14

SAMPLESTUDENTTASKS/ASSESSMENTS 17

OPTION1:USINGTHECASESTUDYTOBUILDTOAGROUPPRESENTATIONATTHEENDOFTHECOURSE 17OPTION2:ANESSAY-TYPEASSIGNMENTWITHLIMITEDGUIDANCEONTHEPOLICYANALYSESTOINCLUDE23OPTION3:ANESSAY-TYPEASSIGNMENTWITHSTRONGERGUIDANCEONTHEPOLICYANALYSESTHATSTUDENTSSHOULDINCLUDE 28

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AboutthiscaseWith its focus on policy formulation, this case study is quite distinctive, as it is morecommonforcasestudiesofpolicychangetobeabout thepolicy implementationprocess.The case study can therefore be used to support students to analyse and reflect on thetypicalstepsinpolicyformulationandhowtheyinterlinktomove(ornot)apolicyconcernfromtheagendasettingtoimplementationphase.Thematerialinthiscasestudyisalsowellsuitedtostimulatingthinkingabout:

• Thecontextofpolicychangeandthesupportoroppositionofdifferentactors;• The nature of policy content and how it relates to the interests, values and

understandingsofactors;and• Thestrategiesthatpolicyproponentsandopponentsuseinanattempttoinfluence

theoutcomeofthepolicyprocess.

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Casestudyofpolicychange:themarketingofalcoholicdrinksinSouthAfrica

CasestudyfocusCovering the period fromMarch 2011 toMay 2017, this case study explores the processthroughwhichthe2013draftControlofMarketingofAlcoholicBeveragesBill(thedraftbill)wasformulatedinSouthAfrica.The LiquorAct,whichprohibits falseormisleadingadvertisingandadvertising targetedatminors, currently governs alcohol advertising. These limited prohibitions mean that thealcoholindustrylargelyregulatesitsownadvertisingthroughcodesofconduct.Againstthisbackdrop,andinanattempttotacklesocietalharmsrelatedtotheuseofalcohol,thedraftbillwasdevelopedto:

• Restricttheadvertisementofalcoholicdrinks;• Ban sponsorships associatedwith alcoholic drinks, for exampleof sports teamsor

events;and• Prohibitanypromotionofalcoholicdrinks.

Thealcoholindustryandadvertising

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Howdidgovernmentdevelopthedraftbillandwhatbecameofit?In 2010, the South African government established an Inter-Ministerial Committee onSubstance Abuse. This committee was made up of the Ministers of Social Development,Correctional Services, Health, Basic Education, Higher Education, Science and Technology,EconomicDevelopment,Transport,Tradeand Industry,aswellas theSouthAfricanPoliceService.TheInter-MinisterialCommitteeguidedtheSecondBiennialAnti-SubstanceAbuseSummit,which took place in KwaZulu-Natal province inMarch 2011, andwas attended by a largenumberofgovernment,globalandcivilsocietyactors.Akeyoutput fromthissummitwastheAnti-SubstanceAbuseProgrammeofAction(2011-2016).TheresolutionsoftheSecondBiennialAnti-SubstanceAbuseSummitincluded:

• Harmonizationofall lawsandpolicies to facilitateeffectivegovernanceofalcohol,includingproduction,sales,distribution,marketing,consumptionandtaxation.Theregulatory framework must be national and applicable across all provinces andmunicipalities and should be guided by the principles and proposals agreed to bythissummitandtheInter-MinisterialCommitteeonAlcoholandSubstanceAbuse.

• Immediate implementation of current laws and regulations that permit therestrictionofthetime,locationandcontentofadvertisingrelatedtoalcoholandinthe medium term banning of all advertising of alcoholic products in public andprivatemedia, includingelectronicmedia.The short-term interventionwill includemeasuresthatwillensurethatalcoholwillnotbemarketedattimesand locationswhere youngpeoplemaybe influencedand the contentof theadvertising shouldnot portray alcohol as a product associated with sport, and social and economicstatus.

• Banning all sponsorship by the alcohol industry for sports, recreation, arts andculturalandrelatedevents.

Background:whatcontributedtothesettingofthepolicyagenda?At the time of the First Biennial Anti-Substance Abuse Summit in 2007, the banning ofadvertising and sponsorship was not clearly on the agenda. It was mentioned in thepresentationofoneacademic,butnot incorporated in the resolutionsof the summit.Thesummit report noted that the Film and Publiction Board should be invited to the nextsummitbecauseofthelinkbetweenadvertisingandsubstanceabuse.The Anti-Substance Abuse Programme of Action (2011-2016) suggests that, in the periodbetweenthetwosummits,governmentpolicymakerswereinfluencedbyinternationalandSouth African researchers. This document cites the World Health Organisation’s GlobalStatus Report on Alcohol and Health and the work of South African individuals andorganisationstoarguefortheharmfulefectsofalcoholinrelationto,amongotherthings:

• Thehealth,andpotentialdeathor injury,ofthedrinker,forexample inrelationtodiseases associated with the use of alcohol, the risk of contracting HIV due to

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sexuallyriskybehaviourfueledbyintoxication,orthecontributionofalcoholtocaraccidents;

• Thehealth,andpotentialdeathorinjury,ofothers,forexamplethroughtheeffectofalcoholabuseonfoetalandchilddevelopment,thementalhealthofthefamiliesofalcoholabusers,orinter-personalviolenceandaggression;

• Theworkproductivityofthedrinkerandothers;• Theeconomiccoststosociety.

Someof this citedwork includesdiscussionsof advertising and sponsorshipbans in othercountries. The policy agenda might also have been shaped by international calls forcountriestotakestrongeractiontoaddresstheharmfuluseofalcohol,asevidencedintheWorldHealthOrganisation’s2010globalandAfricanstrategiesonthistopic.TheideaofabanalsoappearedtoenjoythepersonalsupportoftheMinisterofHealthandMinister of Social Development at that time. In July 2011, the news agency of the SouthAfrican government reported that “…Despite being criticized for his call to ban alcoholadverts,HealthMinisterAaronMotsoaledihasvowednottobackdownuntilhismissionisfulfilled.”InDecember2011,atthelaunchofananti-alcoholandsubstanceabusecampaign,theMinisterofSocialDevelopment,quotedresearchonthelinkbetweenhighexposuretoalcoholadvertising,especiallyamongstyoungpeople,and increasedconsumption,arguingfor measures to reduce the exposure of all people to advertising that …”falsely portraycarefullypackagedethanolasaproductthatisassociatedwithbeingcoolandsuccessful.”Buildingon the SecondBiennial Anti-SubstanceAbuse Summit and its resolutions, thebillwasdraftedby representatives fromdifferent governmentdepartments. The task team inchargeofdraftingthebillworkedunderthedirectionoftheNationalDepartmentofHealth,but also included officials from the National Department of Social Development and theNational Department of Trade and Industry. InMarch 2013 the draft bill was tabled at ameetingoftheInter-MinisterialCommitteeonSubstanceAbuse.AroundJune2013,theForumofSouthAfricanDirectors-Generalinstructedthedraftbilltoundergo a regulatory impact assessment. The Forum of South African Directors-Generalbringstogetherthemostseniorofficialsofallgovernmentdepartmentstoprovidetechnicalsupport toMinisters andwork towards integrated government planning, decision-makingand service delivery. The National Department of Health completed this assessment inSeptember2013,buttheresultswerenotmadepublic.ThisfirstimpactassessmentandthedraftbillwastabledataCabinetmeetinginSeptember2013.The Cabinet responded to this submission by ordering a second, independent regulatoryimpactassessment.InAugust2014,thetenderforthissecondassessmentwasawardedtoaprivateeconomicsconsultancy.Theassessmentwascompleted in January2015,butagainnotreleasedtothepublic.

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After the completion of the second regulatory impact assessment, Cabinet developed theSocio-Economic Impact Assessment System. This was a mandatory new process forappraisingallintendedlegislationthatreplacedtheprocessofconductingregulatoryimpactassessments.Inlinewiththisnewsystem,theNationalDepartmentofHealthcompletedasocio-economicimpactassessmentofthedraftinJuly2015.Thisthirdassessmentisalsonotinthepublicdomain.AlthoughthedraftbillwasleakedtothepublicinApril2012andgovernmentstatedin2013thatitwouldbepublishedintheGovernmentGazetteforpubliccomment,itneverwas.AsofMay2017,therefore,thedraftbillhademergedasanalternativetotheprovisionsoftheLiquorActandtheself-regulationofalcoholadvertising,buthadnotyet reachedthe finalstagesofpolicyformulationbygettingthego-aheadfromCabinet,beingformallyGazettedand subjected to formal, legislative processes of comment and scrutiny, and eventuallybeingeanctedbyParliament.Thepositionsandstrategiesofkeyactors–howtheyengagedwithgovernment,thepublic,andeachother–providesomeinsightintowhythismighthavehappened.

KeyactorsandtheirpositionsOnthequestionsofprohibitingthepromotionofalcoholicdrinksandbanningsponsorshipsassociatedwithalcoholicdrinks,variouskeystakeholderscanbegroupedintotwoopposingclusters. These clusters had different interests, articulated different narratives aroundalcoholuse,alcoholabuseandthebanningofadvertisingandsponsorships,andthereforetookdifferentpositionsaroundtheproposalscontainedinthedraftbill.Thefirstclusterwasopposedtothebanonpromotionandsponsorshipsand includedthealcoholindustry,advertisingindustryandmediaindustry.TheNationalDepartmentofSportand Recreation, which opposed the draft bill, also leaned towards this cluster. A finalopposingactortotakenoteofwastheSouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporation.The second cluster, proponents of the ban and the draft bill, included the NationalDepartment of Health, National Department of Social Development, public healthresearchers,andcivilsocietyhealthpromotionadvocates.

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Howdidtheactorsengagewithgovernmentandeachother?

March2011–2013IntheperiodaftertheSecondBiennialAnti-SubstanceAbuseSummitandwhilethedraftbillwasbeingcrafted,thealcoholindustryactedswiftlytosetinmotionalobbying/advocacycampaignthroughwhich ithopedto influencethethinkingandchangethemindsofotheractorsinsideandoutsideofgovernment.Thealcoholindustryretainedapersonworkingintheadvertisingindustryandthispersonandthecampaignwaspaidforbyafundsetupbythe alcohol industry. This “anti-champion” had strong relationships in the advertising andmedia industries and her role included seeking to ensure that the media sided with thealcohol industry in thisdebate,networkingwith colleagues in thealcohol, advertisingandmedia industries,andseekingtoensurethatallthesestakeholders“speakwithonevoice”onthedraftbill.

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Anearlystepinthiscampaignwaswhen,in2011,thealcoholindustryfundedamarketinganalyst to conduct a preliminary impact assessment. Shortly hereafter, consultants werecommissionedtocompileareportontheeconomicimpactofabanonalcoholadvertising.The preliminary impact assessment and the consultancy report, published inMarch 2013,werewidelycitedinpressreleases,mediareports,andpresentationstopolicymakers.Boththese documents sought to influence policymakers’ and members of the public’sperceptionsaboutthecostsandbenefitsoftheintendedpolicychange.InSeptember2012,theCommitteeonEconomicandBusinessDevelopmentoftheNationalCouncil of Provinces, the second chamber of South Africa’s Parliament, met withrepresentatives of the alcohol industry. In October 2013, the Sport and RecreationCommitteeoftheNationalAssembly,thefirstchamberofSouthAfrica’sparliament,hosteda consultative meeting on the role of alcohol advertising and sponsorships in the sportsector.Thesemeetingsaresummarizedbelow.Strictregulationstrategyinliquorindustry:briefingbyDistellNCOPEconomicandBusinessDevelopment,10September2012,Chairperson:MrFAdams(ANC,WesternCape)MeetingSummaryThe rolesof thegovernmentand the liquor industry inaddressing theproblemof alcoholabuse without creating job losses and causing damage to the economy, were the majorissueswhenthepossibleimpactoftheControlofMarketingofAlcoholicBeveragesDraftBillwas discussed by the Committee and representatives of Distell, Africa’s leading producerandmarketerofspirits,wines,cidersandready-to-drinkalcoholicbeverages.Distellbelievedthatthegovernment’sconcernsabouttheliquor industryrelatedtosocial,health,transport,policingandeducationissues.Ontheotherhand,theliquorindustryhadarole to play in helping other departments to achieve their objectives in areas such as jobcreation, skills development, economic growth, international competitiveness, sustainableuseofnaturalresourcesandruraldevelopment.Theliquorindustrywasthereforeappealingtothegovernmenttoadopta“balancedapproach”,sothatitcouldoperateinamainlyself-regulated environment, combined with strict enforcement of legislation, increasedcorporatesocialinvestmentcontributionsandcloserpartnershipswithgovernmentbodies.The industry was appealing for the government to take a balanced approach by tacklingalcohol abuse without strangling the economy which was, in part, driven by the liquorindustry. Research had shown thatwarning labels and the banning of advertisements didnot work, and attention should rather be focussed on parental involvement, strictlyenforced self-regulation, and partnerships with government – as the problem of alcoholabusewas toobig for individual entities tohandleon their own. Inorder todivert youngpeople from irresponsible drinking, it was necessary to create a society which embracedsport,artsandculture,andthiswouldrequiretheestablishmentofrecreationalcentres.Membersdescribedtheirpersonalexperienceofthemiseryandhardshipcreatedbyalcohol

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abuse, which was described as “destroying the fabric of society.” There was extendeddebateoverwhetheralcoholadvertisingshouldbebannedaltogether,orpartiallyrestricted,orwhetheradvertisementsshouldalldepictthenegativeconsequencesofalcoholabuse.Beerhalls, which had once destroyed family lives, had now been replaced with aproliferation of illegal shebeens. The great majority of shebeens were long established,operatedoverweekendsandsoldlowvolumestoanestablishedclientbase.Mostshebeenowners were women, who traded liquor as a means of survival. The scale of informal,unregulated, liquor trading in the townships was too large – too many entrepreneurlivelihoodswereatstakeandthedemandforadiversityofoutletsfordrinking(andaccessto liquor) was too high – for law enforcement to control illegal trade. Regulation couldprovide ameans of empowerment for a broad base ofmicro-entrepreneurs in the liquorindustry.Distellwarnedthatablanketbanonliquoradvertisingwouldresultinjoblossesthroughoutthe value chain, affecting advertising agencies and their suppliers, media houses andsponsoredsportsbodies.AMember proposed that in the light of the impact of alcohol abuse, the liquor industryneeded to make major contributions through their corporate social investment (CSI)programmes.Awaytoaddressthematterwasto linkthe industry’sCSIcontributionstoapercentage of its profits. Hewas supported by the Chairperson,who said the Committeewashammeringmininghouses,overwhich italsohadoversight,andothercompanies fornottakingchargeoftheirCSIprogrammes.Source:ParliamentaryMonitoringGroup(https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/14838/).Nochangesmadetooriginalmaterials.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/za/Roleandeffectsofalcoholadvertisinginsport:meetingwithstakeholdersSportandRecreation,28October2013,Chairperson:MrMMdakane(ANC)MeetingSummaryAt the outset, the Chairperson noted that no bill had been presented to Parliamenttherefore it would be inappropriate for the Committee to discuss the banning of alcoholadvertising and sponsorship in sports. Instead the Committee would have an opendiscussionwithstakeholdersabouttheroleofadvertisinginsportsandhowitpertainedtothedevelopmentofsportsinSouthAfrica.BMISportsInformationinformedtheCommitteethatthesportsponsorshipmarketinSouthAfricahadbeenconsistentlygrowingfordecades,frombeingaR63millionindustryin1985to a R4.596 billion industry in 2012. Since the 2010 FIFA World Cup growth in sportsponsorship had decreased. Sponsors in South Africa were becoming more cautious andmoving towards signing short-termcontracts andmany sportswere feelingpressure from

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this,includingthebigthreeofsoccer,rugbyandcricket.Wheneversponsorsbackedoutthesporting industry then looked to the government for support and this could put a greatstrainonthealreadythinresourcesoftheDepartmentofSportsandRecreation.BMI Sports Information stated that alcohol companies spent a great deal of funds onadvertisingonsportsevents.Televisionwouldbethegreatestloserasaresultofanalcoholad ban as alcohol advertising wasmost prominent during live sporting events. Televisionadvertising foralcoholicbeveragesaccounted for73.5%of spending forcompanies.Whenthe tobaccoadbanningwas implemented the industrywasaquarterof the size itwas in2012.Manycomparisonshadbeenmadebetweenthetwoareas,but thiswasunfair.Thelossoftobaccoadvertisingwasnotasbigofadealduetotheemergenceof ITcompaniesand telecommunications companies. Those companies filled the gap that tobaccoadvertising left. If alcohol advertising was banned there was no new industry to take itsplace.Furthermore,telecommunicationscompanieswerereducingtheirspendingonsportsadvertisingandputtingtheirfundingfocuselsewhere.BMInotedthat26%ofallalcoholsoldinSouthAfricawasdoneoutsidetheformalchannelsandheldthebelief that itwas fromthisareathatalcoholabuseproblemsstemmedfrom.This area must be addressed in order for alcohol abuse numbers to decrease. Banningalcohol sponsorship and advertising would affect the GDP of the country as it would bereducedbyR7.4billionandwouldaddtotheunemploymentproblemofthecountry.TheIndustryAssociationforResponsibleAlcoholUse(ARA)highlightedthatliteratureontheinfluence of advertising on alcohol consumption had proven to be lengthy and mostlycontradictory. Alcohol was a mature product category in which consumers were alreadyawareoftheproductanditsbasiccharacteristics.Advertisersdidnotaimtoincreasetotalconsumption rather they aimed to encourage consumers to switch to their product andcreate brand loyalty. Many scientific studies concluded that parental education, poverty,unemploymentandpeerpressureweremoreinfluentialinalcoholconsumption.Therewasno statistical relationship between per capita alcohol consumption and per capitaadvertising expenditure on alcohol beverages. Both government and the industry agreedthat alcohol abuse was at unacceptable levels in South Africa, but virtually all scientificevidence demonstrated that alcohol advertising bans had little to no impact on overallconsumption.TheARAheld thebelief thatasetofcarefully targetedpolicies, restrictions,and laws covering a range of measures far wider than advertising would be much morepreferable.According to theARA, theproblems inSouthAfricadidnot laywithalcohol consumption,ratherwithalcoholabuseanditwaswrongtodemonizeallconsumption.TheARAwasopentodiscussandmake concessionswhenaddressingabuse, as it agreed that the statusquocould not remain. TheWorldHealthOrganisation (WHO) recommended the regulation ofalcohol advertising and not an outright ban. New regulations paired with targetedinterventions were what the ARA believed to be the proper steps in addressing alcoholabuse.Includingtailoringplanstoindividual,societal,andculturaldifferences,bydoingthisthefactorsleadingtoalcoholabusewouldbebetterunderstood.

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Members thanked theARAandBMI for theirpresentationsanddespite the fact that theycould not comment directly on the proposed bans, they still found the information to bevery relevant and helpful. Members asked what kind of education was available toconsumersaswellastosellers.Membersalsopraisedthecommonsenseapproachtakenbythepresentersbuthopedthatlessonshadbeenlearnedfromthetobaccoadvertisingban.Some Members emphasised that stronger regulations would help in the battle againstalcoholabusebecausebanningwasnotareasonablesolution.TheDirectorGeneraloftheDepartment of Recreation was present and made a brief statement revealing that theCabinet had approved a draft bill on the matter of banning alcohol sponsorship andadvertisingandthatitwouldappearinParliamentsoon.HenotedthattheDepartmenthadsupportedthetobaccobanundertheimpressionthatitwouldreceivefundsthroughthesintax,butthisdidnothappen.TheDepartmentwouldensurethatitsinterestswerecoveredthistimeandwouldrefusetorelyonanunwrittenpromise.Therevenuesgeneratedbythealcohol industrywere essential to theDepartment and their sponsorship of organisationsandeventswasessential.Source:ParliamentaryMonitoringGroup(https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/16649/).Nochangesmadetooriginalmaterials.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/za/During thisphaseof thepolicyprocess, certainactorswhowereopposed to thedraftbillandabanonalcoholadvertisingalsoappearedtousearangeofpersonalandprofessionalattackstointimidate,discreditanddemobilizeactorswhowereinfavourofthedraftbillandthebanonalcoholadvertising.Theevidenceforthisincludes:

• An opinion letter that appeared in a major daily newspaper, with the aim ofunderminingthecredibilityofapublichealthresearcher(July2011);

• Theownerofamediaandcommunicationscompanyplacedanadvert inaSundaynewspaperattackingtheresearchandcredibilityofahealthpromotionadvocate,onthegroundsthatshewasaMuslimandthereforehadulteriormotives(September2012);

• A personal and belligerent letter written by a board member of a major SouthAfricanalcohol company to apublic health academicwho supported thedraft bill(2011-2012);

• A meeting wherein a delegation from the alcohol industry and their legalrepresentativemetwiththeheadoftheorganisationthatemployedaproponentofthedraftbilltocomplainaboutnewspaperarticlestheproponenthadbeenquotedin;and

• Thesamemediaandcommunicationscompanyownertookoutanotheradvert,thistimequestioningthemotivesofthefundersofapublichealthadvocacyorganisation(January2013)

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Inaddition,outsideofparliamentaryorotherprocesses,thealcoholindustrytriedtocreatetheirownforumsorplatformsforengagementwithpolicymakersandthedisseminationoftheirmessages. An example of this is a panel discussion / debate on the advantages anddisadvantages of banning alcohol advertising that was planned for August 2013, on theinitiative of a communications consultancy and the Industry Association for ResponsibleAlcoholUse(ARA).ThepotentialparticipantsincludedSouthAfrica’sMinisterofHealth,theChairperson of the governing African National Congress’ Education and Health Sub-Committee, theauthorsof thealcohol industry’s consultancy report, and theChairmanofthe ARA. However, the event was cancelled after the National Department of Healthwithdrew,followingcomplaintsbymembersofcivilsociety.

2014toMay2017Inthisperiod,thepositionsofafurthertwokeystakeholderscametotheforeground.The first was the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC). Initially, the SABC wasneutraltowardstheideaofabanonalcoholadvertising.InJuly2015,theChairpersonoftheSABCboardwasoftheopinionthatanysuchbanwouldnotaffecttheorganisationandthatitwould,infact,beanopportunitytoengageotheradvertisers.However,inApril2016theMinisterofCommunicationsinstructedtheSABCtogaugethefinancialconsequencessuchabanwouldhave.Ayear later, inMay2017,theSABCswitchedtoapositionofopposition,maintainingthatitwouldloseR857millionperyearifabanonalcoholadvertisingweretobeinstituted.ThesecondwastheNationalDepartmentofSportandRecreation(SRSA).Documentsfromthisdepartment indicated that itwas concernedabout thedraftbill as it couldnegatively

Whatdidthealcoholindustrywant?

Thealcoholindustrywantedtomaintainthestatusquo,i.e.tohavenodraftbill.

Thealcoholindustryarguedthatgovernmentcoulddomoretoenforceexistingregulations.

Thealcoholindustrywantedtobeseenaspartofthesolutiontoalcohol-relatedharms.Itwasarguedthatcorporatesocialresponsibilityinitiativesmadeabigpositivecontributiontoaddressingalcoholabuse.Increasedcorporatesocialinitiativesandcloserpartnershipwithgovernmentbodieswereoffered.Corporatesocialresponsibilitywasseeminglyusedtofosterapositiveimageofthealcoholindustryandtooffercompromisesthatwouldsteertheprocessawayfromtheintendedban.

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affect some of its sources of funding. Over time, officials from this department alsoexpressed these and other concerns, as highlighted from these extracts of meetings inParliament.Roleandeffectsofalcoholadvertisinginsport:meetingwithstakeholdersSportandRecreation,28October2013,Chairperson:MrMMdakane(ANC)The Director General of the Department of Recreation was present and made a briefstatement revealing that the Cabinet had approved a draft bill on thematter of banningalcoholsponsorshipandadvertisingandthatitwouldappearinParliamentsoon.Henotedthat the Department had supported the tobacco ban under the impression that it wouldreceive funds through thesin tax,but thisdidnothappen.TheDepartmentwouldensurethatitsinterestswerecoveredthistimeandwouldrefusetorelyonanunwrittenpromise.TherevenuesgeneratedbythealcoholindustrywereessentialtotheDepartmentandtheirsponsorshipoforganisationsandeventswasessential.Source:ParliamentaryMonitoringGroup(https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/16649/).Extractfromfullmeetingsummaryhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/za/Boxing SA, South African Institute for Drug-Free Sport & Department of Sport andRecreation2016Strategic&AnnualPerformancePlanSportandRecreation,06April2016,Chairperson:MsBDlulane(ANC)Speaking to the proposed ban on alcohol advertising,MrMoemi [Director-General, SRSA]said that SRSA’s interactions with DoH [National Department of Health], Cabinet and theInter-ministerialCommitteewerestillstagnantbecausetheDepartmenthadindicatedthatitwouldnotsupportaBillthatwouldnotaddresstheissueofimposingalevytoprotecttheinterests of sport and recreation, arts and culture. The current deadlock was the NT[National Treasury]. [National Treasury]was the only department that could put a levy inthatBill,anditwouldhavetochampiontheBillasaMoneyBill,butwasnotkeentodothat.Alcoholwasasocialissue,butinsolvingthatproblemitwouldbecreatinganother.TheDoHand Department of Social Development (DSD) were quite frustrated as they had thoughttheywouldbedonewiththeBillby2016.SRSAwasalsostillwaitingforafullreportoftheregulatoryassessmentthatthetwoDepartmentshaddone,astheyhadearliergivenSRSAareport without recommendations. SRSA had learned since that even the independentregulatoryassessorhadadvisedthetwoDepartmentsthatatotalbanonalcoholadvertisingwouldnotonlyaffectsportsbutwouldalsodestroyindustries.Source:ParliamentaryMonitoringGroup(https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/22290/).Extractfromfullmeetingsummary;informationforclarificationinsertedinsquarebracketshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/za/

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Proponents of the draft bill, as well as discussion documents of the African NationalCongressandminutesofmeetingsinParliamentsuggestedthatturningthedraftbillintoaMoney Bill could offset the losses of SRSA. Money Bills are distinguished from otherlegislation by the fact that they appropriate money, impose national taxes or levies, orchangesorgrantexemptionsfromnationaltaxesandlevies.Such bills can only be introduced into Parliament by theMinister of Finance, the politicalheadofNationalTreasury.Withrespect to thedraftbill,one ideathatwasmootedwasalevyof2,5%on the saleof alcoholicdrinks to fund sportingevents.However, for reasonsthat are not clear National Treasury did not want to do this and so the minutes of theNationalAssembly’sCommitteeonSportandRecreationinApril2016notedadeadlockduetoSRSA’soppositionandNationalTreasury’sunwillingnesstogotherouteofaMoneyBill.And so, the support of actors such as theMinister ofHealth, theNationalDepartmentofHealth,theNationalDepartmentofSocialDevelopment,publichealthresearchers,andcivilsocietyhealthpromotionadvocates combinedwith the resistanceof the alcohol industry,advertising industry,media industry,andNationalDepartmentofSportandRecreation,aswellasNationalTreasury’sunwillingness to introduceaMoneyBill toensure thatbyMay2017thedraftbillhadnotbeenpublished intheGovernmentGazette, releasedforpubliccomment,orintroducedinthelegislature.Thiscasestudyisbasedon:BertscherA,LondonL,OrgillM.(2018).Unpackingpolicyformulationandindustryinfluence:thecaseofthedraftcontrolofmarketingofalcoholicbeveragesbillinSouthAfrica.HealthPolicyandPlanning.https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czy049Backgroundinformationwasdrawnfrom:• Anti-Substance Abuse Programme of Action (2011-2016).

https://www.thedti.gov.za/business_regulation/docs/nla/Anti_Substance_Abuse.pdf• DepartmentofSocialDevelopment,SouthAfrica.Areportonthe1stBiennialSubstance

Abuse Summit.http://www.dsd.gov.za/cda/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=17&Itemid=116

• Parry C, Harker Burnhams N, London L. (2012). A total ban on alcohol advertising:presenting the public health case. South African Medical Journal, Vol. 102(7).http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/view/5945/4280

• SouthAfricanGovernmentNewsAgency(2011).Motsoaledisettodrivebanonalcoholads.https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/motsoaledi-set-drive-ban-alcohol-ads

• South African Government (2011). Speech by theMinister of Social Development, MsBathabileDlamini, at the launchof theAnti-Alcohol and SubstanceAbuseCampaign inKhayelitsha, Western Cape. https://www.gov.za/speech-minister-social-development-ms-bathabile-dlamini-launch-anti-alcohol-and-substance-abuse

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Samplestudenttasks/assessmentsThis section contains examples of in-class exercises for students and assignments and/orexaminationsafterthecompletionofcourseworkthatcandrawonthiscasestudy.Thesearebynomeanstheonlywayofstructuringstudentengagementandtheycan,ofcourse,beadaptedtosuitdifferentcoursesandcontexts.

Option1:UsingthecasestudytobuildtoagrouppresentationattheendofthecourseThis option is feasible when the course stretches over a number of days or weeks. Thestudentstypicallyanalyseadifferentaspectofthecasestudyeachdayorweek,andfinallyconsolidatethedifferentpartsintoagrouppresentationonthefinaldayofthecourse.Source:HealthPolicyandPolicyAnalysis:TrainingManualhttp://www.hpsa-africa.org/index.php/modules-courses/modules-courses/16-teaching-resources/modules-courses/54-health-policy-analysis-module

GroupPolicyAnalysisIntroductiontotheGroupWorkSessions

Yourgroup’stasks:1. Toread,discussandanalysethepolicyscenario(usingthequestionsprovidedasa

guide)2. To make an overall judgement about the success or failure of the experience of

policychangedescribedinyourscenario3. Toprepare a presentation that outlines your overall judgement on the success or

failureofthispolicychangeandexplainsthis judgmentwithreferencetothemainstrengthsandweaknessesofthepolicyprocessdescribedinthescenario.

Timeallocatedfortheanalysisandpreparationofpresentation:threesessionsof2.5hourseach,pluseveningworkasneeded.Timeallocatedforthepresentation:15minutesHomeworktoprepareforthefirstmeetingofthegroup:

1. Readyourgroup’sscenario.2. CompleteForm1:atimelineforthepolicyprocessdescribedinyourscenario.3. Consider this question: Does the scenario report a success or a failure in policy

change?Recordyourideas.

Form1:Timeline

Year/date Keyevent

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Expandsheetasnecessary…

GuidelinesforGroupWorkSessionsBeware:

• Someoftheguidingquestionsmaynotberelevanttoyourgroup’sscenario;• Toanswersomequestionsyoumayneedmore information thanpresented in the

scenariooutline: ifso, identifythegapsanddecidewhethertheyare importanttoraiseinyourpresentation;

• Always look forevidenceandexamples toexplainor justify your responses to thequestionsANDtheconclusionsyoumakeinyourpresentation;

• You will need a system to help you keep track of ideas and group similar ideastogether(usediagrams,charts,colouredcrayons…);and

• Time is limited – avoid spending too long discussing irrelevant or relativelyminorissues.

GroupworkskillsEveryone in your group has a contribution tomake to the analysis and the presentation.Developsome‘groundrules’soyoucanallworkeffectivelytogether(forexample,listening,allowing each person an equal time to speak, sharing roles to allow different people torecord,chairorkeeptime).

GroupWorkSession1Introductorydiscussion–usingthecompletedhomework,brieflyconsider:

• Whatwasthepolicyoffocus?• Whatandwhenwerethekeyeventsinthepolicyprocess?• Doyoujudgethepolicyexperiencetohavebeenasuccessorfailure?(youwillkeep

reviewingthispointsoyoudon’tneedtocometoafinalconclusionyet!)Understandingactors:

• Whowerethekeyactorsinvolvedin:o thepolicydevelopmentprocess/es?o thepolicyimplementationprocess/es?(Werethereanyalliancesornetworksamongtheactors?)

• Which actors hadmost influence over the policy process as awhole or particularelements within it? In what way/s did they influence the process? How and whyweretheyabletoexertthatinfluence?

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• Whichactorswerenotinvolvedthatcouldhavebeeninvolved?• How did actors’ decisions and actions (or lack of decisions/actions) influence the

successorfailureofthepolicyexperience(accordingyourjudgement)?Planningyourpresentation

• Whichoftheissuesthatyouhavediscussedtodaywouldbeusefultoincludeinyourfinalpresentation?

GroupWorkSession2Identifyingkeycontextualfeatures:

• Whatare the contextual factors that led to the initiationanddevelopmentof thispolicy,andhowdidtheyinfluencethesuccessorfailureofpolicydevelopment?

• What contextual factors were important in the implementation phase? How didthey influence the success or failure of policy implementation? (remember toconsider,inparticular,howcontextinfluencedactors).

Consideringpolicycontent:

• Werethereanyimportantdifferencesbetweenkeyactors inhowtheyunderstoodthepolicy?

• Howdidthekeycharacteristicsofthepolicy influencethesuccessorfailureoftheexperience of policy change? (Remember to consider how the policy contentinfluencedactors’responsestoit).

Stakeholderanalysis:

• Completetheattachedstakeholderanalysistables(forms2and3).Planningyourpresentation

• Whichoftheissuesthatyouhavediscussedtodaywouldbeusefultoincludeinyourfinalpresentation?

FORM2:ANALYSINGACTORS’POSITIONSANDPOWER

Actor

Positiononpolicy PowerinpolicyprocessConcerns,interestsandunderstandingsofpolicy

Likelysupport/commitmentvs.opposition/hostilitytopolicy?

Types/sourcesofpowerConsidering:• Explicit=evident• Implicit=needtoreadbetweenthelines(hiddenorinvisible)

Powerlimitsaroundthispolicyatthistime

Overalllevelofpowerrelativetoothersaroundthispolicyatthistime(veryhightoverylow)

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FORM3:THEACTORPOSITIONANDPOWERMAP

POSITIONOFACTORPOWEROFACTOR

Highsupport <<<< Notmobilised/neutral >>>> HighoppositionEnthusiastic Compliant Hesitant/indifferent Uncooperative Hostile

VeryHighvv

Medium

^^VeryLow

GroupWorkSession3Rememberyoualsohavetodevelopyourplanforyourpresentationinthissession!Analysingstrategies(micro-processes)

• Whatwerethekeystrategiesusedinthispolicyexperiencetoa)manageactors,b)enable policy development (e.g. structures, committees) and c) supportimplementation(e.g.communication,phasing,capacitydevelopmentetc.)?

• In termsof theoverall successor failureof thepolicyexperience,whichstrategieshadmost influence andwhy? How, if at all, did features of the policy content orcontextimpactshapetherelativeinfluenceofthesekeystrategies?

Planningyourpresentation

• Whichoftheissuesthatyouhavediscussedtodaywouldbeusefultoincludeinyourfinalpresentation?

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Assessmentcriteria:GroupPolicyAnalysisPresentationGroupWorkPresentationYourpresentationwillneedto:

• Outline your group’s overall judgement on the success or failure of this policychange;and

• Explainyour judgementbyreferencetothemainstrengthsandweaknessesofthepolicyprocessdescribedinthescenario.

AssessmentcriteriaIn marking the presentations we will be looking for evidence of your understanding andabilitiesinrelationtotwobroadareas:

1. Contenti.e.knowledgeandunderstandingofthematerialcoveredinthecourse;2. Form,i.e.abilitytopresentaclearandlogicalargumentusingthisknowledge.

Inaddition,wewillbeconsideringsomebasicissuesaboutthepresentationandgroupworkexperience. The specific criteria we will use are outlined in the table below. Eachpresentationwill bemarked by two people using these guidelines and the finalmarkwillrepresentthecombinationoftheirmarks.Eachgroupwillalsoconductitsownassessmentofitsowngroupworkfunctioning,tobedrawnintothisevaluation.Groupwork:markingcriteriaandmarkallocationacrosscriteriaCriteria Allocation of mark

(outofatotalof100)Set(1):Knowledgeofsubjectarea(policyanalysis)

• Shows understanding of the key approaches of policyanalysis

• Appropriatelyincludesissuesfromallgroupworksessions• Demonstrated understanding of terms and concepts

introducedinthecoursesessions• Identifieshowinteractionsbetweenelementsofthepolicy

triangleinfluencetheexperiencesconsidered• Appropriately and correctly uses information from the

scenario

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Set(2):Structureandargument• Answers the question posed and presents a clear and

logicallyorderedargument• Provides adequate justification for argument through the

appropriateselectionanduseofevidence• Evidence of originality in argument, extra work and

initiative

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Set(3):Verbalpresentation• Keepstotime• Legibleoverheads

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• EnoughinformationonoverheadsSet(4):Groupwork

• Demonstratedinvolvementofallgroupmembersingroupwork activities considering participation of all groupmembersthroughoutweek(doesnotrequireeveryoneingrouptospeakduringpresentation!)

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Self-assessmentofyourowngroup’sfunctioningGroupname(orpolicyscenario):ThinkaboutthewayyouhaveworkedasagroupduringtheGroupWorkSessions.

1. Take 2-3 minutes initially to reflect individually on your group functioning,consideringquestionslike:

a. Haseveryoneparticipatedinsomeway?b. Wasanyonetoodominantortooquiet?c. Hastherebeenopennessandcourtesytoall?d. Didyousharetasksappropriately?e. Haveyoulearntfromothersinthegroupthroughthediscussions?f. Wereyouabletomanagethetimeavailableeffectively?g. Didyoumanagetheprocessofpreparingthepresentationaseffectivelyas

possiblewithinthetimeavailable?h. Didyouenjoythegroupwork?

2. Take5-10minutestoshareyourviewswitheachother.

3. As a group, make a final overall judgement about your group functioning (circle

one):

Bad Poor Fair Good ExcellentPlease think about the lessons you can draw for yourself from this experience, to takeforwardintogroupsituationsinthefuture.Finally,pleasereturnoneformpergrouptothecourseorganisers.

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Option 2: An essay-type assignment with limited guidance on the policyanalysestoincludeThisassignmentmentionstheapplicationofthepolicyanalysistriangle,butotherwisegivesstudentssubstantialfreedomtodecideonspecificaspectsofanalysisandthetheoriesandconceptstheywanttoincorporateintotheanalysis.Source:HealthPolicyandPolicyAnalysis:TrainingManualhttp://www.hpsa-africa.org/index.php/modules-courses/modules-courses/16-teaching-resources/modules-courses/54-health-policy-analysis-module

Individualassignment

Tasks:Prepareanindividualreportofbetween5000and6000wordsthatprovides:

• Part1:Ananalysisofthestrengthsandweaknessesofthepolicychangeexperiencepresentedinyourscenario,that

o providesaninitialbriefandbasicdescriptionoftheexperienceo presentsareasonedandjustifiedargumentaboutwhetheritwasasuccess

or failure (or had elements of both), explaining this judgement through acarefulassessmentofthestrengthsandweaknessesoftheexperience

o usesapolicyanalysisapproachtodescribeandexplainthisexperienceinanintegratedway.

• Part2:Asetof relevantand justifiedproposalsaboutEITHER(a)How ‘you’would

have strengthened policy development and implementation over the periodconsideredinthescenario;OR(b)How‘you’wouldstrengthenpolicydevelopmentandimplementationfromthetimeatwhichthescenarioends.

NB For Part 2, alwaysmake clearwhose perspective you are adopting in presenting yourresponse i.e. spell outwho ‘you’ are; and think carefullywhichoption ismost relevant toyourscenario.Importantnotesaboutassignmenttopic:

• Your response to part 1 requires an analysis that recognises the inter-linkagesbetween the four elements of the policy triangle as influences over the policyprocess,andmightbeundertakenbyapplyingparticularconceptsand/oraspecificconceptualframework.

• Onlyansweronepartof(a)or(b)forsection2.Markingcriteriaandapproach:Assignmentswill be awarded a final percentagemark that can be broadly categorised asbelow.

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Fail Passlevel FairPass GoodPass Distinction49%andless 50-55% 55-64% 65-74% 75%andaboveUsingthedetailedcriteriaoutlinedbelow,theawardofa:

• failmarkwillreflectconsistentlypoorlevelsofperformance;• passmarkwillreflectmoreadequatethanpoorperformancelevels;• fairpassmarkwillreflectgenerallyadequateperformancelevels;• goodpassmarkwillreflectsomeadequateandsomegoodperformancelevels;• distinctionmarkwillreflectgenerallygoodperformancelevels.

Assessmentcriteria:In marking the assignments we will be looking for evidence of your understanding andabilitiesinrelationtotwobroadareas:

• Contenti.e.knowledgeandunderstandingofthematerialcoveredinthemodule;• Formi.e.abilitytopresentaclearandlogicalargumentusingthisknowledge.

Inaddition,wewillbeconsideringsomebasicissuesabouthowyouaddressedthequestion.Giventheassignmenttaskswewillassesstheseareasofunderstandingandabilityusingthefollowingcriteriasets(togetheraccountingforaround75outof100markswithitems2,3and4countingmost).AssignmenttaskPart1

a) ProvidesaninitialbriefandbasicdescriptionofpolicyexperienceoffocusPooranswer Adequateanswer Goodanswer• Poorlystructured:nosenseofchronology,repetition,somepointsnotnecessary,contradictions

• No sense of context ofexperience

• Too long in relation to restofassignment

• Offersgenerallyclearstructureandchronologyofevents,usingenoughandappropriateinformation,littleornounnecessaryinformation

• Contextualisesproblemandexperience

• Appropriatelengthrelativetorestofassignment

Moves beyond adequateanswerbye.g.• Offering better structuredpresentation of greaterclarity,whistbeingsuccinct

• Using policy analysis ideasand approachesappropriately in waystructures and presentsdescription

b) Presents a reasoned and justified argument aboutwhether itwas a success orfailure (or had elements of both), explaining this judgement through a carefulassessmentofthestrengthsandweaknessesoftheexperience

Pooranswer Adequateanswer Goodanswer• Doesnotmakeclear Clearjudgementmadewhich Movesbeyondadequate

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judgementORJudgementnotbasedonevidenceoranalysisofstrengthsandweaknessesaspresentedinassignmentAND/OR

• Judgementbasedonpoorreviewofevidenceavailable(ignoringsomeimportantelementsofexperiencethatcontradictjudgement)

isgenerallybasedon• evidencefromexperience• theanalysisofstrengthsandweaknessesaspresentedinassignment

• therangeofevidenceavailable

answerbye.g.• moreclear/strongeruseofevidence

• strongerlinkfromjudgementtoanalysisofstrengthsandweaknessespresentedinassignment

• includingcriticalreflectiononjudgementandstrengthofevidencebaseusedinmakingit(authorprovidesownviewsontheseissues,appropriatelyjustified)

c)usesapolicyanalysisapproachtodescribeandexplainthisexperienceinanintegratedway.

Pooranswer Adequateanswer Goodanswer• Noanalysis–onlyoutlinesfeaturesofexperienceinlimiteddetail,withoutuseofpolicyanalysisconceptsorframeworksOR

• Onlylimiteduseofrelevantanalyticframework,e.g.onlycategorisesissuesusingelementsofthepolicyanalysistriangle,doesnotconsiderinteractionsbetweenelements,usespolicyanalysisconceptsincorrectlyandwithoutexplanation

•Colloquialism:styleoflanguageanduseofdescriptioncouchedincommonsenseevaluation(couldhavewrittenwithoutdoingmodule)

• Mostlyworkscoherentlywiththepolicyanalysistriangleasanintegratedanalyticframework,e.g.appropriatelycategorisesissues,analysisstructuredinwaythatdrawsoutanddiscussessomeoftheinteractionsbetweenissuesindifferentcategories

•Usespolicyanalysisconceptsappropriatelyandwithadequateexplanation

Movesbeyondadequateanswerbye.g.• offeringmorecomprehensiveuseofpolicyanalysisconceptsandapproaches,perhapsdrawingonadditionalconceptsorframeworks

• criticallyreflectingonthepolicyanalysisapproachasappliedinassignment,developingoradaptingframeworksusedinrelationtotheproblemoffocusorcritiquingtheapproach(authorprovidesownideasorviews,appropriatelyjustified)

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AssignmenttaskPart2

a) Perspectivea. Poor performance = actor perspective being adopted not made clear

and/ordoesnotmakeclearwhichoptionaddressing inresponseand/ortriestoaddressbothoptionsofPart2.

b. Adequate/Goodperformance = actor perspective andoption addressingclearlystatedandonlyoneoptionconsidered.

b) Proposals

Pooranswer Adequateanswer Goodanswer• inappropriatetostatedperspective

• basedoneverydayknowledgeratherthanconclusionsorideasthataredrawnfromtheanalysispresentedintheassignment

• addressesonlysmallpartofexperienceaspresentedinpart1

•focusesonafewindividualproblemsaspresentedandsodoesnottakecomprehensiveapproachtoaddressingproblemsoutlined

• appropriatetostatedperspective

• derivedfromanalysispresentedinessay

• addressesmainissuesinexperienceraisedinpart1

• attemptstoaddressproblemsasawhole

• demonstratesanawarenessofrangeofstrategicinterventions

Movesbeyondadequateanswerbye.g.• usingpolicyanalysisideasorconceptstogenerateideasaboutstrategicinterventions

• takingintoaccountcontextualopportunities&constraintsforproposals

• criticallyreflectingoninterventionsproposed(e.g.authorpresentsownideasthatclarifythepurposeofusingthem,thepotentialforunintendedconsequences,theneedtolinkupstrategies)

Bothpartsofassignmenta) Useofconcepts

Pooranswer Adequateanswer Goodanswer• LittleornotuseofconceptsORlargelyconfusingandinappropriateuseofconcepts

• Largelytacituseofconcepts,whereconceptsnotspeltout,explainedorcritiqued,butunderlieanalysisandlargelyusedappropriately

Movesbeyondadequateanswerbye.g.• Generallyexplainingconceptsclearlywhenused,andusesthemappropriatelyinanalyzingexperience

• Justifyingandexplainingmeaningand/orconcepts

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usedinrelationtoexperienceoffocus

• Criticallyreflectingonorcritiquesconceptsandtheirsignificancefortheanalysis(authorprovidesownideasorviews,appropriatelyjustified)

Givennormalexpectationsofpost-graduatework,wewillalsoapplythefollowingadditionalsetsofcriteriainassessingyouressay(togetheraccountingforaround25outof100marks).EvidenceofreadingandresearcharoundtheproblemPooranswer Adequateanswer Goodanswer• CoursematerialnotusedORlittleused

• Coursematerialusedwithinanalysis

• Coursematerialandperhapsotherrelevanttextsusedinassignmentinwaysthatilluminateexperience

Structureandargument

• Poor: language and argument unclear: difficult for reader to grasp issues at stake;assignmentconsistsofdescriptionand/ordiscretepointsthatarenotlinkedtootherpointsthroughlogicalconnectors(e.g.Ijudge/thinkxxbecauseyy)

• Adequate: has a clear structure – introduction, body and conclusionwith generallyclearargumentswithinsections

• Good: not only carefully structured but also clear and logical interconnectionsbetweenpointsandsections

Academicliteracy

• Good/Adequate performance: Appropriate spelling and grammar; uses appropriatereferencingconventions;appropriatewordlength

• Poorperformance:Poorspellingandgrammar;doesnotreferencematerialcorrectly;considerableoverorunderwordlimit

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Option 3: An essay-type assignment with stronger guidance on the policyanalysesthatstudentsshouldincludeUnlike the assignment in Option 2, this assignment specifically requires a stakeholderanalysisandananalysisofthepolicycharacteristics.Source:UnderstandingandAnalysingHealthPolicy–Moduleguide(2016)http://hpsa-africa.org/index.php/modules-courses/modules-courses/16-teaching-resources/modules-courses/109-understanding-and-analysing-health-policy-distance-education-module

Assignment:

Analysetheprocessofformulation/implementationofthepolicydescribedinthescenario,usingthepolicytriangleandsomeofthetoolsintroducedinthemodule:

• Conductastakeholderanalysis.• Sketchthepolicycontext.• Doapolicycharacteristicsanalysis.• Explorethestrategiesemployedinpolicyimplementation.• Argue what you think the strengths and weaknesses of the policy process have

been,andhowactors,contextsandpolicycontenthaveinteractedwitheachother• Make two or three suggestions about measures which could have improved the

policy process and success and motivate each with a few paragraphs. Drawparticularly on the last two sessions of the module and what you learned aboutstrategiesforpolicychange.

Pleasesubmitandessayofbetween3000and4000words.Use the literatureused in thismoduleandreferencecorrectly.