Foot and mouth By Allah Dad Khan

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot and Mouth DiseaseFoot and Mouth Disease

Foot and Mouth DiseaseFoot and Mouth Disease

Pakistan is the world’s fourth-largest Pakistan is the world’s fourth-largest producer of milk, which may be an important producer of milk, which may be an important source of food not only for Pakistanis but for source of food not only for Pakistanis but for the rest of the world. The presence of FMD the rest of the world. The presence of FMD in Pakistan currently prohibits the exportation in Pakistan currently prohibits the exportation of this food. “Better control of FMD in of this food. “Better control of FMD in Pakistan can help Pakistani farmers not only Pakistan can help Pakistani farmers not only improve their own production, but potentially improve their own production, but potentially export and help feed a hungry worldexport and help feed a hungry world

Foot-and-mouth diseaseFoot-and-mouth disease or  or hoof-and-mouth hoof-and-mouth

diseasedisease ( (Aphthae epizooticaeAphthae epizooticae) is an ) is an infectious and  and sometimes fatalsometimes fatalviral  disease that affects  that affects cloven-hoofed  animals, including domestic and wild , including domestic and wild bovids. The virus causes . The virus causes a high fever for two or three days, followed by a high fever for two or three days, followed by blisters inside  inside the mouth and on the feet that may rupture and cause the mouth and on the feet that may rupture and cause lameness..Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has severe implications for Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has severe implications for animal farming, since it is highly infectious and can be spread , since it is highly infectious and can be spread by infected animals through by infected animals through aerosols, through contact with , through contact with contaminated farming equipment, vehicles, clothing, or feed, contaminated farming equipment, vehicles, clothing, or feed, and by domestic and wild and by domestic and wild predators..[1] Its containment  Its containment demands considerable efforts in demands considerable efforts in vaccination, strict , strict monitoring, monitoring, trade restrictions, and , and quarantines, and , and occasionally the killing of animals.occasionally the killing of animals.

Susceptible animals includeSusceptible animals include  cattle, , water buffalo, , sheep, , goats, , pigs, , antelope, , deer, and , and bison. It has also been known to infect . It has also been known to infect hedgehogs and elephants; and elephants;[1][1]

[2][2] llamas and alpacas may develop mild  llamas and alpacas may develop mild symptoms, but are resistant to the disease and do symptoms, but are resistant to the disease and do not pass it on to others of the same species.not pass it on to others of the same species.[1][1] In  In laboratory experiments, mice, rats, laboratory experiments, mice, rats, and chickenshave been successfully infected by and chickenshave been successfully infected by artificial means, but they are not believed to artificial means, but they are not believed to contract the disease under natural conditions.contract the disease under natural conditions.[1][1] Humans are very rarely infected. Humans are very rarely infected.

HistoryHistory

The cause of FMD was first shown to be The cause of FMD was first shown to be viral in 1897 by Friedrich Loeffler. He viral in 1897 by Friedrich Loeffler. He passed the blood of an infected animal passed the blood of an infected animal through a Chamberland filter and found through a Chamberland filter and found the collected fluid could still cause the the collected fluid could still cause the disease in healthy animals.disease in healthy animals.

Transmission Transmission

The FMD virus can be transmitted in a number The FMD virus can be transmitted in a number of ways, including close-contact animal-to-of ways, including close-contact animal-to-animal spread, long-distance aerosol spread animal spread, long-distance aerosol spread and fomites, or inanimate objects, typically and fomites, or inanimate objects, typically fodder and motor vehicles. The clothes and fodder and motor vehicles. The clothes and skin of animal handlers, such as farmers, skin of animal handlers, such as farmers, standing water, and uncooked food scraps standing water, and uncooked food scraps and feed supplements containing infected and feed supplements containing infected animal products can harbor the virus, as well.animal products can harbor the virus, as well.

Incubation PeriodIncubation Period

Range from 12 hours to 2 weeksRange from 12 hours to 2 weeksUsually 3 to 5 DaysUsually 3 to 5 DaysPigs Usually 1 to 3 Days Pigs Usually 1 to 3 Days

FMD Entrance PathwaysFMD Entrance PathwaysMeat garbage fed to animalsMeat garbage fed to animalsAnimal, animal productsAnimal, animal products– Processed meatsProcessed meats– Milk and milk productsMilk and milk productsInanimate objects (used equipment)Inanimate objects (used equipment)People People – Clothing & FootwearClothing & Footwear– ThroatThroatBioterrorismBioterrorism

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Blisters and Blisters and Excess SalivationExcess Salivation

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Click image to start movie

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Think Foot-and-Mouth Disease Think Foot-and-Mouth Disease when you see…when you see…

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Think foot-and-mouth Think foot-and-mouth disease when you see cattle disease when you see cattle

with with excessive salivationexcessive salivation

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Image courtesy of Dr Tom McKenna

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-mouth DiseaseFoot-and-mouth Disease

P T Hooper

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Lesions in cattleLesions in cattle

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Blisters on the tongueBlisters on the tongue

Day One

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Blisters on the tongueBlisters on the tongue

Blister on bovine tonguehttp://www.fao.org/Regional/LAmerica/prior/segalim/animal/aftosa/default.htm

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Blisters become erosionsBlisters become erosions

DayFour

Salivation increases as vesicles form and rupture. Symptoms increase in intensity.

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Blisters become erosionsBlisters become erosions

DayFour

Salivation increases as vesicles form and rupture. Symptoms increase in intensity.

DaySix

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Days 8-14Days 8-14

Animals may recover in 2 weeks. Only 1-5% die from FMD

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Think Foot-and-Mouth Think Foot-and-Mouth Disease when you see Disease when you see lamelame

cattlecattle – look for blisters – look for blisters between the toesbetween the toes

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Lameness

•Coronary band lesion first appears blanched

•Blisters and erosions form between the digits

•Stamping and shaking of feet

•Trembling

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

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Clinical Signs in CattleClinical Signs in Cattle

Feet Inter-digital spaceCoronary band

Teats

Blisters form on: Mouth Tongue Dental pad Gums Soft palate

MuzzleNostrils

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Clinical Signs in CattleClinical Signs in Cattle

Rarely fatal except in young Rarely fatal except in young animalsanimals

Young calves may die without Young calves may die without showing any clinical signsshowing any clinical signs

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

In young animals there is focal necrosis In young animals there is focal necrosis of cardiac muscle. “Tiger heart”of cardiac muscle. “Tiger heart”50-80% 50-80% youngyoung infected animals die infected animals die

USDAUSDAUSDAUSDA

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Extra-epithelial replication limited to myocardium, immature animals only

USDAUSDA

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Recovery PhaseRecovery Phase

Recovered animals are permanently unthriftyRecovered animals are permanently unthrifty

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

RecoveryRecovery

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Clinical Signs in Sheep and GoatsClinical Signs in Sheep and Goats

When sheep or goats become infected with FMD, the disease may notnot be diagnosed for a considerable time because the clinical signs may be very mild.

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Lame sheep

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Signs in Sheep and GoatsSigns in Sheep and Goats

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Signs in Sheep and GoatsSigns in Sheep and Goats

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-mouth Disease in Foot-and-mouth Disease in sheepsheep

LamenessLameness

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Foot-and-mouth Disease in Foot-and-mouth Disease in SheepSheep

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Lesions in SheepLesions in Sheep

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Lesions in sheepLesions in sheep

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

Lesions in sheepLesions in sheep

Eradication and control Eradication and control strategiesstrategies

The economic impact of epidemic diseases is largely The economic impact of epidemic diseases is largely influenced by the methods used by countries to control influenced by the methods used by countries to control and and eradicate outbreaks. In general, most eradication and eradicate outbreaks. In general, most eradication and control control programmes are based on one or more of the programmes are based on one or more of the following three following three elements: elements: a) routine vaccination a) routine vaccination b) stamping-out b) stamping-out c) emergency vaccination. c) emergency vaccination.

Routine vaccination Routine vaccination

For many countries, routine vaccination is the only feasible For many countries, routine vaccination is the only feasible strategy to prevent (extensive) epidemics of List A diseases. strategy to prevent (extensive) epidemics of List A diseases. Intensive vaccination campaigns are known to be useful Intensive vaccination campaigns are known to be useful control strategies for many important List A diseases, control strategies for many important List A diseases, including FMD, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, CSF including FMD, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, CSF and Newcastle disease (11, 31). Routine vaccination is and Newcastle disease (11, 31). Routine vaccination is generally adopted by high-risk countries (i.e. countries generally adopted by high-risk countries (i.e. countries surrounded by areas in which the disease is endemic and surrounded by areas in which the disease is endemic and countries importing animals from endemic areas). In these countries importing animals from endemic areas). In these cases, outbreaks might occur very regularly, making cases, outbreaks might occur very regularly, making stamping-out too costly and disruptive. stamping-out too costly and disruptive.

Stamping-out Stamping-out

Stamping-out refers to the eradication of Stamping-out refers to the eradication of outbreaks by the destruction of animals. outbreaks by the destruction of animals. Usually, all susceptible animals on the Usually, all susceptible animals on the infected farm are slaughtered in an infected farm are slaughtered in an attempt to deprive the disease agent of a attempt to deprive the disease agent of a means to survive and multiply. Sometimes means to survive and multiply. Sometimes herds that have been in close contact with herds that have been in close contact with the affected farm are also slaughtered. the affected farm are also slaughtered.

Emergency vaccination Emergency vaccination

If an outbreak occurs in a country that relies on routine If an outbreak occurs in a country that relies on routine vaccination as the prevention strategy, this implies that the vaccination as the prevention strategy, this implies that the vaccination coverage, frequency and/or vaccine efficacy was vaccination coverage, frequency and/or vaccine efficacy was insufficient. In these cases, therefore, routine vaccination is insufficient. In these cases, therefore, routine vaccination is normally complemented by emergency vaccination. normally complemented by emergency vaccination. Emergency vaccination is sometimes termed 'ring vaccination' Emergency vaccination is sometimes termed 'ring vaccination' (all susceptible animals on farms within a certain radius of the (all susceptible animals on farms within a certain radius of the farm on which infection has been detected are vaccinated in farm on which infection has been detected are vaccinated in an attempt to limit the spread of the disease agent). an attempt to limit the spread of the disease agent).

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Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease

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