ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «ВОРОНЕЖСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ» FOCUS ON NOMINALS: PRACTICE GRAMMAR BOOK FOR INTERMEDIATE LEARNERS OF ENGLISH Учебное пособие для вузов Составители: М.В. Бочарова, Н.П. Ульянова Издательско-полиграфический центр Воронежского государственного университета 2008
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ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ
УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«ВОРОНЕЖСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»
FOCUS ON NOMINALS: PRACTICE GRAMMAR BOOK
FOR INTERMEDIATE LEARNERS OF ENGLISH
Учебное пособие для вузов
Составители: М.В. Бочарова, Н.П. Ульянова
Издательско-полиграфический центр Воронежского государственного университета
2008
2
Утверждено научно-методическим советом факультета романо-германской филологии 4 декабря 2007 г., протокол № 10 Рецензент: к.ф.н. Н.И. Овчинникова Учебное пособие подготовлено на кафедре английской филологии факуль-тета романо-германской филологии Воронежского государственного уни-верситета. Рекомендуется для студентов 1 курса факультета РГФ дневного и вечерне-го отделений. Для специальностей: 031201 – Теория и методика преподавания иностран-ных языков и культур, 031202 – «Перевод и переводоведение», 031301 – Теоретическая и прикладная лингвистика и 031000 – Филология.
3
PREFACE Focus on Nominals is a practice grammar book designed to help inter-
mediate learners of English improve their grammar competence and learn to communicate effectively, accurately and confidently through solid grammar work. This is achieved in various ways through 120 varied and stimulating prac-tice exercises, some of which were drawn from a rich variety of authentic sources while others were designed by the authors.
The practice book is presented in a clear, user-friendly style and is logi-cally divided into two sections, each of which introduces and further details an essential topic. Section 1 deals with the English noun: grammatical types of nouns, their determiners, and subject-verb agreement. Section 2 focuses on the English adjective presented and practiced in opposition to the adverb.
The book maintains an inductive approach, and teaches students to ana-lyze a wealth of contexts provided and make conclusions about the tendencies of using English nouns, adjectives and adverbs. This is then reinforced through a range of activities to practice the grammar, including gap-filling, completion, matching, rephrasing and editing (proofreading, or error analysis) through to translation and creative oral and writing tasks. Focus on Nominals provides an abundance of both guided and communicative practice exercises to help students internalize and master the new structures.
Additional warning notes, marked ‘NB’ and pointing out potential prob-lems, help learners to understand and use English grammar correctly. The book also features grammar summary tables for students to complete. Revision exer-cises give students a chance to consolidate what they have learnt. The book will prepare students for more advanced grammar courses as well as for Use of Eng-lish tests. The practice book is flexible in design and suitable for use in class, homework or self-study.
CONTENTS
SECTION 1. THE NOUN
1.1. COUNT and UNCOUNT NOUNS ……………………… 1.2. PLURAL, SINGULAR and COLLECTIVE NOUNS 1.3. DETERMINERS and QUANTIFIERS ………………….
1.3.1. SOME and ANY ………………………………... 1.3.2. QUANTIFIERS ………………………………… 1.3.3. ARTICLES ………………………………………
1.4. REVISION ……………………………………………… SECTION 2. THE ADJECTIVE vs. THE ADVERB
2.1. FORMS AND FUNCTIONS …………………………….. 2.2. COMPARISON ………………………………………….. 2.3. REVISION ……………………………………………….
References …………………………………………………............
4 16 23 24 27 38 52 64 72 82 85
4
SECTION 1. THE NOUN
1.1. COUNT and UNCOUNT NOUNS
TASK 1. Look carefully at the way nouns are used in the following sentences
and make any necessary corrections.
1. Whose are these money?
2. I haven’t got any sharp knifes.
3. How many sugars would you like in your coffee?
4. There isn’t a meat because this is vegetarian restaurant.
5. I broke a teeth eating peanut.
6. There isn’t many woman in boxing.
7. The news are bad, I’m afraid.
8. She’s got lovely hairs.
9. A few passer-bys were alerted by loud screams.
10. He’s been looking for a work for couple of months.
TASK 2. Put the following countable nouns in the plural form.
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Bush Calf Carrot Chef Cherry Chief Chip Clergyman Crossroads Cry Currant Deer Disco Echo
Hero Handkerchief Enemy Journey Joy Key Kilo Knife Lady Leaf Lie Louse Means Mother-in-law
Portfolio Radio Reply Roof Salmon Scarf Serial Series Sheep Shelf Species Spy Strawberry Swine
5
Face Forget-me-not Fox Goose Grape
Ox Penny Photo Piano Pie Poppy
Thief Tomato Toy Trout Video Volcano
NB! MEANS, SPECIES, SERIES have the same form in the singular and
plural: The bike is an excellent means of transport.
There are several means of transport on the island.
NB! PENNY has the form PENCE when used with numbers: 10 pence.
PENNIES refers only to coins, not to amounts: I’ve only got a few pennies on me
TASK 3. Sort the words from the table in Task 2 into the 6 categories below and
add some more examples.
1. Nouns with plurals ending in
-s
2. Nouns with plurals ending in
-es
3. Nouns with plurals ending in -ves/-fs
4. Nouns with plurals ending in
-ies
5. Nouns with plurals ending in
-os
6. Nouns with irregu-lar plurals
TASK 4. Homework. Make up ten sentences with plural count nouns from
above. Formulate the spelling rules. Get ready to write a dictation. Consult
Round up 5, U. 10.
TASK 5. Use the nouns in tasks 2 and 3 with the demonstratives this/that or
these/those. Think of suitable contexts.
E.g. this/that picture – these/those pictures
– Do you like these pictures? – Yes, and this one is especially beautiful.
6
TASK 6. Put the nouns in the plural form where appropriate. Pay attention to
their spelling and pronunciation.
I wonder who decides what sort of animal____ are kept in the zoo___? You ex-
pect to see a lot of rhino______, and lion____, but you rarely see ox____,
sheep___, deer_____ or goose______, probably because these can be seen
commonly enough in the wild. Each day large ___delivery of food arrive for the
beast_____ to eat. Not expensive items like salmon___ or trout___, but ordinary
things like potato___ and tomato____ – although the panda___ like bam-
boo_____. The whole family, man___, woman___ and child_____ can take
photo____ or make video____ of them eating with their paw____ and
tooth_____, since animals do not use knife____ and fork___ to eat.
TASK 7. Homework. Consult a grammar reference book and make lists of un-
count nouns in the following semantic groups:
o Names of substances and materials (leather, wood…),
o activities and sports (running, gardening…),
o games (billiards, cards…),
o names of subjects (mathematics…),
o languages,
o abstract ideas (love, hope …),
o feelings (joy, shame…),
o qualities (honesty, innocence…),
o illnesses (mumps…),
o names of classes of things, or umbrella terms (furniture, equipment…).
TASK 8. Write as many sentences about true facts as you can with each of the
uncountable nouns below.
E.g. Paper is made from trees. When snow melts it becomes water.
Words to use: gold, meat, salt, rain, sand, oil, wood, water, sugar, glass, butter.
7
TASK 9. Homework. Choose seven of the words below and think of or make up
proverbs, sayings or slogans with them, like this:
History never repeats itself.
All you need is love.
Words to use: age, anger, childhood, courage, death, education, evil, fashion,
money, health, luck, love, music, truth, work, power, justice etc.
NB! You do not use an article before an uncount noun in the general sense
TASK 10. Use these uncount nouns to complete the sentences below.
advice electricity experience equipment happiness help language
information knowledge luggage traffic money travel fun
1. We’ve got a lot of _______but it’s not too heavy.
2. At that time my _______of German was minimal.
3. I’d like some_____about trains, please.
4. Do you have any_____on you?
5. They exported a million dollar’s worth of stereo_______.
6. If you want my______, I think you ought to start all over again.
7. There’s always a lot of ________in the rush hour.
8. Do you cook by gas or by ___________?
9. You can always telephone if you need any _______.
10. Money doesn’t always bring ________.
11. Shakespeare’s ________is magnificent.
12. She’s had nine months’________ as a secretary.
13. All prices include _________ to and from London.
14. The children had great __________ playing with the puppets.
TASK 11. Give Russian equivalents of the following English uncount nouns.
Which verb form do the uncountables agree with, singular or plural?
8
English uncount nouns Russian singular Russian plural
Advice
Applause
Baggage
Cash
Cream
Equipment
Evidence
Fruit
Fruit
Furniture
Hair
Homework
Information
Jewellery
Knowledge
Luggage
Money
Progress
Spaghetti
Toast
Traffic
Uncount nouns ending in -
s:
News
Linguistics
Mathematics
9
Physics
Statistics
Classics
Athletics
Gymnastics
Cards
Checkers
Darts
Billiards
Dominoes
Measles
Mumps
SPELLING and PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE
TASK 12. Add -s or -es to the following words to spell them correctly and prac-
tice pronouncing the final sounds loudly and clearly.
2. – У нас 23 февраля будет выходной. – Это хорошая новость.
3. Легко давать советы, но трудно им следовать.
4. Я люблю тосты на завтрак.
5. У нее роскошные волосы. Мне нравится, как она их укладывает.
6. Я предпочитаю кофе со сливками. А вы? – Я пью кофе с молоком.
7. Мы принимаем только наличные.
8. Они приветствовали певца громкими аплодисментами.
9. Сегодня утром очень интенсивное движение на дорогах.
10. Где ваш багаж? Вы что, путешествуете без багажа? – Да, я люблю
путешествовать налегке.
11. Мои познания во французском довольно скудны.
12. Его комната была заставлена мебелью.
13. Он уничтожил доказательства своей вины.
14. На старой леди было очень много украшений.
15. Отсутствие физической нагрузки может привести к чувству депрес-
сии и истощению.
TASK 18. Can you match these words to the definitions given below? Translate
into Russian.
1. glass 2. a glass 3. paper 4. a paper 5. wood 6. a wood 7. iron 8. an iron
9. string 10. a string 11. coffee 12. a coffee 13. cloth 14. a cloth 15. rubber 16. a rubber
17. lamb 18. a lamb 19. language 20. a language21. tin 22. a tin 23. study 24. a study
25. light 26. a light 27. air 28. an air 29. duck 30. a duck
31. gold 32. a gold 33. play 34. a play 35. thought 36. a thought
12
Definitions:
− a container for drinking out of − a container into which food is put before it is sold − a device for taking unwanted creases out of clothes − a device which we switch on in a room when it goes dark − a form of energy from the sun which enables us to see − a group or clump of trees − a kind of bird which lives on or near water − a kind of meat which we get from a young sheep − a material from which car tyres, for example, are made − a material from which clothes are made − a mental process − a metal, chemical symbol Fe, from which steel is made − a metal, chemical symbol Sn, used in the manufacture of food containers − a piece of material used for wiping or cleaning things − a precious metal, chemical symbol Au − a quiet room where you go to think or work − a story performed on stage by actors − a substance used for making a stimulating drink − a substance used, for example, in windows − a tune or melody; also used to describe someone's manner or appearance − an activity performed purely for pleasure; not work − an animal, the young of a sheep − an idea − English, Spanish, Arabic or Japanese, for example − material for writing on − meat from a particular kind of bird − popular name for the medal awarded to the best performer in an Olympic
event − refers to a cup containing a drink made from this substance − something which you use for tying up parcels, for example − something which you use to get rid of a pencil mark − the activity of learning − the faculty or ability by which human beings communicate with each other − the material obtained from trees with which we make furniture, for example − the part of a guitar, for example, which you pluck in order to make a note − the stuff we breathe in order to stay alive − The Times or The Daily Mirror for example
13
TASK 19. Divide the nouns below into countable, uncountable or those that can
be either uncountable or countable in different contexts. Translate into Russian.
15. music 16. knowledge 17. marriage 18. information 19. news 20. mail 21. shelf 22. tooth 23. knife 24. pea 25. lettuce 26. pasta 27. advice
TASK 50. Homework. Prepare to take part in a role play.
One student is a seller and the other is a buyer. The seller has eight pictures with
the names of items to sell. The buyer has a shopping list with ten items to buy.
Prepare the pictures and act out a dialogue.
E.g. – Do you have any apples? – Yes, how many did you want / do you need? – A pound, please. – Here you are. Or – No, I’m sorry. I don’t have any.
TASK 51. Substitute LITTLE, A LITTLE, FEW, A FEW for the underlined
words. Which of these quantifiers express a negative meaning? Translate into
Russian.
1. There are several things we have to talk about.
2. A lot of food was prepared but hardly any of it was eaten.
3. Would you like some more cake?
4. There are not many people who can be trusted any more.
34
5. There’s practically no reason to apologize.
6. Hardly any people managed to attend the concert.
7. There are still some people who can be trusted.
8. What about spending two or three days in the country?
9. I think there still a drop of wine left.
10. He is not an expert but he knows something about cars.
11. A lot of people have tried, but almost none of them has succeeded.
12. There is not much you can do to help.
TASK 52. Oral work. Use THERE IS/ARE FEW/LITTLE + a noun. Choose ten
of the nouns below. Expand the contexts and translate into Russian.
E.g. There’s little furniture in my room. I need to buy a desk and a chair. (мало) It’s evening and so there are few sheep in the field. (мало, почти нет)
nuts, honey, sugar, pasta, chocolates, coffee etc.
TASK 56. Choose the correct option.
1. I need a few/a little tomatoes, a few/a little cheese, and a/some milk.
2. How many/much rice do you want?
3. He is buying a little/a few butter.
4. She eats too many/much oranges.
5. Can you give me a/some chicken?
6. I eat less/fewer eggs.
7. This soup has too much/many salt.
TASK 57. What do you like to put on your food? Do you like to put A LOT OF
pepper on your food or just A LITTLE? Ask and answer as in the example.
A. I like to put a lot of ketchup on my chips. And you? B. Me too, but sometimes I like a little salt and vinegar instead. Do you take any vinegar with your food? …
TASK 58. Fill in the blanks with A FEW, A LITTLE, (VERY) FEW, (VERY)
LITTLE, MUCH, MANY, A LOT / LOTS OF, PLENTY OF.
A.
1. The exam results were disappointing – there were __________ students
who had passed.
2. Were there _______ people at the meeting?
3. Please, eat up; there’s _______ food.
4. It was a pleasant garden. There were flowers and __________ trees as
well as a beautiful lawn.
5. There was _______ food in the fridge so we had a snack.
6. Nowadays there are ______ families that could afford to spend their holi-
days abroad.
7. The new president was almost unknown abroad. There were ________
people who knew his name.
8. You don’t need to hurry – there’s still ________ time left.
9. I tried to help but there was ________ I could do.
10. The northeast has become a depressed area with ______ unemployment.
There are ____ jobs for school-leavers.
11. There wasn’t _______ furniture in the flat – just ________ chairs.
12. There are _______ eggs and _______ bacon. Will you go and buy some?
13. There are _______ people who can say that they always tell the truth.
14. There’s _______ dust on these books. Fetch me a duster.
15. There wasn’t _______ we could do so we went home.
16. I’ll have to work after hours today – there are ________ things to do till
tomorrow.
17. His ideas are difficult and there are ______ people who understand them.
18. His ideas are difficult but there are ______ people who understand them.
19. There was ______ hope – the patient was obviously dying.
20. The patient seemed to be dying but there still was ______ hope.
38
B.
21. Ann’s previous employer gave her a good recommendation because she
makes _______ mistakes in her work.
22. After Rodney tasted the soup, he added _______ salt to it.
23. I don’t like a lot of salt in my food. I add _______ salt to my food.
24. Jim seems to be very unpopular in his class – he has _______ friends.
25. I’ve got to go to the post office because I have ________ letters to mail.
26. Every day Max goes to his mailbox but, it is usually empty. He gets
_______ mail.
27. We got there quickly because there was _______ traffic.
28. I think you could use some help. Let me give you _______ advice.
29. There’s _______ fruit in the house – just an apple and a banana.
30. – Have you finished? – Not yet, I need _______ more time.
31. – Have you finished? – Not yet, I need _______ more minutes.
32. Into each life _______ rain must fall. (a saying)
TASK 59. Cross out the expressions that cannot be used to complete the sen-
tence correctly.
E.g. I bought ________furniture.
a. some b. a couple of x c. several x d. too much e. too many x f. a little g. a lot of h. a few x i. plenty of j. a great deal of k. a great number of x
1. I received _____letters.
2. I received _____mail.
39
3. Isabel has _____assignments.
4. Isabel has ______homework.
5. Ann is wearing ______rings.
6. Ann is wearing______ jewellery.
7. Steve has bought ______fruit.
8. Steve has bought ______apples.
9. We’ve got _______milk in the fridge.
10. We’ve got _______sandwiches in the fridge.
11. They’ve brought______oranges,_____sugar,______jam and _______big
Macs.
12. There are ____things you can do to help.
13. Don’t worry. There’s_______time.
14. He’s got______qualifications.
15. There’s ________salt in the soup.
16. She earns_______money.
17. We have got______work to do.
TASK 60. Homework. In pairs, think of a recipe and make a list of the ingredi-
ents you need. Stand in front of the class and use your list to act out a dialogue
as if you are making a shopping list for this dish. The other students try to guess
what you are planning to cook.
Model: – Now, do we have everything we need? – Well, let’s see. There are a few/little…, but there aren’t/isn’t any … – Are/Is there any …? – A few/a little, but we don’t need many/much, so that’s OK. – We need a few/little…. Have we got any? – No, we need to buy some. – All right. And how much/many… is/are there ? … Etc. … – Would you like me to help with the shopping? – Yes, please.
40
Make use of the phrases:
I don’t think we need much/many…
Well, there’s/no/hardly any few little …. left and only a little (bit of)/a few….
How many/much…have we got left?
Why don’t we get some…..and a little/a few…?
Oh, that would be nice. I’ll get a few/little more…. And some… as well.
1.3.3. ARTICLES
TASK 61. Complete the limerick below with THE, A/AN or – (no article). Can
you explain the use of the articles?
There was ____ young lady from Niger,
Who smiled as rode on ____ tiger.
They came back from ____ ride
With ____ lady inside
And ____ smile on ____ face of ____ tiger.
TASK 62.
A. Read the information on the use of articles below and fill in the gaps with
«definite» or «indefinite».
When we use the _______________ article, the message we want to commu-
nicate to out listener/reader is:
A) «You don’t know which one I mean (yet)». or B) «It doesn’t matter which one, it could be any». or C) «It’s this type of thing». or D) «One thing of this type».
41
When we use the _______________ article, the message we want to commu-
nicate to out listener/ reader is:
E) «You know which one(s) I mean, I’ve mentioned it (them) before». or F) «You know which one(s) I mean, it’s the one(s) which has (have) this
particular characteristic».
or G) «You know which one I mean, it’s the only one here/ there/in the situa-tion». or
H) «You know which one I mean, it’s the only one in the world».
B. Now match each case of the use of articles in the sentences below with the
appropriate definition above.
1. She’s got two children: a boy and a girl. The boy’s 14 and the girl’s 8.
2. She’s an architect.
3. Ann’s in the kitchen.
4. A doctor must like people.
5. Did you lock the car?
6. Could you lend me a pen?
7. Who’s the girl over there with John?
8. I haven’t seen the sun for days.
9. A spider has eight legs.
10. What did you do with the camera I lent you?
11. My brother’s going out with a French girl.
12. Don’t use your place as an ashtray.
13. It’s a good car.
14. I love listening to the wind.
42
TASK 63. Write five interesting statements, each of which combines a word
from box A with a word from box B. Make sure you use articles appropriately.
e.g.: Time is more important than money.
Time youth wisdom health death man men
gold music love humour
moon day
+
war sky night life money experience woman
women peace silver happiness intelligence
TASK 64. Use the patterns WHAT ...! or WHAT A(N) ...! to make exclama-
TASK 102. Underline the correct item. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Computers are wide/widely used in schools nowadays.
2. The arrow flew wide/widely off the target.
3. Students can enter the museum free/freely on Saturdays.
4. He free/freely admitted to being a liar.
5. I like sitting near/nearly the fire.
6. Be careful! You near/nearly crashed into that cyclist.
7. She left too late/lately to catch the train.
8. Have you seen any new films late/lately?
75
9. The death of his friend affected him deep/deeply.
10. To find water they had to dig deep/deeply into the ground.
11. I think he’s a pretty/prettily good singer, actually.
12. The little girl laughed pretty/prettily at the sight of the puppy.
13. He tries very hard/hardly to make her happy.
14. She used to be a great musician, but she hard/hardly plays at all now.
15. Tommy came last/lastly in the 100m sprint.
16. Last/lastly, I would like to thank the caterers for providing such deli-
cious food.
17. Mr Tibbs isn’t in at the moment, but he’ll be here short/shortly.
18. The policemen stopped short/shortly when they saw the robber had a
gun.
19. The eagle was flying high/highly above the mountains.
20. My father is a high/highly respected surgeon.
2.2. COMPARISON
TASK 103. The tables below show the way adverbs and adjectives build forms
of comparison. Consult a grammar reference book and complete the table below
by supplying the missing forms and some example sentences.
COMPARISON: ADJECTIVES
POSITIVE FORM COMPARATIVE
FORM
SUPERLATIVE
FORM
1. One-syllable adjectives:
hot
large
long
+ …ER THAN …
________
________
________
THE +…EST (of all/in…)
________
________
________
76
2. Two-syllable adjectives:
2.1. ending in -y:
happy
funny
pretty
2.2. ending in -ly:
friendly
early
________
2.2. ending in -er:
clever
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
3. Other two-syllable adjec-
tives:
pleased
modern
afraid
common
4. Three- and multi-
syllable adjectives:
confident
intelligent
________
MORE … THAN …/
LESS … THAN …
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
THE MOST …/ LEAST
(of all/in…)
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
77
IRREGULAR FORMS:
good
bad
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
Other comparative structures:
AS … AS … :
e.g. Anna is as beautiful as her sister. e.g.________________ ___________________ e.g.________________ __________________
NOT SO/AS… AS… :
e.g. Anna is not so clever as her sister. e.g.________________ __________________ e.g.________________ __________________
THE … + ER/ MORE…,
THE … + ER/ MORE…:
e.g. The more expensive the ring, the better. e.g._______________ __________________ e.g._______________ __________________ e.g.________________ __________________ e.g.________________ __________________
COMPARISON: ADVERBS
POSITIVE FORM COMPARATIVE
FORM
SUPERLATIVE
FORM
Normally:
Carefully
Quickly
MORE __________
________________
MOST _____________
_________________
SPECIAL CASES:
adverbs that look the same as related adjectives, change like adjectives
Fast ___________ ___________
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Hard
Early
________
________
________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
IRREGULAR FORMS:
Badly
Well
Little
Much
Far
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Other types of comparative structures:
AS … AS … :
e.g. Он бежал так бы-стро, как мог. → ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________
NOT SO/ AS… AS… :
e.g. Он выполнил это уп-ражнение не так хоро-шо, как предыдущее. → ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________
THE MORE…/…+ER
THE MORE…/…+ER:
e.g.Чем более вежливо ты просишь, тем бы-стрее добьешься сво-его. → ____________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ e.g. Чем быстрее мы пойдем, тем раньше туда доберемся. → ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________
TASK 104. Write the comparative and superlative of the following adjectives.
TASK 108. Use the ideas below to make up sentences containing superlatives.
1. Last night there was a terrible storm. Nobody could remember a worse one.
2. Rita is a very ungrateful girl. In fact I can’t remember meeting anyone as un-
grateful as her.
3. Last night we saw a marvelous production of Carmen. I can’t remember see-
ing such a marvelous production before.
4. I’ve never met anyone as lazy as Carl.
5. Tom told me of the break up of his romance with Liz. I haven’t heard such a
sad story for ages.
6. None was as helpful and kind as Patricia when I first came to work in the of-
fice.
7. I haven’t had such a delicious meal for a long time.
8. I haven’t been to such a noisy party for a long time.
9. In Cyril’s opinion Maria was prettier than any of the girls at the dance.
10. I have never met such an ignorant person before.
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TASK 109. Put the adjectives and adverbs in brackets in the comparative form.
Feel Young and Bright with SUPPAVITE
Are you not ……(1.young) you used to be? Do you
feel….and…(2.tired) in the mornings? When you get in from work, do you
get ready to go out…(3.quickly) possible so that you can go and meet your
friends? No? You probably go out ….(4.often) now than you used to. You
just don’t seem to have the energy for it anymore. You used to do everything
so much….(5.enthusiastically), but now all you want to do is stay at home.
What you need is Suppavite, an amazing new vitamin supplement that
will restore some of that youthful energy. After a couple of weeks of taking
Suppavite, you’re likely to find that you’re getting up …(6.early), getting
things done….(7.fast) and approaching life….(8.energetically) and
…(9.optimistically) than you have done for years.
Your friends will wonder how you are coping so much….(10.well) with
the rigours of daily life than they are.
TASK 110. Use the comparative form of the adjective/adverb in brackets.
1. My mother’s driving is getting____and_____ (dangerous) as the years go by.
2. My temper is getting______and______(bad).
3. It’s getting _______and_________(hard) to find time for everything you
want to do.
4. The ________he ignores her, the ________(miserable) she gets.
5. The _______ ice-cream he eats, the___________(fat) he gets.
6. The _______you eat, the________(full) you get.
7. The ________I try, the _______(successful) I am.
8. The _______(long) I carried the box, the_________(heavy) it became.
9. The noise got_______(loud) and_______(loud) until I couldn’t bear it any
longer.
10. The________(high) he jumped, the______(loud) the crowd cheered.
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11. Cars are getting_______(cheap) and________(cheap) as the years go by.
12. The _____(early) we set off, the________(early) we’ll arrive.
13. The______(old) he gets, the_______(tall) he grows.
14. It rained _____(hard) and_____(hard) until the river burst its banks.
15. The _____(rich) you are, the______(few) friends you have.
16. Life is getting ______(hard) and________(hard).
17. The ____(old) she gets, the______(sophisticated) she becomes.
TASK 111. Put the words into the comparative adjective or adverb form.
1. I sleep much…(heavy) than I used to.
2. She’s become much…(happy) since she stopped seeing Derek.
3. He has to work a lot…(hard) in this new job than he used to in his old
one.
4. I always feel …(healthy) when I’m on holiday than when I’m at work.
5. It all happened…(sudden) than I was expecting.
6. I think the meal’s going to be …(expensive) than we anticipated.
7. That child ate …(hungry) than any child I’ve ever seen.
8. This curry tastes…(hot) than you usually make it.
9. I occasionally go to the gym but I should go …(frequent) than I do.
10. He was injured…(serious) than any of the others.
11. He made me…(furious) than I’ve ever been in my life.
12. He treats her…(considerate) now than he used to.
13. The weather has turned…(cold) recently.
14. Your hair looks much…(nice) like that.
15. I wish she would write …(clear).
16. I hope this exam is…(easy) than the one I did yesterday.
17. She took the news…(calm) than I thought she would.
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TASK 112. Write the comparative or superlative form of a word from the box
for each blank.
Beautiful early fast fluently hard late easily peacefully quickly sensitively
1. If we don’t walk ____, we’ll never arrive on time.
2. She sings_____than anyone else I’ve ever heard.
3. Andy’s the most intelligent, but Sue works_______.
4. Eight is late- could you possibly get here any______?
5. Of all the children Helen writes_______.
6. I would sleep________if I weren’t worried about Tom.
7. For the 10.20 train,______we can leave home is 10.
8. Mark speaks French_____of all the boys in his class.
9. German is the language he speaks________.
10. Walk a bit_______. We’re going to be late.
TASK 113. Give the correct form of the adverb.
1. She drives (careful) ___________ than he does.
2. I think Sarah works (hard) ___________ of us all.
3. He helps me (little) ___________ than he used to.
4. The kite flew (high) ___________ in the sky.
5. The bridesmaids were (pretty) ___________ dressed in pink.
6. The treasure was buried (deep) ___________ underground.
7. She (near) ___________ fainted when she heard the news.
8. Children under 5 years old travel (free) ___________.
9. He speaks (soft) ___________.
10. Helen speaks Spanish (fluent) ___________ than a year ago.
TASK 114. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms, and than, of or the where
appropriate.
1. Can you come (early)?
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2. Can’t you drive any (fast)?
3. Could you talk (quiet)?
4. I’m getting (fat) and (fat).
5. Mary’s (tall) her three sisters.
6. Mary’s (tall) of the four girls.
7. Now he visits us (often) than before.
8. Now we see a lot (much) of him than before.
9. They put on two classes – one for (clever) students and one for (slow)
learners.
10. This way, it’s (easy) to see.
11. We’re going (slow) and (slow).
12. We’ve all got (terrible) voices, but I sing (bad) of all.
13. Your accent is (bad) mine.
14. You speak English (good) than anyone I know.
15. (old) I get, (happy) I am.
16. (dangerous) it is, (much) I like it.
17. (much) I study, (little) I learn.
18. (much) money he makes, (much) useless things he buys.
19. How do you like your coffee? – (strong), (good).
20. Usually (hard) you try, (much) you achieve.
TASK 115. Put the adjectives and adverbs into the comparative or superlative
form.
1. This seems to be a_______(sensible) system than the one we use.
2. When our football team played last week (the score was 0/0) the crowd
were_________(excited) than today (the score was 3/3).
3. Caruso had _____(magnificent) tenor in Italy.
4. Ms. Jones is _______(sympathetic) doctor than Ms. Reeds. I’d better con-
sult Ms. Reeds.
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5. He’s __________(remarkable) man I have ever interviewed
6. This is ________(pretty) picture than the one I saw yesterday.
7. It was _________(marvelous) performance I have ever seen.
8. He looked at me _________(angrily) than an hour ago.
9. She paints __________(frequently) now as she is pressed for time.
10. He ran _____(quickly) ______possible to the nearest telephone box.
11. I think he’s bought ______(beautiful) car than the one he had. – Tastes dif-
fer, you know!
12. Peter is _________(smart) in the family.
13. I have never met ________(efficient) secretary than Helen. Why doesn’t he
dismiss her?
14. Geoff ran even__________(good) than Eric, but Tom ran _______(good)
of all.
15. His composition was _____(bad) in the group. – No wonder! He should
have worked _____(hard).
16. I have never seen ________(beautiful) landscape than this before!
17. It will run ________(smoothly) if you put more oil on it.
18. Football is _______ (exciting) than cricket.
19. She lives 3 miles _______(far) away from the office than I do.
20. This car is twice________(expensive) ______that one.
21. Let’s hope there won’t be any _________(far) delays.
22. Is that _______(fast) you can drive?
TASK 116. Write comparative sentences, using emphatic far more/far less,
much/more, or much/less.
1. Constable was _______(quiet) man than Turner.
2. Kevin plays the guitar _______(good) than George.
3. Pele is ______(popular) in South America than in Europe.
4. Andy is _____(intellectual) than Dan.
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5. Tom is ______(bored) by the lecture than Mike.
6. The red dress was _______(expensive) than the green one.
7. His car is ________(fast) than mine.
8. Tony is__________(polite) than his brother Jack.
9. In real life Liz seemed to be _________(beautiful) than in the photo. She was
absolutely stunning!
10. Ann is _______(romantic) than Derek. It’s not surprising! He’s a man.
11. He was _____(old) than I remembered him.
12. He drove _________(carefully) than he should have.
TASK 117. Composition time. Write a short composition comparing the lives of
two people doing very different jobs: a farm labourer and a bank clerk perhaps,
or a shop assistant and a teacher. Write about the hours they work, the money
they earn, their working condition, their holiday. Use the prompts: well paid/low
paid, stressful, dangerous, hard, long hours, flexible, part-time/full-time etc.
TASK 118. Find out some of the following things and write sentences.
Who: sings best/worst, cooks better/worse than you, can run fastest, gets up ear-
liest/latest, goes to bed later/earlier than you, gets better/higher grades, works
hardest, speaks more/less fluently/distinctly than you, dresses better, laughs
loudest, misses classes most often etc.
2.3. REVISION
TASK 119. Spot the mistakes (1–3 in each sentence) and correct them.
1. More women are involved in the politics than in every country in world.
2. To get to leisure centre, go along the Coronation Avenue and take first right.
3. Anyone can have look at church even if they don’t go to the church on Sun-
days.
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4. If you drive so careless you’ll bump into that tree.
5. The pollution is very great problem in world today.
6. Traffic was so heavy that we couldn’t cross a road.
7. She speaks perfectly English language.
8. Tiger has escaped from zoo.
9. Fish I caught yesterday were bigger then the ones I’ve caught today.
10. The vegetarians never eat the meat.
11. A chair is least comfortable than he armchair.
12. I’m taking a dog for walk.
13. I didn’t like actor who played a villain.
14. He always stays at Ritz when he goes to the Great Britain.
15. Does your watch keep a good time?
16. John is not so athletic than Nick.
17. She was an only one who understood the Russsian.
18. She always dresses untidyly.
19. It’s easy said than done.
20. Less people come to the party the best.- No, more- merrier.
21. Yesterday evening fire badly damaged Grand Hotel.
22. After she had done washing – up she went shopping.
23. You will make a good progress if you make the exercises carefully.
24. The driver stopped shortly.
25. He’s the nicest when he’s had a few drinks.
26. Call me if you need farther information.
TASK 120. Translate into English.
1. Она быстро ответила на вопрос.
2. Певцы плохо выступили.
3. Ты вела себя глупо.
4. Пошли это письмо по электронной почте.
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5. Она встала сегодня очень поздно.
6. Я играю лучше, чем ты.
7. Поезд прибыл рано.
8. Я за последнее время прочитала 3 книги.
9. Он чуть не упал с лошади.
10. Самолет летел очень высоко.
11. В прошлую среду я очень упорно работала.
12. Он посмотрел на незнакомца подозрительно.
13. Вы хорошо готовите.
14. Эта музыка красивая. /звучит хорошо/
15. Это яблоко невкусное.
16. Это самое ценное кольцо в его коллекции.
17. Я сейчас читаю гораздо меньше, чем раньше.
18. Она почти ничего не ела за обедом.
19. Мне нужна дополнительная информация.
20. Моя комната больше, чем твоя.
21. Я купила самое последнее издание этой газеты.
22. Она моя старшая сестра.
23. Кто самый старший в группе?
24. Вы слышали последние новости?
25. У меня меньше денег, чем у тебя.
26. Мой стол самый аккуратный в офисе.
27. Сара работает усерднее всех в группе.
28. Это самый плохой отпуск в моей жизни.
29. Попробуй говорить медленнее. Ей будет легче тебя понимать.
TASK 121. Proofread the following sentences (find and correct mistakes, if any).
1. I waited nervous in the waiting-room before the interview.
2. He thinks he is the world’s strong man.
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3. Why were you so unfriendly when I saw you yesterday?
4. Tim’s French is not very good but he speaks German perfect.
5. She speaks fluently English.
6. She’s the fastest player of the team.
7. Don’t walk so fast! Can you walk slowlier?
8. The children behaved very good.
9. The company’s financial situation is not well at the moment.
10. Why don’t you write to me a bit oftener?
11. She’s older than I.
12. Her illness wasn’t as serious than we thought.
13. Now it’s the hardest to find a job than 20 years ago.
14. Is your headache better? – No, it’s the worst.
15. The earliest we leave, the sooner we’ll arrive.
16. She’s the cleverest from them all.
17. I’m very tired. I can’t walk more far.
18. What’s your less favourite subject? – I hate Maths.
19. Your joke was more funnier of his one.
20. Love is the most important in the world.
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REFERENCES
1. Biber, D. Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English / D. Biber, S. Conrad, G Leech, – Наrlоw : Longman, 2003. – 487 р. 2. Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary оn CD-ROМ. HarperCollins Publishers, 2003. 3. Dean, M. English Grammar Lessons. Upper-Intermediate. – Oxford : OUP, 1993. – 172 р. 4. Fall, D. First Certificate Avenues. D. Fall, A. Kelly. – Cambridge : СUР, 2000. – 193 р. 5. Hashemi, L. English Grammar in Use Supplementary Exercises / L. Hashemi, R. Murphy. – Cambridge : СUР, 2005. – 136 р. 6. Key, S. Inside Out. Intermediate / S. Key, V. Jones. – Oxford : Macmil-lan Publishers Ltd, 2004. – 160 р. 7. Key, S. Inside Out. Upper-Intermediate / S. Key, V. Jones – Ox-ford :Macmillan Publishers Ltd, 2001. – 160 р. 8. Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture / ed. Director D. Summers. – Наrlоw : Longman, 1992. – 1528 р. 9. Redman, S. English Vocabulary in Use. Pre-Intermediate and Interme-diate / S. Redman, – Cambridge, 2002. – 270 р. 10. Redman, S. English Vocabulary in Use. Upper-Intermediate / S. Redman, – Cambridge, 2001. – 296 р. 11. Swan, M. Practical English Usage / M. Swan. – Oxford : Oxford Univer Press, 1995. – 639 р. 12. Swan, M. How English Works / M. Swan, C. Walter. – Oxford : OUP, 2002. – 358 р. 13. Tompson, A., Martinet, A. A Practical English Grammar / A. Tompson, A. Martinet – Oxford : Oxford Univer Press, 2001. – 383 р.
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Учебное издание
FOCUS ON NOMINALS: PRACTICE GRAMMAR BOOK
FOR INTERMEDIATE LEARNERS OF ENGLISH
Учебное пособие для вузов
Составители: Бочарова Марина Владимировна,
Ульянова Нина Павловна.
Редактор: И.Г. Валынкина
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