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Different Gas Plays with a Huge Potential in the Tarija Basin of
Bolivia and
Argentina Belotti, H.J. (Pecom Energía S.A.), C.E. Cruz
(Pluspetrol E&P) and R. Giraudo (Repsol-
YPF)
Introduction
Three proven gas plays have been identified in the Sub-Andean
Thrust Belt and Foothills of
the Tarija Basin in Bolivia and northwestern Argentina (Fig. 1).
In this gas province, which
encompasses an area of approximately 113,000 km2, over 52 TCF of
proven and probable
gas reserves have been discovered from 76 fields. Almost 39 TCFG
(75 %) of those were
discovered in 3 fields during the last 4 years. The remaining
undiscovered reserves
expecting to be found in this area are in the order of 60
TCFG.
Gas Plays
The three proven gas plays are: 1) Southern Sub-Andean Ranges,
2) Foothills and 3)
Boomerang trend, Figure 1.
1) Southern Sub-Andean Ranges
Covering an area of around 40.000 Km2 comprises a series of
north-northeast and south-
southwest oriented structural trends. Thin-skinned deformation
originated a tectonic
eastward verging in sequence wedge. Shortening was transmitted
from the basal
detachment located at the Silurian Kirusillas shales to the
foreland. Important thickness
variations were developed within the incompetent Los Monos
shales; instead, the overlying
Carboniferous and Tertiary units are deformed passively (Belotti
et al., 1995; Giraudo et al,
1999).
Santa Cruz
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Paraguay
Perú
Trinidad
La Paz
GUAPORE SHIELD
BOOMERANG
CHIQUITOS
BENI
MADRE DE DIOS
CHACO PLAINSFOOTHILLS
NORTHERN SUBANDEAN
SOUTHERNSUBANDEAN
EASTERNCORDILLERA
ALTIPLANO
Figure 1 Figure 2
Caranda Field
Rio Grande Field
PETACA
CAJONES
TAIGUATI
TUPAMBI
LIMONCITO
/ EL CARMEN
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Main gas reservoirs in the Sub-Andean thrust belt occur in the
Devonian Huamampampa
and Santa Rosa fractured marine silica-cemented quartz-arenites
(Figure 2), deposited
during global lowstand episodes, (Stark, 1995). A huge volume of
Huamampampa sands
was constrained to a coastal ramp setting as lowstand prograding
shoreface (Fernandez
Seveso et al, 2000). The arenites contain a large numbers of
natural fractures connecting the
low matrix and micro-fracture porosities. As a result, the
average porosity of the system
ranges from 2 to 6%. While in Ramos and Aguaragüe fields (Figure
3), the intensively
fractured zones are associates to the crest and front limb of
the structures, in the San
Alberto and San Antonio fields (Figures 5 and 6), the fractured
zones are also present in the
back limb, due to the higher steep (60-70°) of the western
flank. A series of east-west
balanced structural cross-sections show the main structural
trends of this play (Figures 3 to
5) (Giraudo et al, 1999; Giraudo and Belotti, 2000).
0 10 20
2000 0
-8000 -12000
-4000
A A'
Figure 3
0
-5000
-10000
B B'
Figure 4
--5000
0
--10000
--15000
C C'
Figure 5
Eastern Cordillera Pescado Pintascayo
Bermejo Field
Ramos Field
Aguaragüe Field Field
Campo Durán Field
Field
TERTIARY
MESOZOIC
CARBONIFEROUS
UPPER DEVONIAN-LOS MONOS Fm
MIDDLE DEVONIAN HUAMAMPAMPA Fm
LOWER DEVONIAN-SILURIAN
SOUTHERN SUB-ANDEAN RANGES FOOTHILLS
0 10 20
0 10 20 Km
TERTIARY
MESOZOIC
CARBONIFEROUS
UPPER DEVONIAN-LOS MONOS Fm.
MIDDLE DEVIAN HUAMAMPAMPA Fm.
LOWER DEVONIAN-SILURIAN
TERTIARY
MESOZOIC
CARBONIFEROUS
UPPER DEVONIAN-LOS MONOS Fm
MIDDLE DEVONIAN HUAMAMPAMPA Fm.
LOWER DEVONIAN-SILURIAN
SOUTHERN SUB-ANDEAN RANGES FOOTHILLS
SOUTHERN SUB-ANDEAN RANGES FOOTHILLS
San Josecito Huayco San
Antonio
Domo
Pilcomayo Villamontes Iguitinti Sayurenda
Ipaguazu Aguaragüe San Alberto Field
Iñiguazi Domo Oso Castellón
Margarita Field
Km
Km Km
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Proved + Probable remaining gas reserves distribution in the
Southern Sub-Andean
Ranges Gas Play is shown in Figure 6 (source: Cámara Boliviana
de Hidrocarburos,
January 2001). Almost 45.7 TCFG have been discovered from 18
fields and 39 TCFG of
those were discovered in 3 fields (Margarita, San Alberto-Itaú
and San Antonio) during the
last 4 years. The contribution of this play to the total gas
reserves discovered in Northern
Argentina and Bolivia is 85.6%.
The remaining undiscovered reserves expected to be found in this
Play range around 55
TCFG.
Figure 6: Remaining Gas Reserves in the Southern Sub-Andean
Play. Figure 7: Remaining Gas Reserves in the Foothill Play
2) The Foothills Covering an area of nearly 50.000 Km
2 comprises a series of
north-northeast and south-southwest oriented structural
trends at the front of the Sub-Andean Ranges (Figures 1, 3,
4 and 5). An internal detachment, located at the base of Los
Monos shales, generates a series of eastward-verging gentle
fault propagation folds, as a result of the transmission of
the
shortening from the Sub-Andean ranges to the east (Figure
5).
Gentle anticlines associated to fault propagation folds
detached
at the Silurian Kirusillas Fm. conform the biggest structure.
Two
of the most important gas fields discovered between the 50’
and
the 60’, Río Grande and Campo Duran Fields, belong to this
play
(Figures 3 and 8).
Main gas reservoirs in the Foothill occur in the fluvial
Carboniferous Taiguati and Tupambi formations and in the
Tertiary Petaca Fm. (Fig. 2). The sandstone’s porosity
ranges
from 14 to 20 %.
Figure 8: Time Structure Map from top Carboniferous Taiguati Fm.
In Río Grande Field
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3) The Boomerang trend
The sharp bend of the Sub-Andean Thrust Belt in the Santa Cruz
Elbow (Figure 1)
generates a structural setting with gentle strike-slip related
anticlines, that bears a series of
gas fields. Within this hinge zone, the Silurian-Devonian
sedimentary wedge thins rapidly
over a basement structured by Silurian extensional faults. The
east-west orientation of the
hinge zone coincides with the east-west trend of the Silurian
sequence, resulting in the
configuration of the Boomerang Hill, oblique to the Andean
tectonic transport direction
(Welsink et al., 1995).
Proved + Probable remaining gas reserves distribution in the
Boomerang Trend gas play is
show in Figure 9 (source: Cámara Boliviana de Hidrocarburos,
January 2001), where 25
fields have almost 3.7 TCFG. The contribution of this play to
the total gas reserves
discovered in Northern Argentina and Bolivia is 6.8 %.
The remaining undiscovered reserves expected to be found in this
Play is less than 1 TCFG.
The fluvial sandstones of Tertiary
Petaca Fm., the shallow water
Cretaceous Cajones and Yantata Fm.
with porosities ranging between 12 to
20 % and the fractured marine silica-
cemented quartz-arenites of Santa Rosa
Fm. are the main gas reservoirs in the
Boomerang Trend.
The Caranda anticline located near to
the Andean Emergent Thrust Front, is
the biggest anticline of this play
(Figures 1, 10 and 11).
NNN
Falla B
Falla A
1 Km.1 Km.1 Km.
CHACO FM.
PETACA FM.
CAJONES FM.
TAIGUATI FM.
TUPAMBI FM.LOS MONOS FM.
A BSouth North
Figure 11: Seismic Line in the Caranda Field. See Figure 10 for
location
Figure 10: Structural time map from top Tertiary Petaca Fm. .in
Caranda Field.
Figure 9 : Remaining Gas Reserves in the Boomerang
Trend Play
N
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Source Rocks and Timing
Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Emsian) Los Monos and Huamampampa
black shales (Figure
2) are the main source rocks in Southern Sub-Andean Ranges and
in the Foothill of south
Bolivia and North Argentina. The Average TOC is about 1.2 % and
the average S1 + S2 is
5 mg HC/g. In the Foothill of Central Bolivia the probable
source rocks are the dark gray
shales of Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) Santa Rosa and Icla
formations, recording the
highest organic contents. In the Boomerang Trend, the Middle
Devonian Limoncito and
Silurian El Carmen dark gray to black shales are the main source
rocks (Moretti et al.,
1995; Disalvo and Villar, 1999; Cruz et al., 2001).
The Tertiary units deposited during the Andean tectonics
triggered the maturation process.
Expulsion from the source rocks to the neighboring structural
traps occurred primarily
within in the last 10 my (Dunn et al., 1995, Moretti et
al.1996).
Figure 12: Los Monos Fm. –Huamampampa Fm. (!) Petroleum System
Event Chart Southern Sub-Andean Ranges
Figure 13: El Carmen/Robores Fm. –Petaca Fm. (!) Petroleum
System Event Chart in the Boomerang Play
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References
Belotti, H. J., L. L. Saccavino, and G. A. Schachner, 1995,
Structural styles and Petroleum
Occurrence in the sub-Andean Fold and Thrust Belt of Northern
Argentina, in A. J.
Tankard, R. Suarez S. and H. J. Welsink, Petroleum Basins of
South America: AAPG
Memoir 62, pp. 545-555.
Cruz, C. E., Albariño L. M., Sylwan and C. A., Villar H. J.,
2001, Source Rocks and
Hydrocarbons South of The Santa Cruz Elbow, Bolivia and
Northwestern Argentina.
Expanded Abstract, 2001 AAPG Annual Convention, Denver.
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Area Oriental de la Cuenca
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