MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIA DEPARTMENT FOR STATISTICS GEORGIA FOOD SECURITY SITUATION TRENDS IN FIGURES STATISTICAL BULLETIN Issue No. 20 September 2005 This publication was prepared by the State Department for Statistics of Georgia with financial support from the Food Security Programme of the European Commission and technical support from the Food and Agricultural Organization of the U.N. The presentation of the material, designations employed, findings and interpretations do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Commission or Food and Agricultural Organization of the U.N.
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MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIA DEPARTMENT FOR STATISTICS
GEORGIA
FOOD SECURITY SITUATION
TRENDS IN FIGURES
STATISTICAL BULLETIN Issue No. 20
September 2005 This publication was prepared by the State Department for Statistics of Georgia with financial support from the Food Security Programme of the European Commission and technical support from the Food and Agricultural Organization of the U.N. The presentation of the material, designations employed, findings and interpretations do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Commission or Food and Agricultural Organization of the U.N.
Map of Georgia with Regions
Tbilisi Municipality
Abkhazia AR
Ajara AR
Guria Region
Imereti Region
Kakheti Region
Mtskheta-Mtianeti Region
Racha-Lechkhumi & Kvemo Svaneti Region
Samegrelo & Zemo Svaneti Region
Samtskhe-Javakheti Region
Kvemo Kartli Region
Shida Kartli Region
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword………………………………………………….……………………………………… 5
Abbreviations………………………………………………….………………………………… 6
Glossary………………………………………………….……………………………………….. 7
Main Points of the Issue................................................................................................................. 9
Section 1. Socio-Economic Situation in Georgia..............................................................……... 10
Table A1. Average Food Prices in Georgia and 5 Cities (2000-2005)........................................ 19 Table A2. Percentage of Households with Consumption Expenditure below the Official and Revised Poverty Lines (2000-2005)....…………………................................................................ 20
Table A3. Median Consumption Expenditure (2000-2005)......................................................... 22
Table A4. Median Food Expenditure (2000-2005).......................……………….……………… 24
Table A5. Percentage of Food Expenditure in Consumption Expenditure (2000-2005)….......... 26 Table A6. Percentage of Self-Consumed Agricultural Production in Total Food Expenditure (2000-2005)...................................................................................................................................... 28
Table A7. Median "Calorie Intake" (2000-2005)............................................................................ 30
Table A8. Sown Areas of Staple Crops (2000-2005)..........................…………………………… 32
Table A9. Livestock Numbers as of July1 (2000-2005)............................................................... 33
Table A10. Animal Production (2000-2005)................................................................................ 34
5
FOREWORD
The presented publication is the twentieth issue of the quarterly bulletin of Food Security Observatory of State Department for Statistics of Georgia.
The present issue consists of the main body and an annex. Most of the statistical tables are given in the annex, while in the main body, based on those data, several aspects of population’s food security are analysed. Section 1 deals with country’s socio-economic situation, Section 2 with food availability, Section 3 with access to food, while section 4 with food utilization.
The tables in the annex contain manifold statistical information which will be useful for a user interested in food security problems. Such indicators are presented as median monthly per capita consumption and food expenditures, average share of food expenditure in consumption expenditure, average share of self-consumed agricultural production in total food expenditure, percentage of households below the official and revised poverty lines, median per capita calorie intake. Information is presented in various contexts for both the total population and those below the official and revised poverty lines (by region, rural/urban, highlands/lowlands, children number, main income source etc.). Also staple food prices in Georgia and five big cities are presented as well as data on sown areas for the harvest of 2005, livestock numbers and animal production.
Mr. Ednar Mikanadze, Head of Agricultural Production and Services Division of MoA, took the active part in preparing Section 2 of the issue.
The working team hopes that the readers will actively comment the issue. The comments and suggestions are much welcome and should be forwarded to Mr. George Kvinikadze, FSO Coordinator, to the address:
Food Security Observatory 4, K.Gamsakhurdia Avenue, Tbilisi 380015, Georgia Tel: (995 32) 33 10 11, (995 32) 33 59 83 Fax: (995 32) 33 10 11, (995 32) 33 22 97 E-mail: [email protected] The present issue of the bulletin, as well as the previous ones, are available in
the Internet at the web-site http: // www.statistics.ge. We hope that our joint efforts will substantially contribute to ensuring food
security of the population of Georgia. FSO Coordinator
6
ABBREVIATIONS AR Autonomous Republic CPI Consumer Price Index DS Department for Statistics FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FSO Food Security Observatory FPI Food Price Index GDP Gross Domestic Product HH Household ILO International Labour Organization MoA Ministry of Agriculture of Georgia MoED Ministry of Economic Development of Georgia WFP World Food Programme
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GLOSSARY Adult equivalence: is used to convert each household into a number of equivalent adults, using a caloric scale which takes into account the age, sex and physical activity of each member of the household. “Calorie intake”: (per capita) is calculated by converting the food consumption of surveyed households (Household Survey) into calories. The number of household members then divides the total calorie intake of each household. Due to lack of the relevant data, the bulletin is using food inflows into a household (purchases, food transfers, auto-consumption, from stocks) converted into calories as a proxy for the actual calorie intake. This emphasized by putting the term “calorie intake” in quotation marks. Consumption expenditure: is considered as a better indicator of households’ welfare than income, for which data are often highly unreliable, or total expenditure (which includes investment expenditure) which is more difficult to interpret in terms of welfare. Consumption expenditure includes all expenditures intended for final consumption. It excludes investment expenditure (e.g. expenditures for tools or other inputs such as fertiliser, water and seed in agricultural production). Consumption expenditure includes, in addition to monetary spending, imputed values of self-consumed agricultural production and consumption of food from stocks. Employed: A person who worked at least one hour during the seven days preceding the interview for an income (salary, in kind payment, etc.), helped members of other households without remuneration or formally had the status of employed though possibly did not actually work due to illness, vacation or other valid reasons. Extended household: Large household including more than one couple and their children (e.g. household with several couples or other relatives such as grandparents, uncles and aunts). Highlands/Lowlands: Highlands include southern slopes of the Main Caucasus Range and mountainous regions of Southern Georgia. Lowlands include Kolkheti Plain, Shida Kartli Plain, Kvemo Kartli Plain, Iori and Alazani Valleys. Household Survey: The household survey is conducted every quarter, starting mid-1996, with financial support from the World Bank and DFID. The survey provides detailed information from 3,350 households on property, economical status, income and expenditure. In 2000-2001, additional data were collected regarding access to education, health and actual food consumption. Median expenditure: Level of expenditures, which divides the population into two groups of equal size, on the basis of expenditure. By definition, 50% of the population spent less than this level in the given period and the other 50% spent more. Official Poverty Line: The cut-off line below which persons or households are considered to be poor according to their income or, in the case of Georgia, their consumption expenditure. It is based on the cost of the Official Minimal Food Basket (updated using current prices every quarter) to which a share is added for non-food expenditures (derived from actual consumption patterns). At present the proportion of food expenditures to non-food expenditures is 70:30. Pensioner: Man of over 65 years old or woman of over 60 years old entitled to pension benefits.
8
Poor: a person living in the household where monthly consumption expenditure per equivalent adult allowing for scale effect is below the official poverty line Quintile groups: Households are ranged on the basis of the level of their consumption expenditure, starting from the poorest, and then divided into five groups of equal size. The first quintile group is the poorest, the fifth one is the richest. Region: There are 12 regions in Georgia: Kakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Shida Kartli and Tbilisi in Eastern Georgia, and Adjara AR, Abkhazia AR, Guria, Samegrelo & Zemo Svaneti, Imereti and Racha-Lechkhumi & Kvemo Svaneti in Western Georgia. Due to political problems, data on Shida Kartli do not contain information from Tskhinvali, Znauri and Java districts of former South Ossetia, also the data from Abkhazia AR are unavailable. In Annex Tables A2-A12, in order to increase the reliability of the data, Mtskheta-Mtianeti and Shida Kartli, also Imereti and Racha-Lechkhumi & Kvemo Svaneti have been combined into single units Revised Poverty Line: Since October 2000, State Department for Statistics of Georgia calculates two poverty lines: the official one and the revised one. The official poverty line is based on the food consumption pattern of the middle layers of the population in 1991-1992 and the minimum calorie intake level of 2500 kcal/day per equivalent adult. The revised poverty line is based on the food consumption pattern of 1998-1999 (which significantly differs from that of 1991-1992 and is close to the one shown in Annex Table A12) and minimum calorie intake level of 2200 kcal/day per equivalent adult. Besides, in revised poverty line the proportion of food to non-food expenditure is 65:35. The revised poverty line is not adopted officially. Rural areas: Areas where most inhabitants are involved in agricultural activity. About 48% of the population of Georgia live in rural areas. Self-employed: Person working in his/her own enterprise or own household during the reporting period for profit and income (in cash or in kind payment). Unemployed: Person who is more than 16 years old, who has not been working (even for one hour) in the seven days before the interview, is ready to work and has been looking for a job for the last past four weeks. This definition is called the ILO strict criteria. The ILO soft criteria considers a person as unemployed if he (she) has not been working (even for one hour) in the seven days before the interview and is ready to work, though is not looking for a job due to discouragement. Urban Areas: Areas where most inhabitants are involved in non-agricultural activity. Big cities involve those with more than 50 000 inhabitants; others are considered as small towns. Very poor: in the bulletin so is called a person living in the household where monthly consumption expenditure per equivalent adult allowing for scale effect is below the revised poverty line.
9
MAIN POINTS OF THE ISSUE
• Socio-economic situation: Real GDP is up by 8.2 percent in II quarter 2005 as compared with the corresponding period of the previous year. Agriculture has contributed most of all to this growth. Real value added created in agriculture increased by 7.4 percent as compared to the corresponding period of 2004. Despite price growth, real wages grow, mostly due to the increase in the budgetary sector.
• Food Availability: According to preliminary data, despite a decrease in the sown area wheat output has slightly increased and is just 4 percent below the last 9 years average. In 2005 considerable growth of maize, potato and vegetables production is expected (by 12, 7 and 7 percent, respectively). The harvest of citruses, fruit and grapes will be especially good, considerably exceeding not only that of the previous year but also the average of the last 9 years.
• Access to food: According to the data of II quarters of 2002-2005, nominal per capita income has an upward trend, while in real terms it has fallen in 2005. All poverty indicators point to increase of poverty in II quarter 2005.
• Food Prices: Price index of food and soft drinks is up by 10.6 percent in II quarter 2005 as compared with the same period of the previous year. It should be noted, however, that the price of bread has remained practically unchanged while the price of wheat flour has even decreased.
• Food Utilization: In II quarter 2005 the median “calorie intake” (food inflows into a household converted into calories as a proxy for the actual calorie intake) has increased. At the background of decreasing food expenditure, this is a result of a considerable rise of the general food price level combined with the stability of the bread price. Being engaged in agriculture is a sort of hedge against food insecurity (but not poverty in general).
• Most of statistical information is given in the annex at the end of the issue.
Food Security Situation Bulletin - DS under MoED, September 2005
Section 1. Socio-Economic Situation in Georgia
Table 1.1: Selected Macro-Economic Indicators II quarter
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 A. GDP (Source: DS under MoED, Macroeconomic Statistics Division) Total: (mln GEL), in current prices 1415.1 1687.9 1839.2 2109.4 2503.8 2876.8 of which: Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 295.5 342.4 379.0 453.0 474.7 453.8 Total: (mln GEL), in constant prices (1996) 1099.8 1234.4 1238.5 1385.3 1518.7 1643.3 of which: Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 297.9 325.4 326.2 367.5 370.4 397.7
Growth (index, II quarter of the previous year = 100) GDP 94.6 112.2 100.3 111.9 109.6 108.2 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 84.7 109.2 100.2 112.7 100.8 107.4 GDP per capita (GEL), current prices 303.7 365.1 400.7 462.6 551.9 636.0 GDP per capita (GEL), constant prices (1996) 236.0 267.0 269.8 303.8 334.8 363.3 Exchange rate (GEL/USD) 1.98 2.06 2.22 2.15 1.95 1.83 B. Employment (Source: DS under MoED, Labor Statistics Division and Household Survey) Unemployment rate (according to ILO soft criteria) 14.0 16.0 14.8 13.9 14.1 15.7 Average Wages (GEL/month) 81 81 97 128 156 201* Minimum Wages (GEL/month) 20 20 20 20 20 20 Minimum Pension Benefits (GEL/month) 14 14 14 14 14 28 C. Prices (Source: DS under MoED, Prices Statistics Division) CPI (1998 = 100) 122 130 139 143 150 164 FPI (Food, Beverages and Tobacco, 1998 = 100) 118 129 140 147 156 181 FPI (Food and Soft Drinks, 1998 = 100) 115 126 139 147 157 173 *)Preliminary estimate
Chart 1.1. Growth Indices of GDP and Value Added in Agriculture (1999=100)
70
90
110
130
150
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
II quarterGDP Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery
Chart 1.2. Share of Agriculture in GDP (%)
1516171819202122
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
II quarter
Food Security Situation Bulletin - DS under MoED, September 2005
In II quarter 2005 the real GDP grew by 8.2 percent as compared with the corresponding period of the previous year. This growth indicator is quite high but lower than the analogous indicators of 2004 and 2003 (9.6 and 11.9 percent respectively) thus indicating to a certain slowing down of the GDP growth rate. In the growth of II quarter 2005, the most important role belongs to agriculture, followed by construction and financial intermediation.
Value added created in agriculture in II quarter 2005 has experienced a noticeable 7.4 percent growth as compared with the corresponding period of the previous year. Chart 1.1 shows the dynamics of GDP and value added in agriculture created in II quarters of the last few years. The lower growth rate of agriculture as compared with that of GDP has shown itself in the decrease of the agriculture share in GDP (see Chart 1.2).
In II quarter 2005 the CPI has grown by 9.4 percent as compared with the analogous period of the previous year. It did not practically changed, however, as compared with the previous quarter, the considerable price growth having taken place in IV quarter 2004 and I quarter 2005. The FPI (including beverages and tobacco) grew even strongly, by 15.7 percent. Such a big growth is at a significant extent due to a sharp increase of excise taxes on tobacco and strong drinks. The price index of food and soft drinks has increased less sharply but still considerably, by 10.6 percent. At the background of such a price growth, real wages of the population have an established increasing trend, and while earlier the growth exhibited a certain seasonal pattern, during the last year it is quite steady (see Chart 1.3), which presumably is a due to the consistent growth of salaries in the budgetary sector.
Chart 1.4 presents the dynamics of unemployment according to the ILO soft criteria. The chart clearly displays both the seasonal character of unemployment and the fact that after quite a long decreasing trend it began to rise in 2004 reflecting a considerable staff reduction in the budgetary sector.
Chart 1.3. Average Real Wage (GEL of 1998)
405060708090
100110120130
I II III
IVI II III
IVI II III
IVI II III
IVI II III
IVI II III
IVI II III
IVI II
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Chart 1.4. Unemployment Rate According to ILO Soft Criteria (%)
121314151617181920
I II III
IVI II III
IVI II III
IVI II III
IVI II III
IVI II III
IVI II III
IVI II
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Food Security Situation Bulletin – DS under MoED, September 2005
Section 2. Food Availability 2.1. Forecasts for the Harvest 2005. By the end of September, the harvesting of the spicates (wheat, barley,
rye, oats) has completed while the harvesting of other crops still goes on. Table 2.1 presents the preliminary data on the harvest of wheat and barley in 2005 as well as forecasts for other staple crops. Chart 2.1 below shows the expected percentage changes in the harvest with respect to both 2004 and the average of the previous 9 years. The overall picture is clearly encouraging: save for wheat and sunflower, the expected harvests of all staple crops are above the average. The citruses should be especially noted in this respect: their expected high harvest is unprecedented in the post-soviet period. It should be also noted that despite a 6 percent fall in the sown area (see Annex Table A8), the harvest of wheat has not decreased. As to the expected decrease of sunflower seeds production, it is caused by unfavorable, droughty weather.
2.2. Animal Production. Detailed data on livestock numbers as of 1 July as well as on animal
production in II quarter 2005 can be found in Annex Tables A9 and A10. Table 2.2 below presents the forecasts for main animal products, while Chart 2.2 illustrates the expected percentage changes in the production with respect to both 2004 and the average of the previous 9 years. Here too, the forecasts are mostly optimistic – considerable excess above the average is expected in the production of poultry meat, milk and eggs as well as mutton and goat’s meet. The expected production of beef is within the average, while pork production forecast indicates to a considerable fall. This reflects the decreasing trend of pigs’ number that has shown itself during the last few years (see Annex Table A9 and previous issues of the bulletin) and is connected with increased costs of raising this animal.
Table 2.1. Harvest Forecasts of Staple Crops for 2005 (thousand tons)
(Source: DS under MoED, Division for Agricultural and Ecology Statistics; MoA)
Food Security Situation Bulletin – DS under MoED, September 2005
2.3. Humanitarian Food Aid. International Community has been providing
humanitarian food aid to Georgia since 1993. In 1993-2003 the bulk of the aid fell on the aid to the Government of Georgia for budgetary support (the so called Programme Aid) which mainly consisted of the wheat gifted by the US Government and on average amounted to 187 thousand tons per annum. In 2005 it is not envisaged to provide Programme Aid to Georgia. The remaining part of the humanitarian food aid, the so called Project Aid, is the food distributed directly to beneficiaries, and it still goes on in 2005. Table 2.3 presents the Project Aid to the population of Georgia, both provided as of July 1 and expected before the end of the year, while Chart 2.3 shows the structure of that aid by food categories.
Chart 2.4 shows the dynamics of the Project Food Aid provided to Georgia during the last 9 years. But for the peak of 2001 (the year after drought), the slowly decreasing trend of the aid is clearly visible.
Table 2.3. Project Food Aid to the Population of Georgia, provided and expected in 2005 (thousand
tons) (Source :WFP)
Food category Aid provided as of 1 July
Aid expected before the end
of the year
Total expected aid
in 2005
Cereals 5.37 5.90 11.27 Meat and fish 0.00 0.00 0.00 Milk and milk products 0.04 0.00 0.04 Oils and fats 0.16 0.43 0.59 Pulses 0.23 0.05 0.28 Miscellaneous 0.75 0.00 0.75 Total 6.56 6.37 12.93
Chart 2.3. Structure of Provided and Expected Project Food Aid to Georgia in 2005, by Food Groups
Cereals 87.1%
Miscellaneous5.8% Pulses
2.2%
Oils and fats4.6%
Milk and milk products
0.3%
Meat and Fish0.0%
Chart 2.4. Project Food Aid to Population of Georgia in 1997-2005, thousand tons (Source:
Food Security Situation Bulletin –DS under MoED, September 2005
Section3. Access to Food
3.1. Income and Expenditure Tables 3.1 and 3.2 present per capita monthly income
and expenditure, both nominal and real, of the population of Georgia as well as income and expenditure structure. In 2002 considerable changes have been done in the design of the Household Survey, the information source of the table, causing a break in the data. Therefore we give the data only since 2002.
The II quarter data show that the nominal income has an increasing trend while in real terms it fell down in 2005. In 2005 the share of income derived from employment has considerably increased, mostly at the expense of the share of the non-cash income. The role of property income is traditionally insignificant. Property disposal, borrowing and dissaving have quite a considerable share in the total inflows into households, although this component has decreased from 16 to 12 percent in 2005.
The trends of average per capita consumption expenditure are analogous to those of income: the expenditure increases in nominal terms while in real terms it has fallen in 2005. In II quarter 2005 a certain decrease of the share of food expenditure has presented itself, which may be connected with relative stability of price of bread, one of the main components of population’s diet (see Subsection 3.2 below). The share of self-consumed agricultural production in total food expenditure has also decreased (see Annex Table A6).
In II quarter 2004 both median consumption and median food expenditure have decreased (see Annex Tables
A3 and A4) confirming the analogous tendency revealed in I quarter and pointing to poverty increase (see Subsection 3.3 below).
Table 3.1. Average Monthly per Capita Income and Other Inflows (Property Disposal, Borrowing or Dissaving) in Georgia (Source: DS
under MoED, Household Survey) II quarter 2002 2003 2004 2005
Income and other inflows in current prices (GEL) 67 77 79 83 Of which: income 56 65 67 73 Other inflows 11 12 12 10 Income and other inflows in constant 1998 prices (GEL) 52 55 55 51 Of which: income 43 47 47 45 Other inflows 8 9 9 6 Income structure (%) 100 100 100 100
From employment 41 38 40 47 From selling agricultural production 12 12 12 9 Transfers 16 21 19 22 Property income 0 1 1 1 Non-cash income 31 29 28 21
Table 3.2. Average monthly per capita consumption expenditure in Georgia (Source: DS under MoED, Household Survey)
Food Security Situation Bulletin –DS under MoED, September 2005
Section 4. Food Utilization
The bulletin uses food inflows into a household (purchases, food transfers,
auto-consumption, food from stocks) converted into calories as a proxy for the actual calorie intake. We emphasize this by putting the term “calorie intake” in quotation marks. Detailed data on median “calorie intake” of various population groups are given in Annex Table A7. Table 4.1 in the text shows just a part of them. As it was observed in the Issue No. 7 of the Bulletin, only for middle layers of the population does this indicator show the real calorie intake. It overestimates the real intake for the rich and underestimates it for the poor. Therefore the data in the table enable one to make conclusions only about trends and changes while the absolute figures are not much reliable.
In II quarter 2005 median per capita “calorie intake”, as compared with the same period of the previous year, has increased both in rural and urban areas. Such a conclusion is valid for the whole population, the poor and the very poor. At the background of decrease of real food expenditure this can be explained by practically no change of the price of bread, an important component of the diet of all layers of the population of Georgia (see Issue No. 18 of the bulletin, Annex Table A12).
Charts 4.1-4.4 below represent the food security situation of various layers of the population in II quarter 2005. As an indicator, median “calorie intake” is taken. As the charts show, the presence of a child in a household, as well as unemployment of the household head, considerably increases the risk of food insecurity. On the other hand, being engaged in agriculture is a certain hedge against food insecurity.
Table 4.1. Median “Calorie Intake” (kcal/day/capita)
(Source: SDS under MoED, Household Survey) The whole population
Table A2 (continued). Percentage of Households with Consumption Expenditure below the Official and Revised Poverty Lines
Official poverty lineCharacteristics
The table reflects the shares of those households in all the households of the corresponding category, whoseconsumption expenditures per equivalent adult (with economies of scale taken into account) is less than the officialand revised poverty lines for a working age male. For the methods of calculation of the official and revised povertylines, as well as for the notions of equivalent adult and economies of scale, the reader is referred to the Issue No. 3 ofthe bulletin.
Revised poverty lineII quarter II quarter
* In calculation of the livestock number, 5 sheep (as well as 5 goats) are considered to be equivalent to 1 cow. This accounts fornon-integer numbers of cows.
Food Security Situation Bulletin - DS under MoED, September 2005
The quarterly data presented in the table are estimates of the medians of households' per capitaconsumption expenditures distributions based on quarterly observations of the sampled households.Consumption expenditures include, in addition to monetary spending, imputed values of self-consumedagricultural production (valued in current market prices with allowing for trade margins).
Those below the revised poverty line
Table A3 (continued). Median Consumption Expenditure(GEL/month/capita, in 1998 prices)
II quarter
* In calculation of the livestock number, 5 sheep (as well as 5 goats) are considered to be equivalent to 1 cow. This accounts for non-integernumbers of cows.
Those below the official poverty lineTotal population
Characteristics II quarter II quarter
Food Security Situation Bulletin - DS under MoED, September 2005
The quarterly indicators in this table are obtained by the same principle as in the previous one, onlyinstead of per capita consumption expenditures per capita food expenditures are used. Foodexpenditures, as a part of the total consumption expenditures, include, in addition to monetaryspending, imputed values of self-consumed agricultural production (valued in current market priceswith allowing for trade margins).
* In calculation of the livestock number, 5 sheep (as well as 5 goats) are considered to be equivalent to 1 cow. This accounts fornon-integer numbers of cows.
Those below the official poverty line
Table A4 (continued). Median Food Expenditures (GEL/month/capita, in 1998 prices)
Those below the revised poverty line
II quarter II quarter II quarter
Food Security Situation Bulletin - DS under MoED, September 2005
Both food and consumption expenditures include self-consumed agricultural production valued inpurchasers prices revealed by the household survey (with allowing for trade margins). Quarterlyindicators are obtained as ratios of food expenditures to consumption expenditures incurred by allhouseholds in the corresponding category during the corresponding period of time .
Table A5 (continued). Percentage of Food Expenditures in Consumption Expenditures (current prices)
* In calculation of the livestock number, 5 sheep (as well as 5 goats) are considered to be equivalent to 1 cow. This accounts fornon-integer numbers of cows.
Those below the revised poverty lineTotal population
II quarter II quarter II quarter
Those below the official poverty line
Food Security Situation Bulletin - DS under MoED, September 2005
Self-consumed agricultural production is valued in the purchasers prices revealed by the householdsurvey (with allowing for trade margins). Quarterly data are obtained as ratios of self-consumedagricultural production to food expenditures of all households in the corresponding category during thecorresponding period of time .
* In calculation of the livestock number, 5 sheep (as well as 5 goats) are considered to be equivalent to 1 cow. This accounts fornon-integer numbers of cows.
Those below the revised poverty line
II quarter II quarter II quarter
Table A6 (continued). Percentage of Self-Consumed Agricultural production in Total Food Expenditures (current prices)
Characteristics
Total population Those below the official poverty line
Food Security Situation Bulletin - DS under MoED, September 2005
In the table food inflows into a household (purchases, food transfers, auto-consumption, fromstocks) converted into calories are used as a proxy for the actual calorie intake. This is emphasizedby putting the term “calorie intake” in quotation marks.
For obtaining median monthly per capita "calorie intake" in a quarter, all households from a givencategory observed during the quarter are ordered according to their monthly per capita “calorieintake”, and monthly per capita “calorie intake” of the household in the midle of the range istaken.
Total population Those below the official poverty line
* In calculation of the livestock number, 5 sheep (as well as 5 goats) are considered to be equivalent to 1 cow. This accounts for non-
Those below the revised poverty line
Table A7 (continued). Median "Calorie Intake" (kcal/month/capita)
Characteristics II quarter II quarter II quarter
Food Security Situation Bulletin - DS under MoED, September 2005