For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. Loess, oracle bone, Mandate of Heaven, Dynastic Cycle, Feudalism Bell Ringer.

For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its

significance.Loess, oracle bone, Mandate

of Heaven, Dynastic Cycle, Feudalism

Bell Ringer

Read 10 Min

The Indo-Europeans• Group of Nomadic people who may have come from steppes – dry grasslands that stretched north of the Caucasus (mountains between black and Caspian seas).

• Ancestors to many of our modern languages English, Spanish, Persian, Hindu, we know where they come from due to what language they spoke.

• Unsure of why migration – movements of a people from one region to another (1700-1200 B.C.)

English Sanskrit Persian Spanish German

Mother Matar Muhdahr Madre Mutter

Father Pitar Puhdahr Padre Vater

Daughter Duhitar Dukhtahr Hija Tochter

New Navas Now Nuevo Neu

Six Sat shahsh Seis sechs

Hittite Empire

• Hittites occupied Anatolia - also Asia Minor, modern day Turkey

• Rich in timber and agriculture, mountain hold important mineral deposits . Separate Hittite city-states (what is it LL) came together to form an empire in 1650 B.C.

• Ruled Babylon & Indus valley for 450 years

• Kept their own Indo-European Language for their use but adopted Akkadian language for international use. Borrowed their ideas about literature, art, politics, law from Mesopotamians.

• Excelled at war, through 2 wheeled chariot/iron use. Iron is stronger than bronze and holds a sharper edge. Purifying Iron Ore and working it into weapons is a difficult process. Raw materials needed iron, ore, wood to make charcoal easily available to them in the mountains of Anatolia.

• LL Summarize what you have learned about the Hittite empire, where they came from , how do you think they fell suddenly in 1190 B.C., How did environmental features in Anatolia help the Hittites advance technologically?

Aryans

• Homeland somewhere between Caspian and aral seas, where did they take over at?

• Left their Vedas – four sacred collections of prayers, magical spells and instructions for performing rituals.

• Most important is the Rig Veda (contains 1,028 hymns to Aryan gods. For years not written, passed on tradition orally to next generation.

• Did not develop a writing system and counted wealth in cows.

• Organized into four groups based on occupation 1) priests 2) warriors 3)traders and landowner and 4) peasants , What do we call this???

• As they came in contact with non Aryans made the class restrictions more rigid. Shudras were laborers who did work that Aryans did not want to do. Varna or skin color was a distinguishing feature of this system. Four major groups came to be known as the Varna's or the Caste System.

• Cut and paste varnas

• TPS why might each cast been associated with different body parts?

Rig Veda Reading - do: They Say/We Say/I Say

• Hinduism

• Reincarnation

• Karma

• Moksha

• Dharma

• Yoga

• Jainism

• Ahimsa

W/ partner, find & define in LL

Caste system

Read 10 Min

Bell Ringer

• List the modern day influence Indo-Europeans had on us. Think linguistically and what is the similarities between Aryan social classes and us today. Explain at least 3.

Cut/paste Hinduism & Buddhism develop into learning logs for notes

• Over thousands of years Aryans and non0Aryans religions tended to blend together forming new religious ideas

• Hinduism is a collection of religious beliefs that developed slowly over a long period of time.

• Unlike many religions cannot be traced back to one founder with a single set of ideas.

• Hindus see religion as a way to liberate the soul from the mistakes and disappointments of everyday existence.

• A series of writings called the Upanishads explain how a person can achieve moksha – liberation from desires and suffering; a perfect understanding of all things.

• Within the Upanishads there is the atman, the individual soul and Brahman, the world soul that contains and unites all atman's.

• Brahman, the eternal being that created and preserves the world, everything in world is an aspect of Brahman.

• Brahman usually represented by 4 heads, why? TPS

• Represents the 4 Vedas

• With your partner read a part of the Upanishad on P. 67. Rewrite the primary source in your own words in your learning log.

• When a person in this life achieves moksha, what is it?

• It usually does not come in one lifetime but through a process of reincarnation (rebirth)- an individual soul or spirit is born again and again until moksha is achieved.

• A soul’s Karma – good or bad deeds, follows you from one life to another and influences which caste one is born into, health, wealth etc.

• dharma-set of spiritual duties/obligations based upon class and station in life. Fulfilling dharma creates good karma

• All things extension of Brahman including humans, belief they are unable to understand Brahman completely.

• Belief each person has atman/soul

• Shapes each persons personality and

cannot be destroyed even in death

• Manifestations in world of Brahman called

Devas are active in the world, maintaining

order in nature

• Brahma sometimes seen as three personalities the creator, Vishnu the Preserver, Siva the Destroyer

Brahman continued….

What is Moksha and how is it central to Hindu teachings? LL

Read 10 min

• Many sacred texts including

• 3000 yr old Vedas – inspired

writings/believe Brahman wrote

also sacred Epics

• Hindus able to worship anywhere

• Use Yoga to assists their worship meditation/worship

• Pilgrimage to sacred Ganges river, to bath/worship ancestors/thousands come every year/spread dead ashes/take small vile of it home/believe if you bathe in Ganges will wash away sins

Sacred Texts/Worship

• Hindus broke off/created new belief-religion, founded by Mahavira

• Thought Hindus performed too many rituals

• Jainism - gave up worldly things

• Belief ahisma-nonviolence

• Not harm any creature, would sweep ants off the path in front of them

• Usually veg bc of this

• Most strict became monks and lived outdoors, only seeking shelter during rainy season

• B/c of idea to not harm any creature look for business in trade and economy to not harm any creature. Jains today make up one of the wealthiest communities in India. Do not actively send out missionaries bc they preach tolerance of all religions.

Jainism

• Originated in Nepal from Siddhartha Gautama

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9AoZj_FPzU

• Sheltered prince /3 palaces to live in/ at birth seer predicted would be great king or spiritual leader

• Age 29 went for chariot ride to seek enlightenment – wisdom. saw old man with wrinkles , first discovery that people aged

• Next ride saw someone sick

• Next a funeral and a dead man being carried, learned of death and sickness/old age

• Fourth ride saw a man seeking enlightenment

• Requested father to leave palace, had to leave on own

• Left for Great Enlightenment seeking to overcome old age, disease, death (6 years)

• Became known as the Great Buddha founder of Buddhism

Buddhism

• Seeked out the monks and gurus they did not have answers

• Said he sat under a tree to receive enlightenment and would not leave until he discovered it

• Endured great storms/earthly temptation

• Spot is Bodh Gaya – one of the most sacred spots in Buddhism, a temple is now built on that/man visitors

Continued….

Siddhartha Partner Read

• Preached his first sermon to four companions wandering with him. In it he laid out four main ideas he had come to understand his enlightenment. Called these the four noble truths.

• 1.Suffering is part of human life, no one can escape from suffering while alive

• 2.Suffering comes from people’s desire for pleasure and material goods.

• 3.overcoming these desires during life eventually brings suffering to an end.

• 4.Desires can be overcome by following the Eightfold path

• The eightfold path, a guide to behavior, was like a staircase. Those seeking enlightenment had to master one step at a time.

• This mastery would come over many lifetimes.

• 1.right view, or accepting the reality of the Four Noble Truths

• 2.Right attitude, or striving for moderation in all things.

• 3.Right speech, or avoiding lies, boasts, and hurtful words.

• 4.Right action, or treating others fairly.

• 5.Right livelihood, or avoiding jobs that could bring harm to others

• 6. Right effort, or constantly trying to improve oneself.

• 7.Right mindfulness, or remaining aware of the world around one, and

• 8.Right concentration, or ignoring temptation and discomfort while meditating.

Eightfold Path

•By following the Eightfold path anyone can reach Nirvana – Buddha’s word for release from selfishness and pain

Nirvana

w/ partner, use book and complete chart glued into your learning log Ch.

3 Sect. 2

• In small groups, plan a newscast that will inform the public about a religion. Include interviews with monks or priests etc. in the newscast. Use the book to help you pp. 66-71

Newscast