Focus on Mozambique

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A decade experimenting disaster risk reduction strategiesMozambique


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I

Mozambique

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A decade experimenting disaster risk reduction strategies


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IIITABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents

CHAPTER

05

Working with Communities| Pages 19 - 24

CHAPTER

06

Demonstrative Interventions| Pages 25 - 38

Ten Years working in Mozambique| Page V

TEN YEARSworking inMozambique

CHAPTER

01

Mozambique at a glance| Pages 01 - 04

CHAPTER

02

UN-Habitat Activities | Pages 05 - 10

CHAPTER

03

Mapping the risk| Pages 11 - 14

CHAPTER

04

Innovation in Technical Features| Pages 15 - 18

Foreword| Page II

FOREWORD


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FOCUS ON MOZAMBIQUE: A decade experimenting disaster risk reduction strategiesIV


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VTEN YEARS WORKING IN MOZAMBIQUE

Ten years working in Mozambique

The main aim of this publication is to focuson UN-Habitats activities for reducingthe vulnerability of local population living

in disaster-prone areas in the long-term whichhave been implemented in different locationsof Mozambique since 2002. Particular attentionis given to innovative architectural solutionsadopted as preventive measures for floods,cyclones and droughts. The work shows howthe aforementioned solutions are the resultof a process that starts from the roots of localpractices, in terms of materials and buildingtechniques, to improve and make themresistant to environmental conditions wherecommunities live. The concept of living withthese different kinds of natural hazards in areasprone to small and moderate events is basedon the identification of sustainable architecturalalternatives to massive resettlement operations ofthe population. This work, through an in-depthanalysis of the most relevant demonstrativearchitectural interventions implemented inMozambique, explains through text, graphsand photos, how UN-HABITAT strategies havedeveloped.

Furthermore, the work takes into considerationthe role of the United Nations as a partner

of government and local authorities, localcommunities and civil society, academia andother stakeholders, in the development ofawareness materials, training and capacitybuilding activities, strategic studies and analyticalmaps, local participatory action plans andvulnerability reduction strategies. These havebeen adequately considered in the UnitedNations Development Assistance Framework forMozambique for which the Delivering as Oneapproach is consolidating.


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FOCUS ON MOZAMBIQUE: A decade experimenting disaster risk reduction strategiesVI FOCUS : eca e ex erimenti r re uction straVI


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FOCUS ON MOZAMBIQUE: A decade experimenting disaster risk reduction strategies02

Zambezi River2001/2007/2008Floods

Save River

2000 Flood

Gaza -Inhambane ProvincesChronicle Drought

Limpopo River

2000 Flood

Gaza Province2000Cyclone Eline

Vilankulo2007Cyclone Fvio

Nampula Province2008Cyclone Jkw

Pemba

Nampula

Angoche

Nacala

Ilha deMoambique

Lichinga

Tete

Quelimane

Beira

Vilankulo

Inhambane

Xai Xai

Maputo City

MAP 1: Main natural disasters occurred in Mozambique duringthe last decade 9 (2000 - 2010)


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FOCUS ON MOZAMBIQUE A d d i ti di t i k d ti t t i06


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MAP 3:Flood-prone areas in Mozambique

ZAMBEZIA

NAMPULA

CABODELGADO

NIASSA

TETE

SOFALA

MANICA

INHAMBANE

GAZA

Maputo city

MAPUTO

Lichinga

Pemba

Ilha deMoambique

Nacala

Nampula

Angoche

Quelimane

Tete

Beira

Vilankulo

Inhambane

Xai Xai

NATIONAL BOUNDARIES

Limpopo River Basin

Save River Basin

Zambezi River Basin

UN-HABITAT Activity Sites

PROVINCE BOUNDARIES

Main Urban Settlements

MAP 2: UN-Habitat Activities in Mozambique

07


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07UN-HABITAT ACTIVITIES

MAP 4:Cyclone-prone areas in Mozambique MAP 5:Drought-prone areas in Mozambique



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Recognising the need to mitigatethe impact of disasters through riskreduction strategies, representativesof Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambiqueand the Union of Comoros agreed onthe need for establishing a sub-regionaltechnical centre to support national and

local efforts to address disaster risk andclimate change in the Southern Africasub-region. In 2010, UN-Habitat wasasked to facilitate the process. To thisend the agency along with its partnershas worked for creating the conditionsfor establishing a Sub-Regional TechnicalCentre for Disaster Risk Reductionand Climate Change Adaptation forSouthern Africa with the financial

support of the European CommissionDirectorate-General for HumanitarianAid and Civil Protection (ECHO) throughits disaster preparedness programme.

This country-driven technical centreshould initially provide support to thefour countries to build the resilienceof communities to disasters and tothe effects of climate change through

a number of activities, maximising theuse of existing technical capacities andlearning from existing practices andon-going actions in the region. Theprocess for establishing the Centre is stillon-going based on the feasibility studyconducted in 2011. The United NationsInternational Strategy for DisasterReduction is chairing the steering groupfor the establishment of the Centre,

which is involving a broad range ofstakeholders.

UN-Habitat DRR intervention strategy in Mozambique Sub-Regional Technical Centre forDisaster Risk Reduction and ClimateChange Adaptation for Southern

Africa (DIMSUR)

ACADEMIA ANDOTHER STAKEHOLDERS

COMMUNITIES ANDCIVIL SOCIETY

GOVERNMENT ANDLOCAL AUTHORITIES

UN-Habitat

REDUCING THE VULNERABILITY TO NATURAL DISASTERS IN THE LONG-TERM

ACTION PLAN

Characterising the area

Mapping the existing situation

Defining the main problems

Identifying possible solutions

Developing the action plan

Implementing pilot

interventions

INNOVATION PARTICIPATIONAS TOOLS

Awareness materials

Training & Capacity BuildingActivities

Studies & Land Use/Risk Maps

Local Participatory Action Plans

Discussion/Coordination Fora Vulnerability Reduction Strategies

Demonstrative Architectural Projects

Applying innovative technical

STRATEGY

Living with floods

Build better in cyclone-prone areas

Be prepared to droughtconditions


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11MAPPING THE RISK


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MAPPING THE RISK

Mapping the riskCHAPTER

03

River Dynamics

Paved Road

2000 Flood Extent

Villages

Unpaved Road

Nhacomene

BundzulaneMahelene

Chilaulene

Cumbane

Xai Xai

UN-Habitat implemented a sub-regional project in theLimpopo River basin from 2004 to 2007 with as mainobjective to develop and implement participatory land usetools and plans to reduce the impact of floods. The projectwas funded by funded by the Global Environmental Facilityand allowed UN-Habitat to express its mapping capabilitiesfor territorial planning and flood risk mapping using

several techniques such as satellite image processing, aerialphoto interpretation and land cover classification within aGeographic Information System environment.

Under the framework of the Cities in Climate ChangeInitiative, the Municipal Council of Maputo with UN-Habitat technical support conducted in-depth assessmentstudies on the impacts of climate change in the city. Severalaspects were analised from a spatial point of view regardingthe climate and hydrological history in the Maputo micro-region, potential climate change hazards and mapping ofvulnerable areas. In particular an ecological zoning studyof a mangrove pilot site was carried out to harmoniseecosystem conservation with infrastructural developmentand increase its urban, environmental and touristic value.

MAP 6:Floods dynamicsin the lower Limpopo River in 2000



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MAP 7:Hazard-prone areas of Maputo City

13MAPPING THE RISK


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MAP 8:Areas prone to sea erosion in Maputo City



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15INNOVATION IN TECHNICAL FEATURES


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INNOVATION IN TECHNICAL FEATURESCHAPTER

04

The Change

The concept of elevated platform which was appliedin Maniquenique, Gaza province, is raised by 1.5mabove the ground. The structure of the deck isbased on a grid of pine wood beams, with a primarysystem of 228 x 50 x 5cm beams, set at a 150cmaxis. Set orthogonally to the latter is a secondarygrid of beams measuring 152 x 50 x 5cm, set at60cm axis, and reinforced by off-set bracing (152x 50 x 5cm) at 70cm axis. The primary beams aresupported onsite-cast reinforced concrete pilotis.

The entire deck structure is connected to foursquare ring beams in reinforced concrete runningaround the perimeter of the building, and resting ona series of 20cm square reinforced concrete pilotis.The latter are set along the sides of the building at avariable spacing of 150 or 300cm. Along the short

side, two large full height reinforced concrete pierssubstitute the pilotis. The deck is also supported bycentral columns, once again in reinforced concrete,15cm in diameter and set beneath the main beam.The paving in pine wood boards (660 x 22.8 x3.8cm) rests on the structural grid. The reinforcedroof main structure is realised with triangularsemi-trusses in pine wood, with a decreasing slopetowards the rear, set at 150cm axis.

The secondary structure is realised in beams witha section of 7.5 x 3.8 cm, set at 60cm axis. Thisstructure is capable of supporting the weight ofat least 50 people seeking refuge in the eventof flooding. The roof is clad in corrugated steel

decking and ventilated by an opening at the top ofthe exterior walls running along the facades.

A.Coping with floods: Technical solutions and materials

FLOOD LEVEL

ELEVATED PLATFORM SYSTEM

WOOD BOARDS

WOOD BEAMS

CONCRETE PILOTISAND BEAMS

CORRUGATEDSTEEL DECKING

WOODSEMI -TRUSSEDBEAMS

REINFORCED ROOF SYSTEM



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REINFORCED ROOF

ELEVATED PLATFORM

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

REINFORCED CONCRETEPREFABRICATED ROOF

A buildings reaction to cyclone winds is related to itsshape and weight or its technical makeup. These cyclone-resistant houses, in addition to featuring a compact design,are roofed using innovative prefabricated wire meshand concrete structures whose shape, slope and weightare designed to offer protection. The roof is made ofprefabricated vaulted elements, constructed separately and

joined together with cement and mortar. These elementsare low-cost and easily replicable by local communities;with a semi-circular section (75cm diameter) and 5m length,

they are made of fine aggregates concrete reinforced withchicken mesh. The concrete layers are 2cm thick and placedon both sides (bottom and top) of the chicken mesh. Thewire is stuck to three steel bars, two smaller side bars (6mmdiameter) and one central upside bar (8mm diameter) atthe pinnacle. They are put inside the concrete and run forthe entire length and, thanks to these bars; the finishedelement resembles the form of a Greek OMEGA ().

B.Coping with cyclones: technical solutions and materials

1 - ROOF reinforced concrete prefabricated

elements

2 - WALLS

concrete blocks (th=15 cm)

3 - BASEMENT

- concrete screed made of sandand cement (th=10 cm)

- gravel hardcore layer (th=10 cm)

- concrete foundation beams(60 x 40 cm)

4 - DOORS

- wooden door (90 x 210 cm)

5 - WINDOWS

- wood frame without glass

- mosquito net

- wooden panel on the inside

1 - ROOF PREFABRICATED ELEMENTS:

lenght: 400 cmwidht: 75 cmthikness: 4 cmwieght: 50 kg/ m

Each element is made with two layers (th=2cm)of fine aggregates concrete on both sidesreinforced by simple chicken mesh placed in the

middle.

The mesh is stucked to three steel bars:

side bars: 6 mmcentral bar: 8 mm

24

5 5

2

1

3

17INNOVATION IN TECHNICAL FEATURES


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SIMPLECOMPRESSION

STATE

SIMPLETENSION

STATE

SIMPLEBENDING

STATE

CATENARY SHAPE(simple tension state)

ARCH SHAPE(simple compression state)

The use of earth-based materia ls isbecoming increasingly popular, particularlyin developing countries. Following some

joint research work done in the early 2000sby the University Eduardo Mondlane ofMaputo and the University of Witwatersrandin Johannesburg, an earth dome for low-cost and cyclone-proof housing is beingtested in Vilankulo.

The main feature of the solution consists inits shape, which is based on a circle in planand a catenary in section. The main materialsused in building the dome are compressedsoil blocks, a type of composite materialconsisting of porous soil with cement as astabiliser. The blocks strength and durabilitydepend on the proportions of soil, cementand pores resulting from the degree ofcompression. For economic reasons, the

amount of the stiffer and stronger cementphase needs to be minimised.

Blocks are placed along parallel circularhorizontal courses with the help of acompass guide specially designed for thispurpose. Rotating on a central pivot, thecompass places the blocks on a doublecurvature, both horizontal and vertical.The shape, a continuous curve with nointerruption between the walls and the roof,is resistant to winds although window anddoor openings could be possible spots of

weakness and so have to be sized carefully.



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1 concrete dome (th=5 cm)2 concrete blocks (th=15 cm)

3 concrete beam (15x15cm)

4 concrete foundation plynth (20x40 cm)

5 concrete pillar (15x15cm - fe 6mmand 12 mm)

6 concrete (th=6cm) reinforced with doublesteel mesh (th=12 mm)

The multi-purpose resource center project in Chicualacualarepresents an exemplary solution of rainwater harvestingsystems for sustainable living and agriculture. Roof position,orientation and slope allow for receiving sunlight during theearly morning and late afternoon, minimising the heat ofthe critical midday hours. Roof slopes converge in collectingholes to channel water into large tanks, for use duringdroughts.

Another interesting solution is underground community

rainwater tanks. Their circular plan makes them resembleunidentified flying objects which have just landed. Allthat appears above ground is a 60cm high concrete brickwall, surrounded by a flat dome with a hole that letsrainwater in, and another hole used for inspection anddrawing water. The 25cm-thick wall sits on a small concretefoundation plinth, set 45cm below the surface. The 6cmthick dome is made of steel mesh reinforced concrete. Theunderground tank is a huge semi-spherical volume madeof reinforced concrete, with a central concrete pillar. The

semi-spherical structure is 6cm thick and descends 2.5mbelow the surface, with a diameter of 6m. The concretepillar drops 3m below the surface and sits on a 70cm squarefoundation pad.

C. Coping with drought: technical solutions and materials

1

65

42

3

2

3

4

19WORKING WITH COMMUNITIES


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Since 2003, UN-Habitat has developed several tools forincreasing awareness on preparation and adaptationto natural hazards, as well as giving recommendations

and technical innovation regarding the way of thinkingabout architecture and infrastructure solutions in vulnerablesettlements.

Sometimes the Riverand The Changeare the titles of twoanimated (cartoon) short movies produced by UN-Habitattogether with other partners, as part of risk reductionand adaptation to climate change awareness activitiesin Mozambique. Six booklets have been created with asimple and visual language, explaining natural disastersand with recommendations on improving construction of

traditional and modern buildings, which were implementedin practice. These booklets were highly successful atthe community level, dealing with the following topics:Learning How to Live with Floods(a manual associatedwith a card game with the aim of familiarising children andcommunity members with the floods), Building with theWinds(some simple recommendations on how to build incyclone-prone areas), Keeping the Water(describing somerainwater harvesting techniques), Building in Earthquake-Prone Areas, Contributions to Participatory Planning

(through six easy steps) and My Village (including shortstories to be broadcasted through community radios thatcan stimulate the sense of belonging of families resettledas result of flooding). Several posters were produced tocreate awareness in flood prone areas and the whole set isreproduced in a small booklet to be distributed in schools.

One of the most striking products is the River Gamewithwhich, through playing community members can learn howto face the flooding phenomenon.

Working with CommunitiesCHAPTER

05

Awareness materials



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Training


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STAGE 1 -CHARACTERISING THE AREA

Presentation of maps, aerial photographsand/or satellite images

Determining the geographic location of thethe mainfeatures of the area

STAGE 2 -MAPPING THE EXISTING SITUATION

Preparing a land use map

Determining the location of the main infrastructuresand basic services

STAGE 3 -DEFINING THE MAIN PROBLEMS

Drafting a list of the existing problems

Discussing and prioritising the problems

STAGE 4 -IDENTIFYING POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

Proposing solutions

Discussion and definition of interventions

Determining the community contribution

STAGE 5 -DEVELOPING THE ACTION PLAN

Organizing the collected information

Presenting a draft action plan to the community andlocal authorities for their joint assessment, revisionand approval

STAGE 6 -IMPLEMENTING PRIORITY INTERVENTIONS

Defining the responsibilities of each stakeholder

Assessing training and capacity building needs

Preparing all required drawings and projects

Establishing partnerships at all levels

Involving the community in decision making

THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF A PARTICIPATORYPLANNING EXERCISE

MAP 9:Drainage system of Malanga neighbourhood, Maputo City



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HOUSES in VILANKULO

Community involvement in works implementation

SCHOOL in MANIQUENIQUE DOME in VILANKULO

25DEMONSTRATIVE INTERVENTIONS


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Demonstrative InterventionsCHAPTER

06

1.Elevated school in Maniquenique, Chibuto district, Gaza provinceFunded by: Global Environment Facility (GEF)

Implemented by: Government of Mozambique (Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs)

M

aniquenique, in the district ofChibuto, Gaza province, is anisolated area in the midst of the

lower Limpopo River floodplain, characterisedby cyclical floods. The elevated schoolconstructed by UN-Habitat there was thefirst implementation of the support-platformconcept, in response to the local populationsneed for a school. The schools can shelter 850people in case of floods and was built usinglocal labour.

The building is characterised by a rectangular

plan measuring 9 x 22.5 m, with a total floorarea of approximately 200 m2. The interioris subdivided into two large classrooms ofapproximately 60 m2 each and a central spacein correspondence to the entrance, for useby teaching staff. The floor slab is raised 1.5m above the ground, hence above the levelreached by the Limpopo River during the great2000 floods.



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The structure of the slab is based on a grid of pine wood beams, whichare supported on site-cast reinforced concrete pilotis.

The walling along the long sides is made of hollow concrete blocks,which guarantee optimum lighting and ventilation conditions, as wellas an attractive design of the exterior facades. The solid piers in 20 cmthick reinforced concrete reach a maximum height of 6 meters along themain facade, and 4.5 meters at the rear, creating the slope profile of theroof. The structure functions as assembling point for the local populationin case of flooding.

The roof structure, with triangular semi-trusses in pine wood, is capableof supporting the weight of at least 50 people. The roof also allowsrainwater harvesting into gutters and down pipes, which converge in acistern located behind the building with a capacity of 50,000 litres.



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Following the completion of the school, and given thata considerable quantity of materials was left over, thedecision was made to build a second, smaller structurealongside it. It was designed to host a classroomwhich would be elevated through the construction ofa compacted landfill, approximately 120cm in height.

This additional classroom also features a rectangularplan, measuring 9.5 x 5m, and was entirely built usinglocal materials and techniques. The vertical supportsare in pine wood, like the roof structure; a primaryorder of beams rests on the columns below and asecondary order of beams is covered with corrugatedsteel decking, fixed with nails. The walls are made ofreeds, according to the local tradition, and do not fullyenclose the perimeter but leave a horizontal openingbelow the roof for ventilation. This opening is covered

with corrugated iron sheets to protect it from the rain.

Second classroom as an extension of theManiquenique project.



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Inhangoma is located in Mutararadistrict, Tete province, in the midstof the Zambezi River floodplain.The architectural solution herebypresented follows the double-purposebuilding concept: public structuresrequired by communities vulnerableto natural disasters that can serveas shelters in the event of floodingdisasters. The concept has here further

evolved since the elevated school builtin Inhangoma is capable of shelteringmore people while simultaneouslyhousing other functions to maximiseits use.

Inhangoma site

2.Elevated multi-purpose center in Inhangoma, Tete province



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Added to those elements that providesecurity in the case of floods, some traditionalelements widely used in the area werereinterpreted and integrated as fundamentaldesign elements of the architectural project.The aim is that local people can feel at home

in these new buildings.

The principal element is the corridor, thespace between the walls and the roof, whichsurrounds a traditional house in Mozambique.It is a flexible space that is closed or opendepending on the weather conditions and therequired use. The corridor and the vegetablemats that enclose it protect the building fromwind, rain and sun. The leaning roof is a

rainwater-harvesting system to provide safedrinking water, especially in times of disaster.

1 Open Space: meeting and multi-activitiesarea. During a flood, this will be the spaceused for most of the emergency activities.

2 Closed Space:conceived to keep peoplesbelongings during disaster. It will be usedfor different types of activities in normal

times, such as a classroom or communitycentre.

3 Semi-closed Space: this is the corridorthat partly surrounds the building. It isaccessible from all sides for when peoplehave to be rescued or evacuated.

4 The placement of the principal accesses,s ta i r s and ramps a re the na tura lprolongation of the semi-closed corridors

and will facilitate emergency activities.

Architectural Design and Programme


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The kindergarten is also located in Vilankulo and can beused as shelter in case of a cyclone. The vault formworktechnology was developed by the Institute of Cooperationand the United Nation Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganisation Chair for Basic Habitability, Technical Universityof Madrid, and adapted by UN-Habitat in Mozambique.

While analogous to the previously analysed roof structures,in this case the prefabricated vaults are of much largerdimensions, each covering three bays for a total length of9 meters. The curve of the arch of each section measuressome 80cm from the spring point, with a radius ofcurvature of 180cm. Thus the section is not a true semi-circle, but rather a flattened arch.

The dimensions of each single element have been increasedby substituting the chicken wire with a prefabricated solidsteel formwork, used to support the curved slabs until cureand hardening is complete. This element ensures sufficientrigidity to extend the span to 3m. The thickness of theprefabricated elements was increased to 6cm.

R 185

6 cm

120 cm

4.Kindergarten resistant to cyclones in Vilankulo, Inhambane province

25.20

8.

25

FEMALE TOILETS MALE TOILETS

STORAGE

KITCHEN

REFECTORY

OFFICE

MULTI-PURPOSE ROOM



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The dome house, located in the live workshop of cycloneshelters in Vilankulo, represents the state-of-the-art interms of the relationship between building shape andcyclone-performances. The more compact the buildingshape and the steeper the roof slope, the greater theresistance to winds.

The dome house represents the extreme prototype of acompact unit with a continuous curve and no interruptionbetween the walls and roof. The brick structure featurescourses arranged using a large steel compass rotating ona central pivot. The compass, specially designed for thispurpose, is made from a circular rib that rotates arounda central point. During rotation, the rib draws a double-curve: one perfect horizontal circle in plan, and one perfectcatenary in section. After a series of complete rotations,the result is a semi-spherical structure with a diameter of 6

meters. A hole at the top of the semi-sphere guarantees theoptimum natural interior ventilation.

The concept is inspired by historical Arabic constructionsand the works of Hassan Fathy, an architect and urbanplanner active in Egypt in the early 1900s.

6.00

5.Dome house resistant to cyclones in Vilankulo, Inhambane province



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Funded by: Government of Spain through the Millennium Development Goals Trust Fund; Implemented by the National Institute for Disaster Management, through its National Directorate for Arid and Semi-Arid Areas, and the DistrictGovernment of Chicualacuala.

The multi-purpose resource centre project is located in the Chicualacuala district,Gaza province, near the boundary with Zimbabwe. This area is affected by chronicdroughts, and rainfall rarely exceeds a few hundred millimeters per year.

The project is meant to raise awareness amongst local communities for reducingtheir vulnerability, by introducing innovative rainwater harvesting techniques andthrough the testing of drought-resistant crops. The main building area includesoffices, meeting rooms, kitchens, toilets and porches. It provides for housing, asmall factory and storage buildings.

Recreational and playground spaces and public parks are situated next to the

buildings.

The rectangular main building is made of concrete columns and beams. Thesingle-pitched roof structure is made of steel-trussed beams and covered withpre-painted corrugated steel decking. The roof slope has been specially designedfor the collection of rainwater with the use of gutters and down pipes connectedto a water-harvesting system that ends in three underground tanks with a totalcapacity of 40,000 litres.

6.Multi-purpose community center in Chicualacuala, Gaza province

12

3

4

5

6

7

Chicualacuala

OFFICES - 1

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM - 2

HOUSING - 3

SMALL FACTORY - 4

STORAGE AREA - 5

PLAYGROUND - 6

CULTIVATED AREA - 7

OFFICES - 1

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM - 2

HOUSING - 3

SMALL FACTORY - 4

STORAGE AREA - 5

PLAYGROUND - 6

CULTIVATED AREA - 7



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The most interesting feature of the project is the complexrainwater harvesting system, using roofs that are similarto canopies, situated above the cultivated fields. Thegeometrical form allows the roof harvesting system tointeract with renewable energies, such as sunlight, creatinga new type of sustainable agriculture. The roof slopesconverge in collection holes used to channel water intolarge tanks. Collected rainwater can then be used to irrigatecrops in the fields.

OFFICE OFFICE

OFFICEOFFICE

MEETINGROOM

COMMUNITYRADIO

RAINWATERTANK

RAINWATERTANK

DISTRIBUTION

KITCHEN

STORAGE

TOILETS

SERVICE

RAINWATERTANK

49.70

11.00



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In March 2008 approximately 200,000 people wereaffected by cyclone Jokwe in northern Mozambique,e spec ia l l y Nampula prov ince where pub l i cinfrastructure such as health centres, schools and morethan 40,000 houses were destroyed. UN-Habitats idea

was to design simple community shelters in isolatedand vulnerable locations ensuring maximum use oflocal knowledge, building techniques and materials tofacilitate maintenance and replication at communitylevel. The adopted architectural design is based inone cyclone-resistant prototype developed by Care inMadagascar. The model was upgraded to allow its usefor multipurpose activities.

For this purpose, shelters of 120-150 m2were designed

to accommodate a maximum of 250-300 persons witha reinforced wooden structure using "A" shape with40-450pitch slope. The construction was implementedusing local master builders who were trained toimprove their knowledge. The structure includedreinforced bracing and connections between parts,local ballast foundations to resist the wind uplift forces.The roofing was made with reinforced traditionalwoven palm leaves, incorporating rainwater harvestingsystem, and sanitation facilities were included.

7. CYCLONE COMMUNITY SHELTERS IN NAMPULA PROVINCE



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Manica province is located at the southern end of theGreat African Rift and was affected in February 2006by an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 on the Richter scalewhich provoked consistent infrastructure and buildingdamage. It was the more important earthquake recorded inMozambique in the last century.

UN-Habitat has carried out a feasibility study for designingarchitectural models of non-engineered earthquakeresistant houses inspired from traditional techniques andmaking use of local materials. The idea is to train localmaster builders in improved construction techniques. In-depth interviews were carried out among the targetedcommunities regarding the best housing design to beadopted. The proposed solution involves the use of doublewalls of stabilised soil blocks filled in with a structure inbamboo for confering the required flexibility to the house

overall structure, and reinforced foundations in concrete.

8.Construction of non-engineered earthquake resistant houses in Manica province


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HS/059/12ISBN: 978-92-1-132479-2ISBNE (El i ) 921 1 131496 8


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UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMMEP.O.Box 30030,Nairobi 00100,Kenya;Tel: +254-20-7623120;Fax: +254-20-76234266/7 (Central ofce)[email protected] www.unhabitat.org

ISBNE (Electronic): 921-1-131496-8

The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) in Mozambique concerns all the strategic areas ofintervention of the Agency and, therefore, is probably oneof the most complete in the world.

This publication presents only part of the work whichis being carried out by UN-Habitat in Mozambique, byfocusing essentially on disaster risk reduction interventions,which proved to be highly innovative and are consideredamong the best practices of the Agency. Other activities

concern sustainable urban planning, urban legislation andpolicy formulation, slum upgrading through delivery ofbasic services, municipal capacity development, climatechange adaptation and mitigation, urban economy andmunicipal finance, studies and research, advocacy, technicalsupport to several governmental and non governmentalbodies and organisations, and coordination within theUnited Nations system in Mozambique. Hence, the mainobjective of this publication is to showcase the importanceof country activities and how these can positively influence

the normative work of the Agency at the global level.

There is little doubt that the urban agenda has becomea top priority in modern history, especially in the Africancontinent, hence UN-Habitat is more needed today thanever. The programme in Mozambique can show the way tomany others.

Focus on Mozambique

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