Food categories and composition information • 14 categories defined by USDA as “commodities” – red meat, poultry, fish/shellfish, eggs, dairy, beverage milks, fats/oils, fruits, vegetables, peanuts/tree nuts, flour/cereal products, caloric sweeteners, coffee, cocoa – these include some processed foods • Food Guide Pyramid (1992) defined 6 categories from a nutritional pov – now 5 with MyPlate (2011) – Bread, cereal, rice, pasta (grains) – Fruit group – Vegetable group – Milk, yogurt, & cheese group (dairy) – Meat, poultry, fish, beans, eggs & nuts group (protein) – Fats, oils & sweets (no recommendation)
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Food categories and composition information
• 14 categories defined by USDA as “commodities”– red meat, poultry, fish/shellfish, eggs, dairy, beverage
• Food Guide Pyramid (1992) defined 6 categories from a nutritional pov – now 5 with MyPlate (2011) – Bread, cereal, rice, pasta (grains)– Fruit group– Vegetable group– Milk, yogurt, & cheese group (dairy)– Meat, poultry, fish, beans, eggs & nuts group (protein)– Fats, oils & sweets (no recommendation)
Food Guide Pyramid (1992)
New for 2011 at: http://www.choosemyplate.gov/food-groups/
New nutritional guidelines:five categories recommended for balanced daily consumption
Can click on each category for description of what’s included, how much to eat, health/nutritional benefits
• Composition of recognized nutrients in a given food/beverage can be found in USDA National Nutrient Database http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/
• To search the content of specific constituent across many foods, access nutrient lists at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=22114
• Databases on certain foods like flavonoids that are extensively researched are re-released periodically: http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=6231
• Manufactured products are required to use “Nutrition Facts” labeling
• Data given per serving • Total fat, carbohydrate, protein, cholesterol, sodium,
vitamins & minerals by weight & RDA• May list other constituents but not a complete list
• Can search by topic, ingredient, health conditions
2 slices Domino’s deep-dish cheese pizza, as reported by NutritionData.com
A word about organic foods
• Certification requirements and farming practices vary worldwide but generally– Grown without synthetic pesticides/herbicides
or fertilizers– Processed without irradiation or “chemical”
food additives– Not genetically modified– For animal products, pesticide-free feed and
no antibiotics or growth hormones
But are organic foods better for you?
• 2012 study: Smith-Spangler, et al, Annals of Internal Medicine 157: 348-366
• Meta-analysis of 17 human and 223 studies of nutrient & contaminant levels in foods between 1966 and 2011
• Conclusion: published literature lacks strong evidence that organic foods are significantly more nutritious, but they may reduce exposure to pesticide residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Natural food constituents classified by chemistry & physiological roles
• Carbohydrates – energy storage• Lipids (fat/oil) – energy & structural• Amino acids and proteins – structural & regulatory
• Tree nuts– Are actually fruits– Include almonds, walnuts, pecans, macadamias, etc. from various
families
• Both legumes and nuts – Have a high protein content compared to other plant-based foods
(common nuts range from 8-38 g protein/cup)– Legumes are deficient in lysine– Carbohydrate composition may contain substantial fiber – Good source of minerals– Nuts are higher in fat, but mainly unsaturated
from: Murano, P. “Understanding Food Science and Technology”, Wadsworth, 2003.
Dairy products
• Derived primarily from cow’s milk but some other sources as well