FOOD A G R I C U L T U R E E N V I R O N N M E BIOKENAF – QLK5-CT2002-01729 8th technical meeting Madrid, 29-30 September 2006 X. Nuttens, S. Cadoux
FOOD
A G R I C U L T U R E
E N V I R O N N M E N T
BIOKENAF – QLK5-CT2002-01729
8th technical meetingMadrid, 29-30 September 2006
X. Nuttens, S. Cadoux
FOOD
A G R I C U L T U R E
E N V I R O N N M E N T
WP2: Adaptability and productivity
field trials
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A G R I C U L T U R E
E N V I R O N N M E N T
Previous data
trial objectif yield min-medium-max (t MS/ha)V*S*D 8.9-11.0-12.3
I*N 6.9-8.6-9.6
V*S*D 10.0-10.5-11.5N 8.3-9.9-11.2
2005 V*S*D 6.9-11.0-13.1
2003
2004
Sustainable DM yield in the North of France: 10t/ha with late varieties
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A G R I C U L T U R E
E N V I R O N N M E N T
Previous data
• Problems encountered:– High losses at emergence– Disease (Gray Mold)– Late and rare flowering: totality of the growth
cycle is not achieved by late varieties– Stagnation of the yield (no more than 11t/ha)
… with late varieties (E 41 and T 2)
… and for early varieties (G 4) ?
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E N V I R O N N M E N T
1. Presentation of trial conditions
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Trial location
Estrées-Mons INRA centre
- Climate: Oceanic temperate- Soil type: Deep and homogeneous loamy soil (Ortic luvisol, FAO classification)
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Meteorological data in 2006
-Higher Temperatures in July with a little drought
-Rainfall more important in august
Temperature and rainfall amount in Estrées-Mons
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Rai
nfa
ll (
mm
)
-
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
Tem
pera
tue
(°C
)
Rainfall amount (1995-2003)
57,2 48 57,3
Rainfall amount (2006) 36,5 45,5 133
Temperature (1995-2003)
15,4 17,6 17,9
Temperature (2006) 16,3 21,6 16,2
June July August
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Experimental design in 2006
N1
N0R1
R2 R3
Photography 1: Plan of the trial (Observed on September 20th, 2006)
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E N V I R O N N M E N T
First flowers observed the 20 of September:
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A G R I C U L T U R E
E N V I R O N N M E N T
Crop management sequence
No weed control:
Thanks to a fast and regular growth
!
Sowing
Date: 8 of June
Sowing machine: pneumatic seed drill
Variety: G 4
Sowing density: 110 plants/m²(target density: 50 plants/m²)
Fertilization
Date: 21/07/2006
Rate: 0 or 100 kg N/ha
Weed control
none
Irrigation
none
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A G R I C U L T U R E
E N V I R O N N M E N T
2. Results
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Nitrogen effect
• Two situations :– N0: soil N content of 100kgN/ha until 1.20m
(on the 15th of may)
100 kg available at the beginning of the cycle– N1: soil N content of 100kgN/ha until 1.20m +
100 kg/ha of N fertilisation
200 kg available at the beginning of the cycle
FOOD
A G R I C U L T U R E
E N V I R O N N M E N T
-No statistical differences between N0 and N1:
for a potential of 10 t DM/ha no more than 100kgN/ha (soil N content at implantation + fertilisation) is required
-G 4 DM yield: 9.6 t/ha with low variations, similar to other years
Total dry matter yield evolution
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Days after emergence
Yie
ld (
t o
f d
ry m
att
er/
ha
N0 N1
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Yield comparison
Yield obtained each year on September 18th
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
Yie
ld (
T /
ha)
In September, DM yields are comparables
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Yield comparisonFinal Yield for each year
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
Yie
ld (
T /
ha
)
Potential a bit lower in 2006 (we are near flowering date so it is the same development than in October for late varieties)
Late october
Late october
Early september
Late october
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- Losses of about 28%
- Difference between treatment due to the
heterogeneity ?- Actual density: 80
plants/m2
Density evolution
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
1000000
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Days after emergence
Den
sit
y (
pla
nts
/ha)
N0 N1
Focus on the densityObjective: to get 50 plants / m²
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No correlation between density and
dry matter yield
Ideal density must take agronomic
consequences into account
Dry matter yield according to the density
y = 4E-07x + 8,8386
R2 = 0,002
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
600000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000
Density (plants / ha)
Dry
matt
er
yie
ld (
T /
ha)
Focus on the density
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Losses at emergence (2003-4-5-6)Losses at emergence as a function of the sowing
density and the variety
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
40 80 110
Sowing density (plants / m²)
Perc
en
tag
e o
f lo
sses
E 41 Greg T 2 G 4
Last year conclusion: more losses with higher densities AND crust and weed competition can explain these losses
2006: Crusts and weed competition do not explain all losses. If there is well a density effect, there is a positive effect of early variety
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-Maximum LAI value:
5 m²m-²
End of august, before fall of
sheets
Leaf Area Index evolution
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Days after emergence
Leaf
Are
a I
nd
ex (
m²/
m²)
N0 N1
Leaf Area index
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A G R I C U L T U R E
E N V I R O N N M E N T
In September 2005, attack of a disease was
observed on few plants:
Gray Mold(Botrytis cinerea)
with late varieties and also in 2006 with
early variety(18% of ill plants)
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A G R I C U L T U R E
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Conclusions
• Crop emergence:– less losses at emergence than usual and no
weed control
Effect of: good sowing conditions AND/OR more adapted variety that allowed a fast and regular development
• DM yield:– Potential a bit lower with G 4 ?
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MODALITY CONCLUSION
Irrigation 0
N-Fertilisation No more than 100 kg/ha (soil + fertiliser) for low potentials
Sowing date most favourable conditions
Sowing density
Objective of 40-60 plants/m²
Variety Early variety
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A G R I C U L T U R E
E N V I R O N N M E N T
• North limit in France for Kenaf and not only for late varieties
• But less agronomic problems with early varieties
• We can not reach high DM yield (no more than 11t/ha) contrary to fiber sorghum…