Food and Agriculture [Autosaved]

7/26/2019 Food and Agriculture [Autosaved]

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FOOD and AGRICULT


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GLOBAL TRENDS in FOOD

NUTRITION

Food production has beentransformed from small-scaledi!ersi"ed operations to !ast

operations of thousands of he#ro$in# one or t$o #eneticall%modi"ed crops $ith abundantof fuel & fertili'er for a compe

#lobal mar(et)


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These chan#es ha!e dramaticall

increased production lo$ered foodand pro!ided a*ordable meat protede!elopin# countries from +ra'il toFood production has increased)

Despite these chan#es food cosrisen in man% areas especiall% for poorest populations)


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,uppl% problems ha!e more to do $itdistribution than $ith supplies) e contproduce surpluses but hun#er remains ur#ent problem) Re!olutions in productialso profoundl% altered our en!ironmen

diets)


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In #eneral #lobal food suppl% prha!e more to do $ith distribution t$ith supplies) e continue to prodsurpluses but hun#er remains an uproblem Re!olutions in production also profoundl% altered our en!ironand our diets)


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FOOD ,ECURIT. I, U/E0E/L.DI,TRI+UTED

Fift% %ears a#o hun#er $as one of themost prominent persistent problems) Innearl% 45 percent of people in de!elopincountries $ere chronicall% undernourishthe $orld1s population $as increasin# b%than 6 percent e!er% %ear) Toda% someconditions ha!e chan#ed dramaticall%7 oha!e chan#ed !er% little) The $orld1s pohas risen from 8 billion to about 9 billionfood production has increased e!en fast


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hile the a!era#e population #rothe past :; %ears has been 2)9 perc%ear food production has increaseda!era#e of 6)6 percent per %ear) Fooa!ailabilit% has increased in most co

to $ell o!er 6655 (ilocalories the a#enerall% considered necessar% for health% and producti!e life)


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+ut hun#er is still $ith us) An estimcient health% food on a da%-to-dbasis is a combined problem of econen!ironmental and social conditions


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Famines usuall% ha!e politicaland social roots

Globall% $idespread hun#er arisespolitical instabilit% $ar and con?ict populations remo!in# !illa#ers fromfarms or ma(in# farmin# too dan#ero

carr% on) Famines are lar#e-scale foshorta#es $ith $idespread star!atiodisruption and economic chaos)


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,tar!in# people are forced to eat thseed #rain and slau#hter breedin# li!in a desperate attempt to (eep themand their families ali!e) E!en $hen bconditions return the% ha!e often sactheir producti!e capacit% and $ill ta(

time to reco!er) Famines often tri##emi#rations to relief camps $here peosur!i!e but cannot maintain a health%producti!e life


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Economist Amart%a @) ,en of ar!arsho$n that $hile natural disasters ofte

precipitate famines farmers ha!e almosmana#ed to sur!i!e these e!ents if the%th$arted b% inept or corrupt #o!ernmen#reed% elites) Brofessor ,en points out tarmed con?ict and political oppression a

almost al$a%s at the root of famine) /odemocratic countr% $ith a relati!el% freehe sa%s has e!er had a maor famine)


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o$ uch Food Do e /eed

A #ood diet is essential to (eep %ouhealth%) .ou need a balance of foods pro!ide the ri#ht nutrients as $ell asenou#h calories for a producti!e and

ener#etic lifest%le) The United /ationand A#riculture Or#ani'ation FAO ethat nearl% 8 billion people almost h$orld1s population su*er from !itammineral or protein de"ciencies)


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These shorta#es result in de!astillnesses and death as $ell as redumental capacit% de!elopmentalabnormalities and stunted #ro$th


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A health% diet includes the ri#hnutrients

Malnourishment is a #eneral term fonutritional imbalances caused b% a lac( ospeci"c nutrients) In conditions of eHtremshorta#es a lac( of protein in %oun# chilcause ($ashior(or $hich is characteri'e

bloated bell% and discoloured hair and s(Kwashiorkor is a est African $ord meandisplaced child)J A %oun# child is displacdepri!ed of nutritious breast mil(=$henbab% is born)


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Marasmusto $aste a$a%J is ase!ere condition in children $ho lac(protein and calories) A child su*erin#se!ere marasmus is #enerall% thin anshri!eled li(e a tin% !er% old star!inperson) Children $ith these de"cienc

ha!e lo$ resistance to disease andinfections and the% ma% su*er permdebilities in mental as $ell as ph%sicde!elopment)


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Iodine de"ciencies can cause #os$ellin# of the th%roid #land) Iodinessential for s%nthesis of th%roHin

endocrine hormone that re#ulatesmetabolism and brain de!elopmenamon# other thin#s)


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Dietar% de"can cause sillness) Marresults fromand calorie and #i!es c$i'ened loo?a(% s(in)


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Goiter a sof the th%r#land resuan iodine

de"cienc%)


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De"ciencies in !itamin A folic acid aiodine are more $idespread problems) +found in !e#etables especiall% dar( #re

!e#etables) De"ciencies in folic acid ha!lin(ed to neurolo#ical problems in babie

Dr) Alfred ,ommer an ophthalmolo#iKohns op(ins Uni!ersit% has sho$n thachildren ust t$o cents1 $orth of !itamin

a %ear could pre!ent almost all cases ofchildhood blindness and premature deaassociated $ith shorta#es of !itamin A)


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FOOD

PYRAMID


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The best $a% to sta% health% is to eat!e#etables and #rains moderate amoun

e##s and dair% products and sparin# ammeat oils and processed foods) odest of fats are essential for health% s(in cellfunction and metabolism) +ut %our bod%desi#ned to process eHcessi!e amounts

or su#ars) Unsaturated plant-based oilsoli!e oil are recommended b% dietitiansfats found in h%dro#enated mar#arine recommended)


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O!ereatin# is a #ro$in# $orldproblem

For the "rst time in histor% there are more o!er$ei#ht people more than 2 bthan under$ei#ht people about


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+ein# o!er$ei#ht increases %our ris( ofh%pertension diabetes heart attac(s stro#allbladder disease osteoarthritis respirat

problems and some cancers) food insecurpo!ert% can contribute to obesit%) In one stmore than half the $omen $ho reported nenou#h to eat $ere o!er$ei#ht comparedthird of the food-secure $omen) Lac( of #

Mualit% food ma% contribute to a cra!in# focarboh%drates in people $ith a poor diet) Atime for coo(in# limited access to health%choices and read% a!ailabilit% of fast-food and calorie-laden soft drin(s also lead todan#erous dietar% imbalances for man% pe


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AT DO E EAT

Of the thousands of edible plants and athe $orld onl% a fe$ pro!ide almost all ouAbout a do'en t%pes of #rasses three roott$ent% or so fruits and !e#etables siH mat$o domestic fo$l and a fe$ "sh species

almost all the food $e eat) T$o #rasses $rice are especiall% important because thestaple foods for most of the ; billion peopde!elopin# countries)


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Risin# meat production is a si#n o$ealth

eat is a #ood indicator of $ealtbecause it is eHpensi!e to produceterms of the resources needed to #animal) erbi!ores use most of the

the% consume in #ro$in# muscle abone mo!in# around sta%in# $armmetaboli'in# di#estin# food


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Onl% a little food ener#% is stored fconsumption b% carni!ores at the le!el of the food p%ramid) It ta(es o

(ilos of #rain fed to a beef co$ to pa sin#le (ilo of meat) Actuall% $e mainl% steers or neutered males fbeef) Bi#s bein# smaller are more

e>cient) Kust three pounds of pi# feneeded to produce a (ilo of por() Cand herbi!orous "sh such as cat"sstill more e>cient)


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Food and Agriculture [Autosaved]

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