9/22/15 1 Foot and Ankle in the Primary Care Setting “Feets don’t fail me now” John S. Early, M.D. Texas Orthopaedic Associates, L.L.P. Dallas, Texas The Role of the Foot / Ankle Complex To provide a stable, weight bearing platform for smooth weight transfer during single limb stance Foot function in the Role of Ambulation Static component – Bones and Ligaments Dynamic component – Muscles Anatomy of Foot Ankle Complex 28 Bones 30 articular surfaces 7 major motor units Functional Issues Static Control – Bones and Ligaments – Mechanical integrity for motor function – Static foot structure not dependent on motor function Anatomy: Ligamentous Dorsolateral Plantar
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9/22/15
1
Foot and Ankle in the
Primary Care Setting
“Feets don’t fail me now”
John S. Early, M.D. Texas Orthopaedic Associates, L.L.P.
Dallas, Texas
The Role of the Foot / Ankle Complex
! To provide a stable, weight bearing platform for smooth weight transfer during single limb stance
Foot function in the Role of Ambulation
! Static component – Bones and Ligaments
! Dynamic component – Muscles
Anatomy of Foot Ankle Complex
! 28 Bones
! 30 articular surfaces
! 7 major motor units
Functional Issues
! Static Control – Bones and Ligaments – Mechanical integrity for
motor function – Static foot structure not
dependent on motor function
Anatomy: Ligamentous
Dorsolateral
Plantar
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Stability: Foot and Ankle
! Tripod balance of talus
! Smooth contours
! Motor control of major functioning joints
Stability Modelling
“3-legged” stool
Talus
• Stability of stool depends on leg position
Foot Function
! Depends on: – Stable structure – Shock absorption – Adaptability to surface
– Minimal motion at 2 and 3 – 1st ~ 2x greater than middle two – 4th & 5th ~3x greater than 1st
Columnar Approach
Lateral Column Medial column
Central Column
- Normal foot position depends on equal column lengths
Varus hindfoot: Lateral column long
Valgus hindfoot: Medial column long
Foot “Types”
! Weight bearing shape
! No relation to pathology
! No pain…. No problem
Role of Joint Motion
! Create a level platform for gait – Subtalar complex
! Allows foot to conform to ground
! Minimize energy expenditures – Ankle
! Allows transfer of weight to forefoot ! Advances point of contact from heel to toes ! Without ankle greater vertical rise of pelvis and
shorter stride
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Gait and the Foot
! “Normal Gait” – Minimize energy use – Minimize discomfort
! Important points – Motor function Eccentric in
stance – 10° ankle dorsiflexion for
gait – Use of ligamentous support
allows muscle rest
Functional Issues ! Dynamic Control
– Dependant on motor function
– Stability and mobility of joints
– Allow smooth progression of body weight to next foot ! The less vertical displacement of body mass the better
Motor Balance ! 7 motor units
– Posttib muscles plantarflex
– Pretibial muscles dorsiflex
! Dynamic stability dependent on antagonist pairs
! Strength disparity balanced by mechanical lever arm
Ankle dorsiflexors
! Eccentric work
! Concentric during swing
Ankle Plantarflexors
! Eccentric work
Foot Function: Simple Truths
! The muscles are designed to dissipate the load away from the ligaments that hold the bones together
! The ligaments and bones have a resting stability that is supposed to allow the muscles to rest occasionally
! Failure of one will lead to dysfunction of the other
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My Foot Hurts and I Can’t do Anything
Everything is a 10 when your foot hurts
Classifying Foot Pain for Medical Urgency
! “I can’t put weight on it” : Unstable injury ! “It hurts to stand” : stable injury hindfoot ! “It hurts to walk” : stable injury midfoot
forefoot ! “It Hurts when I exercise” : chronic instabilty ! “It hurts when run marathons or compete”
Clinical Evaluation
! Observe weight bearing function and position
! Test motor strength with patient’s body weight
! Carefully palpate the foot for pain location ! Move joints to assess pain and stability
Motor Testing
! Observe gait for symmetry / upper body sway
! Single limb stance: balance coordination
! Toe walk: extensor muscle function
! Heel walk: flexor muscle function
Examine the Foot
! Let foot hang to gravity – Best way to see deformity or assymetry – Gravity will allow muscles to relax – Gravity will many times help reduce fractures
or dislocations
Examine the foot
! Examine the “good foot” first – See what “normal” is; relax patient
! Observe deformity: – Supple or stiff? Does it change with weightbearing
! Observe skin
! Palpate all anatomical structures – Bones and tendons
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Corns and Callous
! Marker of high pressure
! Reaction of skin between bone and shoe
! Callous: broad tissue change
! Corn: deep, localized ! Analogous to splinter
Corns and Callous
! Treatment – Debride thick
tissue
! Daily pumice stone
! Daily skin softener – Alter plantar
pressure
Neuroma
! Damaged nerve – Between metatarsal
heads – Burning, stinging
pain – Distinct area of pain
Neuroma Treatment
! Shoewear
! In shoe orthotics
! Steroid injection
! Transverse ligament release
! Neuroma excision
Neuroma vs Metatarsalgia ! Burning pain ! Pain in shoes ! Between metatarsals ! No toe instability
! Achy pain ! Pain barefoot ! Metatarsal head ! Toe instability
Metatarsalgia
! Local pressure overload
! Uneven metatarsal heads
! Tight heel cord
! Toe deformities
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Lesser toe Deformities ! PIP flexion ! Supple MTP joint
! MTP subluxation ! PIP and DIP flexion
Metatarsalgia
! Plantar plate instability
! Progressive deformity ! Raised toe ! Instability test
! Osteochondral lesion ! Lateral process ! Os Trigonum
– Calcaneus: anterior process
“ANKLE SPRAIN” ! Tendon Injury: tear or
subluxation – Medial side
! Tibialis Posterior – Lateral side
! Peroneus Brevis ! Peroneus Longus
“ANKLE SPRAIN” ! Anterior Lateral Pain
– Not on bone; in front
! Get an xray – Lateral and mortise view ankle – AP view of foot
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High Ankle Sprain
! On field evaluation – Location of pain
! Malleolar tip / syndesmosis
– Anterior drawer ?
– External rotation pain ! Ankle in neutral
Clinical Evaluation of Syndesmotic Injury
! A) Squeeze test
! B) External stress tests – (shown) Keep knee
flexed to 90 degrees – Standing version -
single limb stance with external rotation of body causes pain at syndesmosis
Clinical Evaluation
! Weight bearing stress
Ankle Sprain: Treatment In General
R - Rest I - Ice I - Immobilize C - Compress E - Elevate
Ankle Sprain: Treatment ! Can walk on ankle without instability
– Lace up brace and balance therapy
! Can Not bear weight – Cast in dorsiflexion 7-10 days – Allow weight bearing as comfort allows – Begin bracing and therapy when able to walk
Surgical Candidates ! Bony instability at exam ! Chronic joint laxity ! Failed Rehab ! Be sure no other pathology
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Joint Sprains: foot
! From stretch to complete dislocation
– Restore anatomical alignment
– Immobilize non weight bearing till pain gone and able to bear weight (6 weeks)
– Balance therapy
Anatomy: Ligamentous
! Lisfranc ligament – Thickest of ligaments in midfoot – Lateral plantar base of medial
cuneiform – Plantar base of 2nd metatarsal – Rotates on its long axis
clockwise ! plantar from cuneiform to lateral
base metatarsal
Anatomy: Function
! Shock absorption mechanism for weight bearing
! joint motion at joints vary – 2nd tarsometatarsal stiffest – 1st and 3rd similar – 4th and 5th with 3 times the motion of
medial joints
Lisfranc: Mechanism of Injury
! Direct loading – Load parallel to joint
surfaces – Significant soft tissue
disruption ! Indirect loading
– Axial load along metatarsals
– Variable bony fracture involved
Lisfranc: Diagnosis
! Tender, swollen midfoot
! Pain with weight bearing
! Plantar ecchymosis
Lisfranc: Stress test No Stress Stress View
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Tendons about the ankle
! Treatment – Acute Injury / laceration
! Operative repair
– Chronic degeneration ! Bracing for stability ! Surgical reconstruction
– May require bony realignment if deformity present
Posterior Tibial Insufficiency ! Asymmetry in weight bearing foot position ! Unable to single heel rise ! Medial pain and swelling progressing to lateral