Focus: Make a list of the names of explorers you already know and something about them.

Focus:

Make a list of the names of explorers you already know and something about them.

Focus: Turn to page 76-77 in Atlas. Read the introduction, and

the history question, “What is Colonization?” Use the information to answer the following questions.

• European explorers unexpectedly found opportunities in the Americas when they had been searching for what place?

• What is a colony?

• What did Europeans hope to gain from its colonies in America?

Exploration and Colonization(1400s – 1700s)

in the Early 1400s

The “Old World”The “Old World”

EuropeAfrica

Asia

And

Trade• Trade

-Europeans wanted goods such

as spices, silk, and tea from

“the Indies” (Southeast Asia)

• The Silk Road

-Ran from Europe to the Indies

-Was kept safe by strong

Chinese rulers

The Silk Road

Changes in Trade Routes

• New rulers took over Silk Road– It became unsafe to travel– Increased taxes made trade very expensive

• Rise of Ottoman Empire– Ottoman rulers (Muslim) became “middle-men” in

trade between Europeans and Asians• Asian goods became too expensive for most Europeans

to buy• Christians and Muslims were not the best of friends,

Why?

Focus: Use Map A in your Atlas. Create and complete the chart below.

Explorer Year(s) of Voyage

Sponsoring Country

Destination

Cabot Eastern North America

1501 Portugal

1513 Sountern North America

Pizzaro 1531-1533

1535 France

Netherlands and England

Eastern North America

Europeans

Explore

The World

Why did Europeans want to explore?

• To find new trade routes to the Indies– Wanted to go around the “middle men”

and trade directly with merchants in the Indies to get rich

• For glory and adventure

• To spread their culture– Christian religion and European values

Europeans also wanted:

• To take over new lands to expand power

• To spread their culture– Christian religion and European values

(Remember, Catholicism had declined due to the Protestant Reformation. As part of the Great Commission, Protestant and Catholic missionaries traveled to the New World. They were like salesmen.)

Obstacles to Exploration• Lack of knowledge and technology

• Ocean currents and wind patterns– Sometimes carried ships off course– Sailors had to ride with the currents and winds– Limited ability to explore far away places

Europeans began exploringin the late 1400s

• Sharing of ideas– Map-makers, shipbuilders, navigators, and

inventors shared information that made exploration possible

– Europeans gained access to maps and sailing information from the Chinese, Greeks, and Arabs

• Development of new technology– By the late 1400s, Europeans had the

technology needed to begin exploring faraway places

Compass

Astrolabe

Caravel

Gunpowder

DescriptionInvention

Exploration Technology

A device which helped sailors find direction by using a magnetized needle which always pointed north

A device which helped sailors use the position of the stars to figure out their location (latitude)

A fast, lightweight ship which used triangular sails and a rudder for easier navigation at sea and in shallow waters

A mixture of chemicals that explodes when litUsed in guns and cannons for:

-protection from other Europeans -to dominate trade -to fight against natives -to hunt for food

Voyages of Exploration

Focus: Atlas Page 77. Look at Picture B.

• What is happening in the Picture? _________________________________

• Describe the scene as if you were a Spanish Explorer. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Search for New Trade Routes

• Portugal and Spain were the first European nations to search for new water routes to the Indies– Portugal sent explorers East around Africa– Spain sent explorers West across the

Atlantic

• England (Great Britain), France, and Netherlands, all began exploring soon afterwards

Two Main Players in Early Exploration

P

O

R

T

U

G

A

L

SPAINPortugal

and

Spain

The Portuguese

• They needed to explore to get money and increase their power.

• They focused on the science of navigation hoping to be the first ones to find a water route to Asia

– Son of Portuguese King

– Dazzled by dreams of ocean exploration and East Asia

– Established a navigation school

– First to use Astrolabe and Caravel

– 1st to sail into open ocean away from land – so daring!

– He sailed to Northwestern Africa known as Ivory Coast

Prince Henry

Diaz• He was the first to

make it to the southern tip of Africa

• Founded the Cape of Good Hope

• Created many new trading ports

Vasco de Gama

– First to sail around Africa to India (27,000 mi)

– 1st to find sea route to Asia – Allowed Portugal to dominate Asian trade

The Spanish• Spain was jealous of Portugal’s

achievements (rivals) because Spain made few accomplishments in exploration until….

• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella married, uniting two empires

• They became a powerhouse of exploration and colonization!

Christopher Columbus

• Plan to sail west to get to the Far East

• 1st to cross Atlantic Ocean

• Lands on the Caribbean island of Hispanola in 1492

• Discovered “The New World” and made 4 trips

• Brought “small pox” to the natives killing almost 25 million natives in 50 years.

Hernando Cortez

• Cortez was a conquistador• Landed on the Yucatan

Peninsula of Mexico.• Cortez met the Aztecs, which

were an ancient group of warriors and mathematicians

• Cortez defeated their leader Montazuma and took all their gold for the glory of Spain

Balboa• Sailed to Panama and

hired natives to cross the isthmus

• He discovered the “Southern Ocean” which later became known as the Pacific Ocean

Amerigo Vespucci

• Sailed to Brazil • His detailed drawings of

the coast resulted in mapmakers naming land after him - Americas

Pizarro• Spanish conquistador • Sailed to present-day

Colombia into Peru• Discovered the Incas • Used “germ warfare” to

defeat the empire • Found a large supply of

Emeralds

Ferdinand Magellan • 1st to “circumnavigate” the Earth.

• Killed in the Philippines during a local war

• The next in command, Juan de Elcano, completed the journey for him

Animanicas

Focus: Atlas Page 77. Look at Picture B.

• Describe the scene as if you were a Native American. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

• How were Native Americans affected by Europeans who came to the Americas?___________________________________________________________

The French • They were looking for a way to get to Asia by going through the Arctic Ocean above Canada • Not successful, but their exploration allowed them to be very successful in North America • Developed positive relationships with Native Americans

Jacques Cartier attempted to find the “Northwest Passage”,

but failed instead he found the St. Lawrence Seaway and

the Great Lakes he helped France establish a flourishing fur

trade in North America

Focus: Atlas Map C. Page 77. Complete the

sentences.

• The __________ claimed lands along the eastern coast of what is now the United states. A major city located in the settlement region was _________ which used to be called New Amsterdam. The main economic activities in the region were _______ and _________.

European

Colonialism(1500s-1700s)

• colonialism: a system in which powerful nations rule over the land and people of weaker nations-colony: a land and its people that are

controlled by a more powerful nation

-colonial power: a nation which has taken

control of the government and economy of

a weaker nation or territory

(a.k.a. mother country)

Types of Colonies

• trading post empire: a collection of colonies used to trade items, typically along an established trade route

• settler colony: type of colony where people move from their mother countries to create permanent settlements or towns

• plantation colony: a type of colony in which large areas of land are farmed by enslaved people to grow cash crops

Area of Colonization (by late 1700s)

Major Colonies and Colonial Powers

Africa

Asia

The Americas

Oceania (Australia and the

Pacific)

•Trading posts along coast – Portugal (other Europeans came later)•South Africa – Netherlands (eventually forced out by Great Britain)•India – Great Britain (forced other Europeans out)•Dutch East Indies (Spice Islands) – Netherlands•The Philippines – Spain

•British Canada, 13 Colonies – Great Britain•New Netherlands (NY) – The Netherlands•New France, Louisiana, Haiti - France•New Spain, Florida, West Indies, Peru – Spain•Brazil – Portugal•Australia, New Zealand – Great Britain

Focus: Atlas Map C. Page 77.

• The ________ claimed lands in central North America where the main economic activity was ___________________.

• After conquering the Aztec empire, the ___________ dominated southwestern North America, Middle America and Western __________ America. The main economic activities on the lands they claimed were __________ and _________.

• Colonization Game

Focus: Atlas Map C. Page 77.

• The eastern coast of South America was settled by the ____________, who founded the cities of _________ and _________. The main economic activities in the Portuguese settlement regions were ____________ and ___________.

Europeans

in Asia

• Europeans Explore Asia– Portugal finds first all water route to Asia in late

1400s– Portugal, Spain, France, England, and

Netherlands compete for control of trade

• Trade Routes– Europeans set up trading posts

• India and China– Silks, tea, porcelain

• Southeast Asia– Spices (cloves, cinnamon, pepper)

• Spread of Religions– Hinduism and Buddhism

• Spread throughout Asia by 1400s

– Islam• Spread by Muslim merchants and militaries

– Christianity• Spread by European merchants and missionaries

throughout Asia• Caused conflict with Chinese and Japanese rulers who

believed it was a threat to their culture– Led China and Japan to isolationism, a policy of

turning inward and cutting off contact with the outside world

Focus: Atlas page 78-79. Look at picture A and read caption. For each pair write C for

Cause and E for Effect.

• _____ Europeans brought diseases and overworked Native Americas.

• _____ Millions of Native Americas died.

Europeans in

the Americas

European Explorers and Conquerors

• Christopher Columbus “discovered” the Americas while looking for a western route to the Indies

• Other explorers from Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands continued to explore the “New World”

• European nations later began conquering and colonizing the Americas

European Colonies

in the Americas

• Spanish colonies– South American

Colonies• Plantation farming• Mining

– West Indies• Plantation farming

– New Spain and Florida

• Settler and Plantation Colonies

• Mining

• French colonies– New France

• Trading Post Empire• Fur Trapping and Fishing

– Louisiana• Trading Post Empire and

Plantation colony

– Haiti• Plantation Colony

• English colonies– 13 Colonies

• Southern Colonies– Plantation Colonies– Tobacco, Rice, and Indigo

(and Later, Cotton)

• Northern Colonies– Settler Colonies– Fishing and Timber

– British Canada• Trading Post Empire• Fur Trapping and Fishing

The French and Indian War

England defeated France

France gave up territory to England and Spain

Europeans and Native Americans

• Europeans spread diseases which killed many Native Americans

• European missionaries came to spread Christianity to natives

• Treatment of Native Americans– Spanish

• Enslaved natives and forced them to work on plantations and in mines

– French• Lived among natives• Learned native languages• Hunted, fished, and traded with natives

– English• Lived peacefully alongside natives at

first• As more English settlers arrived,

natives were forced off land

Focus: Atlas page 78-79. Look at picture A and read caption. For each pair write C for

Cause and E for Effect.

• _____ Europeans enslaved Africans and brought them to the Americas.

• _____ Native American population declined.

Europeans

in Africa

Exploring Africa’s Coasts• Early trade relationships

– By the 1500s, Europeans had been trading with Africans for gold, salt, and ivory for centuries.

• Portugal searched for all water route to the Indies– Set up first trading post colonies

along coasts of Africa

• Other Europeans came later– Were initially uninterested in

Africa’s interior

SLAVERYSLAVERY

African Slave Trade• Many African kingdoms had participated in the

slave trade for hundreds of years– Bought and sold criminals, debtors, and

prisoners of war as slaves• European Interest in Slaves

– As Native American

populations declined,

Europeans wanted an

inexpensive source of

labor for their plantation

colonies in the Americas

African Views on Slavery DifferedAfrican Views on Slavery Differed At the same time, new At the same time, new

African states arose African states arose whose way of life whose way of life depended on the slave depended on the slave trade. trade.

The rulers of these new The rulers of these new states waged war against states waged war against other Africans in order to other Africans in order to gain control of the slave gain control of the slave trade in their region. trade in their region.

Yet, in many African Yet, in many African tribes slavery was an tribes slavery was an acceptable answer to acceptable answer to poverty.poverty.

Slaves were frequently Slaves were frequently made a part of the made a part of the family. There was a slave family. There was a slave in Africa that served a in Africa that served a tribal leader.tribal leader.

Slave Trade

Focus: Atlas Map D. Page 79.

• How long did the Atlantic slave trade last?

• Where were the fewest slaves sent?

• Where were the largest number of slaves sent?

Supply and Demand: Supply and Demand: demand was high….demand was high….

Each year, traders shipped Each year, traders shipped tens of thousands of tens of thousands of enslaved Africans across the enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to work on tobacco Atlantic to work on tobacco and sugar plantations in the and sugar plantations in the Americas.Americas.

The slave trade intensified The slave trade intensified as the demand for slaves as the demand for slaves increased in the Americas increased in the Americas and the demand for luxury and the demand for luxury goods increased in Africa.goods increased in Africa.

Destinations of Enslaved Africans, Destinations of Enslaved Africans, 1500–18701500–1870

Original Triangle Trade Original Triangle Trade Route: Slaves, Route: Slaves,

Sugar & RumSugar & Rum

SlaveSlavess

SugarSugar

RumRum

Triangular Trade GrowsTriangular Trade GrowsThe Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three-The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three-legged trade network know as the triangular trade.legged trade network know as the triangular trade.

Focus: Atlas Map D. Page 79.

• How many enslaved Africans died on the way to the Americas?

• How many slaves were sent to what is today eastern United States?

• How many slaves were sent to the Caribbean?

History of Slave TradeHistory of Slave Trade

Impact of the Atlantic Slave TradeImpact of the Atlantic Slave TradeBy the 1800s, an By the 1800s, an estimated 11 million estimated 11 million enslaved Africans enslaved Africans had reached the had reached the Americas. Another 2 Americas. Another 2 million probably million probably died during the died during the Middle Passage Middle Passage (define).(define).In West Africa, the In West Africa, the loss of countless loss of countless numbers of young numbers of young women and men women and men resulted in some resulted in some small states small states disappearing disappearing forever.forever.

Slave CollarSlave Collar So a So a runaway runaway could be could be heard!heard!

A A Different Kind of Slavery…Different Kind of Slavery…BUTBUT

"Anyone can say "Anyone can say that slavery has that slavery has existed forever," existed forever," says Frans Fontaine, says Frans Fontaine, "even the Greeks "even the Greeks and Romans had and Romans had slaves.”slaves.”

But this kind of But this kind of slavery was different slavery was different - it was fixed to - it was fixed to race. You became a race. You became a slave because you slave because you were black.were black.

A Different Kind of A Different Kind of Slavery…Slavery…BUTBUT

But slavery didn't fit in But slavery didn't fit in with Christian ideals so with Christian ideals so there was a very good there was a very good solution for this problem; solution for this problem; black people, Europeans black people, Europeans and Americans and Americans determined, they were not determined, they were not really humans. really humans.

And that is the most cruel And that is the most cruel part of this form of part of this form of slavery. Blacks were not slavery. Blacks were not people, they said,…could people, they said,…could therefore be enslaved. therefore be enslaved.

Slave Ship Journal TasksSlave Ship Journal Tasks1.1. Assume “slave square position.” Assume “slave square position.”

The Overseer is watching!The Overseer is watching!

1.1. Watch a segment from Roots, Watch a segment from Roots, Vol. 1 -“The Capture…” 20-25 Vol. 1 -“The Capture…” 20-25 minutesminutes

2.2. Answer the questions that follow Answer the questions that follow “Interpreting Primary Sources “Interpreting Primary Sources #2” in your journal.#2” in your journal.

3.3. Read the biographies of Read the biographies of “Olaudah Equiano.”a“Olaudah Equiano.”a

4.4. Write a journal entry as if you are Write a journal entry as if you are a sailor on a slave ship who a sailor on a slave ship who would secretly like to interview would secretly like to interview Equiano. List five questions you Equiano. List five questions you would ask him and explain why.would ask him and explain why.

Focus: Atlas Map D. Page 79.

• How many enslaves Africans were forced to work in the Spanish and British Americas?

• In total how many Africans were taken from their homelands and enslaved?

• Look at Chart C. Is this number more of less than all of the people living in the ten largest cities in the world in 1500?

Triangular Trade

• Manufactured goods (tools, guns, rum, and cloth) from Europe to the coast of West Africa

• Slaves from Africa to the American colonies

• Raw materials (sugar, molasses, tobacco, and cotton) back to Europe

“The Middle Passage”

• “The Middle Passage”- the awful trip made by enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas– About 16 million enslaved Africans

were brought to the Americas between the 1500s and 1800s

– Slave traders crammed as many slaves as possible below deck

– One in five slaves did not make the journey

Effects on African Societies

• Many African communities lost their strongest and most capable workers to the slave trade

• Families were torn apart• The introduction of guns

to the continent of Africa added to the cycle of violence

Participation in the Slave Trade

• Many African leaders participated in the slave trade to make money

• African merchants kidnapped people of interior parts of Africa and sold them to Europeans at trading posts along coast

• European merchants bought and sold African slaves for large profits

Resistance to the Slave Trade• Some African leaders

– King Alfonso I of the Congo

asked the Pope to stop the

slave trade

• Slave Revolts– Most slave revolts were put down– Successful revolts

• Slaves won freedom in French colony of Haiti• Group of slaves won freedom after fighting their captors and

taking control of their transport ship, the Amistad

• Abolitionist (anti-slavery) movements took place in the U.S. during the 1800s

Exploitation

• Slavery was outlawed in most places by the end of the 1800s

• Europeans continued colonizing Africa through early 1900s

Focus: Atlas Map B. Page 78.

• Write AM next to anything that came from Americas. Write EAA next to anything from Europe, Africa or Asia.

__Corn __Turkeys

__Coffee __Potatoes

__Horses __Black Flies

__Sunflowers __Rubber

__Sugar Cane __Cattle

__Tomatoes __Watermelons

Effects ofEuropean

Colonial Expansion

Effects of Colonialism• Political Changes

– European countries became more powerful• Competed with one another for colonies

– People of Africa, Asia, and the Americas became weaker

• Social Changes– Cultures were changed in Africa, Asia, and the

Americas• Dominance of European language and customs• Christianity spread to colonized lands

– Natives of colonized lands became lower classes• Economic Changes

– Expanding international trade (Columbian Exchange)– Growth of capitalism

• New trade gave peasants more opportunities• Growth of a middle class in Europe

– Transfer of wealth from colonies to Europe

International Trade

Key Ideas of Mercantilism• Mercantilism: an economic theory that states that

nations become powerful by building up large supplies of gold and silver– Government controls economy

• Decides what to produce in the colonies• Only allows colonies to trade with mother country

– Nations want favorable balance of trade• Export more than you import

– Importance of colonies• Sources of raw materials

– Ex. cotton, sugar, tobacco

• Markets for manufactured goods– Ex. cloth, guns, tools

Key Ideas of Capitalism• Capitalism: an economic system based on

private ownership of businesses and property– Development of Capitalism

• Many merchants believed that trade would increase if governments would let the people control the economy

– Free enterprise• Economy is free from government control• Property and businesses are privately owned• People run businesses to earn profit

– Market economy• Producers and consumers decide what goods and services to

produce• Prices and wages are negotiated in the marketplace• Competition encourages businesses to offer quality goods and

services at fair prices