Football in UK. Past and Present.

8/11/2019 Football in UK. Past and Present.

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The History of English football is along and detailed one, as it is not onlythe national sport but England waswhere the game was developed andcodified. Football is the most popularteam game in Britain. The Britishinvented it and it has spread to everycorner of the world.

The Football Association, alsoknown simply as the FA, is thegoverning body of football inEngland. Formed in 1863, it is theoldest football association in the

world and is responsible foroverseeing all aspects of the amateurand professional game in England.


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Football's roots in England has be found in Medieval football, which was played annuallyon Shrovetide. It is suggested that this game was derived from those playedin Brittany and Normandy, and could have been brought to England in the Norman Conquest.These games were violent and largely ruleless. As a result, they were often banned.

England is the origin of nearly all first accounts of features of football:

In 1280 comes the first account of a kicking ball game. This happened at Ulgham,near Ashington in Northumberland, in which a player was killed as a result of running against anopposing player's dagger. This confirms that by the 13th century kicking ball games were beingplayed in England.

In 1314, comes the earliest reference to a game called football when Nicholas de Farndone, Lord

Mayor of the City of London issued a decree on behalf of King Edward II banning football. It waswritten in the French used by the English upper classes at the time.

In 1409 King Henry IV of England gives us the first documented use of the English word "football"when issued a proclamation forbidding the levying of money for "foteball".

At the end of the 15th century comes the earliest description of a football game. This accountin Latin of a football game contains a number of features of modern football and comesfrom Cawston, Nottinghamshire, England. It is included in a manuscript collection of the miracles

of King Henry VI of England. Although the precise date is uncertain it certainly comes frombetween 1481 and 1500. This is the first account of an exclusively "kicking game"

In 1526 comes the first record of a pair of football boots occurs when Henry VIII of England ordereda pair from the Great Wardrobe in 1526. Unfortunately these are no longer in existence.

In 1581 comes the earliest account of football as an organised team sport. Richard Mulcaster, astudent at Eton College in the early 16th century and later headmaster at other English schools

provides the earliest references to teams ("sides" and "parties"), positions ("standings"), a referee("judge over the parties") and a coach "(trayning maister)".


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Mulcaster's "footeball" had evolved from the disordered and violent forms of traditional footballalso confirms that inthe 16fth century England football was very popular and widespread: it had attained "greatnes. .. [and was] much

used ... in all places"

Despite this violence continued to be a problem. For example, the parish archives of North Moreton , Oxfordshire for

May 1595 state: "Gunter's son and ye Gregorys fell together by ye years at football. Old Gunter drew his dagger and

both broke their heads, and they died both within a fortnight after."

In 1602 the earliest reference to a game involving passing the ball comes from cornish hurling. The first references to goals come from England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. In 1584 and 1602

respectively,John Norden and Richard Carew referred to "goals" in Cornish hurling. Carew described how goals were

made: "they pitch two bushes in the ground, some eight or ten foote asunder; and directly against them, ten or twelue

[twelve] score off, other twayne in like distance, which they terme their Goales".He is also the first to refer to

goalkeeping.

The first direct references to scoring a goal come from England in the 17th century.

Football continued to be outlawed in English cities, for example the Manchester Lete Roll contains a resolution, dated12 October 1608.Although football was frequently outlawed in England, it remained popular even with the ruling

classes. For example, during the reign of King James I of England James Howellmentions how Lord Willoughby and

Lord Sunderland enjoyed playing football.

Football continued to be popular throughout 17th century England.

In 1660 comes the first objective study of football, given in Francis Willughby's Book of Sports,written in about

1660. This account is particularly noteworthy as he refers to football by its correct name and is the first to describe

the following: goals and a pitch ("a close that has a gate at either end. The gates are called Goals"), tactics ("leavingsome of their best players to guard the goal"), scoring ("they that can strike the ball through their opponents' goal first

win") and the way teams were selected ("the players being equally divided according to their strength and

nimbleness"). He is the first to describe a law of football: "They often break one another's shins when two meet and

strike both together against the ball, and therefore there is a law that they must not strike higher than the ball". His

book includes the first (basic) diagram illustrating a modern football pitch.

Football continued to be played in the later 17th century, even in cities such as London. The great diarist Samuel

Pepys, for example, states in 1665 that in a London street "the streete being full of footballs".


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Football continued to be played in England throughout the 19th

century. England was the first country in the world to develop

codified football, coming about from a desire of its

various public schools to compete against each other.

Previously, each school had its own rules, which may have

dated back to the 15th or 16th centuries. The first attempts to

come up with single codes probably began in the 1840s, with

various meetings between school representatives attempting to

come up with a set of rules with which all would be happy. The

first attempt was The Cambridge Rules, created in 1848; othersdeveloped their own sets, most notably Sheffield F.C. (1855)

and J.C. Thring (1862).These were moulded into one set in

1863 when the Football Association was formed; though some

clubs continued to play under the Sheffield Rules until 1878.

The 1863 rules of the Football Association provides the first

reference in the English Language to the verb to "pass" a ball.

The early Sheffield Rules were particularly important as theiroffside system allowed poaching or sneaking and thus

demonstrated the use of the forward pass. he Sheffield Rules of

1862 later included both crossbars and half time and free kicks

were introduced to their code in 1866.


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An offside rule had not been included in the 1863 FA rules. Consequently, in the late1860s "scientific" team play and ball passing strategies started to evolve, which created the moderngame as we know it. Teamwork and passing were the innovation of the Royal Engineers AFC.Passing was a regular feature of their style and their skills included "turn[ing] the ball" to colleaguesand "irreproachable organisation" of forwards and defenders By early 1872 the Engineers were thefirst football team renowned for "play[ing] beautifully together. In the early 1870s the modernteam passing game was invented by the Sheffield FC, Royal Engineers A.F.C. and Scottish playersof the era from Queens Park FC. This was the predecessor to the current passing, defensive gamewas known as the Combination Game and was spread around the world by British expatriates.England was home to the first ever international football match on 5 March 1870. The first matchended in a draw and was one of a series of four matches between representatives of England and

Scotland at The Oval, London. These matches were arranged by the Football Association, at thetime the only national football body in the world. This period in English football was dominated byconflict between those who supported professionalism, and those who wanted the game to remainamateur. Clubs in Scotland and Northern England generally supported a professional game, asthe working class of these regions could not afford to miss work in order to play football.In Southern England, the game was more popular with the middle class, who supported"Corinthian" values of amateurism. A number of clubs, such as Blackburn Rovers and Darwen were

accused of employing professionals, and the FA eventually legalised the practice in 1885, in order toavoid a split.


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The new professionals needed more regular competitive football in which they could compete,

which led to the creation of the Football League in 1888 by Aston Villa director William

McGregor. This was dominated by those clubs who had supported professionalism, and the

twelve founding members consisted of six from Lancashire (Blackburn Rovers,

Burnley, Bolton Wanderers, Accrington, Everton and Preston North End) and six from

the Midlands (Aston Villa, Derby County, Notts County, Stoke, West Bromwich

Albion and Wolverhampton Wanderers). No sides from the South or London initially

participated. Preston North End won the first ever Football League championship without

losing any of their 22 fixtures, and won the FA Cup to complete the double. In 1892, a

new Division Two was added, taking in more clubs from around the country; WoolwichArsenal became the first League club from the capital in 1893; they were also joined

by Liverpool the same year. By 1898, both divisions had been expanded to eighteen clubs.

Other rival leagues on a local basis were being eclipsed by the Football League, though both

the Northern League and the Southern League - who provided the only ever non-league FA

Cup winners Tottenham Hotspur in 1901 - remained competitors in the pre-World War I era.


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At the turn of the 20th century, clubs from Sheffield were particularlysuccessful, with Sheffield United winning a title and two FA Cups, as well aslosing to Tottenham in the 1901 final; meanwhile The Wednesday (laterSheffield Wednesday) won two titles and two FA Cups, despite beingrelegated in 1899 they were promoted the following year. During the firstdecade of the 20th century, Manchester City looked to be emerging asEngland's top side after winning the FA Cup for the first time in 1904. Instead,it was City's neighbours United who were the more successful during the early20th century. They reached the First Division in 1906 and were crowned

league champions two years later. The following year, 1909, they won the FACup and they added another league championship in 1911. Clubs from theSouth fared poorly in comparison, though in 1904 Woolwich Arsenal becamethe first club from London to be promoted to the First Division, while a slewof clubs from the capital joined the League (including Clapton Orient,Chelsea, Fulham and Tottenham Hotspur), making it a properly nationwide

competition; both Chelsea and Spurs quickly gained promotion to the topflight as well.


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From 1920 to 1923 the Football League expanded further, gaining a new ThirdDivision (expanding quickly to Division Three South and Division Three North), with allleagues now containing 22 clubs, making 88 in total. In addition, in 1923WembleyStadium opened, and hosted its first Cup final, between Bolton Wanderers and West HamUnited, known today as the "White Horse Final"; Bolton won 20.

During the interwar years, Arsenal and Everton were the two most dominant sides inEnglish football, although Huddersfield Town did make history in 1926 by becoming thefirst team to complete a hat-trick of successive league titles. Arsenal would do the same in1935. Huddersfield Town and Arsenal's successes were largely down to manager HerbertChapman, who first managed Huddersfield in their first two championship seasons in192324 and 192425, before accepting the offer to manage Arsenal. With Arsenal, he wonthe FA Cup once and the League twice in the 1930s, before his sudden death during whatwould be a third title-winning season in 193334. Arsenal went on to win the title twicemore during the 1930s, as well as another FA Cup.

Sheffield Wednesday were also successful during the 1930s, winning the 192930 title, theFA Cup in 1935 and finishing in the top three in all but one season in the period 193036.In addition, it was during this time that a Welsh side won the FA Cup for the onlytime; Cardiff City beating Arsenal 10 in the 1927 Final.

The national team remained strong, but lost their first game to a non-British Isles country in1929 (against Spain in Madrid) and refused to compete in the initial World Cups.


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English football reconvened in the years following the end of World War II, whenmost clubs had closed down for a period, with the 194546 FA Cup . the 194647

season, with the first title going to Liverpool.

In the immediate post-war years, Arsenal won another two titles and an FA Cup

but after the second title win in 1953, began to fade considerably and would not

win another trophy for nearly 20 years. Liverpool won a league title as well, but

suffered an even more miserable fate and were relegated to the Second Divisionin 1954. Manchester United re-emerged as a footballing force under new

manager Matt Busby. They won the FA Cup in 1948 and the league title in 1952,

the first in the club's history. The other dominant team of the era was

Wolverhampton Wanderers. Wolves, who had previously spent most of the

interwar period in the lower divisions, won three league titles and two FA Cups

under manager Stan Cullis and captain Billy Wright. Other Midlands sides alsoenjoyed success after a barren period, including West Bromwich Albion's FA Cup

win in 1954 (their first trophy in 23 years) and Aston Villa matching them with a

Cup win in 1957 (their first in 37 years). In addition, in 1951 Tottenham Hotspur

became the first team in English football to win the league title immediately after

being promoted, and Chelsea won their first and only league title of the 20th

century in 1955.


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One of the most memorable matches of the era waswhen Blackpool beat Bolton Wanderers 43 in the 1953 FA Cup Final,in a match that came to be known as the "Matthews Final", for

Blackpool's mercurial winger Stanley Matthews, even though itwas Stan Mortensen who scored a hat-trick that day; it remainsBlackpool's only major honour.

English football as a whole, however, began to suffer at this time, withtactical naivety setting in. The national team were humiliated at theirfirst World Cup in 1950, famously losing to the USA 10. Great

players who rose to prominence during the 1950s include DuncanEdwards, Tommy Taylor, Bobby Charlton, Denis Law, BobbyRobson, Norman Deeley, Peter Sillett, Danny Blanchflower, DenisCompton and Joe Mercer.

While Edwards and Taylor both lost their lives due to the Munichtragedy, many older players naturally reached the end of theirillustrious careers at around the same time. These include NatLofthouse, Tom Finney, Billy Wright, Stan Mortensen,BertWilliams and Johnny Carey.

Managers who achieved glory in the first 15 years of postwar Englishfootball include Matt Busby, Tom Whittaker, Stan Cullis, TedDrake and Stan Seymour.


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Stanley Matthews


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The end of the 1950s had seen the beginning of the modernisation of

English football, with the Divisions Three North and South becomingthe national Division Three and Division Four in 1958. It was Tottenham Hotspur who became the dominant force in English

football in the early 1960s, winning the elusive double of the Leagueand FA Cup in 1961, retaining the cup in 1962 and becoming the firstBritish team to win a European trophy.

The English national side showed signs of improving with AlfRamsey taking over as head coach following a respectable quarter finalappearance at the 1962 FIFA World Cup. Ramsey confidentlypredicted that at the next tournament, England would win the trophy,and they did just that.

The 1966 World Cup saw England win the World Cup in

a controversial 4

2 victory over West Germany. The period also saw the first English successes in European club

football, begun with Manchester United's 41 European Cup victoryover SL Benfica, and Leeds United's Inter-Cities Fairs Cup victory,both in 1968. Indeed, Leeds' win set off a series of 6 consecutive winsin the competition (which was renamed the UEFA Cup in 1971) forEnglish clubs, with the 1972 final being held between two of them,Tottenham Hotspur and Wolverhampton Wanderers.


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During this time, a number of different teams competed forleague and cup success. Manchester City enjoyed success atthe same time as their rivals United, winning the FirstDivision title for only the second time in 1968, and the FA

Cup the year after that, and a double of the Cup Winners' Cupand League Cup in 1970.

Players who dominated the English scene during the 1960sinclude Bobby Moore, Geoff Hurst, Bobby Charlton, GeorgeBest, Denis Law, Jimmy Greaves, Francis Lee, Jeff

Astle, Gordon Banks and Roger Hunt. The decade also saw the illustrious careers of many famous

older players drawing to a close. These include DannyBlanchflower, Harry Gregg, Dennis Viollet, NormanDeeley, Peter McParland, Noel Cantwell, BertTrautmann, Jimmy Adamson, Syd Owen, and the 50-year-old Stanley Matthews.

Successful managers of the 1960s include Matt Busby, BillNicholson, Harry Catterick, Bill Shankly, Don Revie, JoeMercerand and Ron Greenwood.


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George Best

Ron Greenwood Joe Mercerand


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Portsmouth (league champions in 1949 and 1950) fell into the Fourth Division in 1978as an almost bankrupt side, but climbed out of it in 1980 and within five years were in

the hunt for a First Division comeback. Derby County were league champions in 1972and 1975, but a rapid decline saw them fall into the Second Division in 1980 and theThird Division in 1984.

The period was also marked by some surprise FA Cup wins by lower-division teamsover top-flight sides; these included Sunderland (beating Leeds United in 1973),Southampton (beating Manchester United in 1976) and West Ham United (beatingArsenal in 1980). Bobby Robson's Ipswich Town were another successful smaller club,

winning the FA Cup in 1978 and the UEFA Cup in 1981. They also came second in theleague in 1981 and 1982.

Players who dominated the English scene during the 1970s and early 1980sinclude Kevin Keegan, Kenny Dalglish, Graeme Souness, Peter Shilton, BryanRobson, John Wark, Liam Brady, Steve Perryman, Glenn Hoddle and Alan Hansen.

Older players whose careers finished during this time include Bobby Moore, BobbyCharlton, George Best, Denis Law, Jimmy Greaves, Billy Bremner, JackCharlton, Emlyn Hughes, Gordon Banks and Alex Stepney.

Successful managers of this era include Bill Shankly, Bob Paisley, Don Revie, JohnLyall, Brian Clough, Ron Saunders, Ron Atkinson, Bobby Robson and KeithBurkinshaw.


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Kenny Dalglish Bryan Robson

Ron Atkinson Bobby Robson


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During the 1970s and 1980s, the spectre of hooliganism had begun to haunt English football.The Heysel Stadium disasterwas the epitome of this, with English hooligans mixing with poor

policing and an old stadium to cause the deaths of 39Juventus fans during the 1985 EuropeanCup final. This led to English teams being banned from European football for five years, andLiverpool - the club involved - being banned for six.

Even when English teams were re-admitted, it was not until 1995 that they regained all of theirlost places. And it took a while for English teams to re-establish themselves in Europe.Although Manchester United won the European Cup Winners' Cup in the first season after theban was lifted, the European Cup was not won by an English club until 199915 years after thelast triumph.

On the field, Liverpool's domination was coming to an end; it also saw the culmination of thephenomenal rise of Wimbledon.

A number of other small clubs achieved success at this time. Charlton Athletic, who were forcedto leave The Valley and ground-share with West Ham for safety reasons in 1985, won promotionto the First Division in 1986 after an exile of nearly 30 years. They defied the odds by remainingat this level until their luck finally ran out and they were relegated in 1990.

In 1986, Wolverhampton Wanderers fell into the Fourth Division for the first time in theirhistory, and became only the second English team to endure three successive relegations.

Bolton Wanderers, four times FA Cup winners, were relegated to the Fourth Division in 1987,the same year that Sunderland fell into the Third Division for the first time in their history. Bothteams, however, won promotion at the first attempt.

With Liverpool's fortunes waning, George Graham's Arsenal started to win trophies again, with aLeague Cup in 1987 and two league titles, in 1989 and 1991, the former being won in the finalminute of the final game of the season against title rivals Liverpool, with youngmidfielder Michael Thomas scoring the crucial goal.


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Arsenal would go on to be the first side to pick up the Cup Double in 1993, and followed it with a Cup Winners'Cup the year after.

Arsenal's neighbours Tottenham were also successful, winning the FA Cup in 199091, with midfielder PaulGascoigneproving the hero in the semi-finals against Arsenal before injuring himself in the final againstNottingham Forest. Tottenham bought Barcelona's high-scoring England striker Gary Lineker in 1989, and hecontinued his excellent form over three years at the club before leaving to finish his career in Japan.

Manchester United's six-year trophyless run had ended in 1983 when manager Ron Atkinson (appointed in 1981)guided them to FA Cup glory. They achieved another triumph two years later, but had still gone without a leaguetitle since 1967. 10 successive league wins at the start of the 198586 season suggested that the title was on itsway back to Old Trafford, but United's form fell away as they finished fourth and Liverpool sealed the title. Aterrible start to the 198687 season cost Atkinson his job in early November, when Alex Ferguson was recruitedfrom Aberdeen. Ferguson strengthened the squad in the 1987 close season and the first stages of the new seasonand things were looking good as Ferguson's first full season as manager saw United finished second behindrunaway champions Liverpool. Further signings after this improvement suggested that the title was even closerfor United, but a series of injuries blighted the side and they finished 11th in 1989. United's wait for silverware

ended in 1990 when they won their 7th FA Cup, and a year later they won the European Cup Winners' Cup, but ithad now been well over 20 years since the league title had been United's.

Despite failure to qualify for Euro 1984 (the first major tournament since the appointment of Bobby Robson asmanager), England continued to improve as the 1980s wore on, losing controversially to Argentina in the 1986World Cup and unluckily on penalties to Germany in the semi-finals of the 1990 World Cup, eventually finishingfourth. This success for the national team, and the gradually improving grounds, helped to reinvigorate football'spopularity. Attendances rose from the late 1980s and continued to do so as football moved into the business era.

The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the emergence of numerous young players who went on to reach greatheights in the game. These include Paul Gascoigne, David Platt, Matt Le Tissier, Lee Sharpe, Ryan

Giggs and Paul Merson. Established great players who were still playing the top in the early 1990s include Ian Rush, Peter

Beardsley, Bryan Robson, Steve Bruce, Neville Southall and Ray Wilkins.

This era also saw many famous names hanging up their boots after long and illustrious careers. Theseinclude Ray Clemence, Gary Bailey, Alan Hansen, Craig Johnston, Norman Whiteside, Andy Gray and BillyBonds.

Successful managers of this era include Kenny Dalglish, George Graham, Howard Kendall, HowardWilkinson, Alex Ferguson, Bobby Gould, John Lyall, Jim Smith, Maurice Evans and Dave Bassett.


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Ryan Giggs David Beckham Rio Ferdinand

Alex Ferguson Arsne Wenger


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In England, as in Europe in general, the early first decade of the 21st century saw the financial bubble

burst, with the collapse of ITV Digital in May 2002 leaving a hole in the pockets of the Football League

clubs who had relied on their television money to maintain high wages.

At the same time, the country's richest clubs continued to grow, with the wages of top players increasing

further.

Manchester United's outstanding success has continued, though to a slightly lesser degree than the

success they had previously enjoyed. Arsenal won a third Double in 2002 and clinched the title in 2004

without losing a single league game all season. In 2003 and 2005, when they missed out on the title, they

had the FA Cup as compensation. United still managed to win another FA Cup in 2004 and the League

Cup in 2006, as well as league titles in 2000, 2001, 2003 and 2007. Chelsea's success continued to grow,

with Roman Abramovich - a Russian oligarch - purchasing Chelsea in a 150m takeover in 2003.Abramovich, whose move to England made him the country's richest man (he has since been overtaken),

made substantial transfer funds available to manager Claudio Ranieri. After finishing second in 2004,

Chelsea won the League Cup and league title under Ranieri's replacement Jos Mourinho in 2005, and

another title in 2006

While unable to challenge for the league title, Liverpool achieved success in other competitions,

including a treble of League Cup, FA Cup and UEFA Cup in 2001. Another League Cup followed in

2003, but the biggest triumph of the decade so far was a Champions League win in 2005, with amemorable comeback from 30 down against AC Milan in the final; Liverpool became the second club

since the Heysel ban to take the trophy.

The England national team during this time became managed by a non-English national for the first time

in their history when Sven-Gran Eriksson took charge. He achieved respectable results in international

tournaments, going out to eventual winners Brazil in the 2002 World Cup.


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The 200607 season saw Manchester United win the Premier League title forthe first time in four years, with Chelsea finishing second (their failure to win athird successive title compensated for in the shape of success in both domesticcups), Liverpool finishing third and Arsenal fourth, while Tottenham Hotspur,

Everton and Bolton Wanderers achieved UEFA Cup qualification. Manchester United became the receipts of the world's biggest transfer fee during

the 2009 close season when they soldCristiano Ronaldo, widely regarded as oneof the best football players in the world (behind Lionel Messi), to RealMadrid of Spain for 80million.

Star players rising to prominence this era have included Wayne

Rooney (Everton, Manchester United and England), ThierryHenry (Arsenal and France), Frank Lampard (Chelsea and England), StevenGerrard (Liverpool and England) and Joe Cole(West Ham United, Chelsea andEngland).

Michael Owen, Rio Ferdinand, Ryan Giggs, David Beckham and SolCampbell are some of the prominent players still active in the game during the

first decade of the 21st century after rising to fame during the 1990s, thoughBeckham has not played in England since 2003.

Legendary players whose illustrious careers have come to an end during thisdecade include Alan Shearer, Dennis Bergkamp, Denis Irwin, Paul Ince and RoyKeane.

Successful managers of this era include Alex Ferguson, Jos Mourinho, ArsneWenger, Roberto Mancini, Grard Houllier, and Rafael Bentez.


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Wayne Rooney Thierry Henry

Frank Lampard Steven Gerrard


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Roberto Mancini

Rafael Bentez


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As the decades replaced each other the football gamechanged too. There were many big changes in the styleof play after association football became an organizedsport. The rules of football have been ever changing.With the advent of full-time professionals in the early1990s, and the consequent speeding up of the game, thefive meter off-side distance between the two teams

became 10 meters, and the replacement rule wassuperseded by various interchange rules, among otherchanges.

Today, the word 'football' is used in different ways indifferent parts of the English-speaking world. Mostoften, the word is used to refer to the code of footballthat is considered dominant within a particular region.

Football in UK. Past and Present.

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