FM302-MANAGEMENT+OF+FINANCIAL+SERVICES

FM302-MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL SERVICES

FINANCE SPECILIZATION

Mr.LALIT TANK

Asst. Professors, MBA Department,

Bhagawan Mahavir College of Management, Surat

Email id: [email protected]

COURSE CONTENTS

Module No.1
Introduction to Indian Financial system
Reserve bank and financial system.

structure of banking and non-banking companies.

Introduction to different markets- Capital, Money, Primary, Secondary Markets.

Module No.2
Asset/Fund based financial services
Leasing, hire purchase

Module No.3

Consumer credit, factoring and forfeiting , Bill

discounting, Housing finance, Insurance services, venture capital financing, Mutual fund services

Module No.4

Merchant banking services :

all services related to issue management

Module No.5

Credit rating, Stock broking, depositories, custodial services and short selling and securities lending and borrowing services, Credit cards.

CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM

INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM
The economic development of a nation is reflected by the progress of the various economic units, broadly classified into corporate sector, government and household sector. While performing their activities these units will be placed in a surplus/deficit/balanced budgetary situations.

Constituents of a Financial System

Financial System
An institutional framework existing in a country to enable financial transactions.Three main partsFinancial assets (loans, deposits, bonds, equities, etc.)Financial institutions (banks, mutual funds, insurance companies, etc.)Financial markets (money market, capital market, forex market, etc.)Regulation is another aspect of the financial system (RBI, SEBI, IRDA, FMC)

Financial assets/Instruments
Enable channelizing funds from surplus units to deficit unitsThere are instruments for savers such as deposits, equities, mutual fund units, etc.There are instruments for borrowers such as loans, overdrafts, etc.Like businesses, governments too raise funds through issuing of bonds, Treasury bills, etc.Instruments like PPF, KVP, etc. are available to savers who wish to lend money to the government

Financial Institutions
Includes institutions and mechanisms whichAffect generation of savings by the communityMobilization of savingsEffective distribution of savingsInstitutions are banks, insurance companies, mutual funds- promote/ mobilize savingsIndividual investors, industrial and trading companies- borrowers

Financial Markets
Money Market- for short-term funds (less than a year)Organised (Banks)Unorganised (money lenders, chit funds, etc.)Capital Market- for long-term fundsPrimary Issues MarketStock MarketBond Market

Function of the Financial System
Prevision of liquidity
liquidity refers to cash or money and other assets which can be converted into cash readily without loss of value and time.
Mobilization of savings

Weaknesses of India financial system

Lack of co-ordination between different financial institutions.

Monopolistic market structures

-LIC in life insurance

-UTI in mutual fund

Dominance of development banks in industrial financing

Inactive and erratic capital market

Imprudent financial practice

Reserve Bank of India

(RBI)

Establishment of RBI

The reserve bank of India was established on April 1,1935 in accordance with the provisions of the reserve bank of India Act, 1934.

The central office of the reserve bank was initially in Calcutta but was permanently moved to Mumbai in 1937. the central office is where the governor sits and where policies are formulated.

Objectives of RBI
To maintain the internal value of the nations currency.To preserve the external value of the currencyTo secure reasonable price stability.To promote economic growth with rising levels of employment, out and real income

Functions of a RBI
Monetary policy functionsCurrency issue and managementMaintaining value of currencyAnchor economic growth expectationMonetary regulation and managementRegulation of interest ratesFinancial sector regulation and supervisionExchange management and controlCredit controlLiquidity managementClearing and settlement Development of financial marketPolicy oriented researchCollection of data and publication of reportsInstitution building

Role of the Reserve Bank of India
Banker to the governmentBanker to the banksBanks supervisionMonetary regulation and managementForeign exchange and managementPromotional functions

Supervisory/regulatory function of RBI
Licensing of banksApproval of capital, reserves and liquid assets of banksBranch licensing policyInspection of banksControl over managementAudit Credit information serviceDeposit insurance Training and banking education

RBI ORGANISATION STRUCTURE

Introduction to different Markets
Capital Market, Money Market, Primary Market, Secondary Market

Money Market
The market for dealing with financial assets and sec. which have a maturity period of up to one year.RBI defines the money market as A market for short term financial assets that are close substitutes for money, facilitates the exchange of money for new financial claims in primary market as also for financial claims, already issued, in the secondary market

Money Market Instruments
Money market instruments are those which have maturity period of less than one year.The most active part of the money market is the market for overnight call and term money between banks and institutions and repo transactionsCall money/repo are very short-term money market products

Money Market Instruments
Certificates of DepositCommercial PaperInter-bank participation certificatesInter-bank term moneyTreasury BillsBill rediscountingCall/notice/term moneyCBLO (Collateralized Borrowing and Lending Obligation) Market Repo

Features of a money market
Market purely for short term funds or financial assetsIts deals with financial assets having maturity period up to one year. it deals with those assets which can be convert in to cash readily without loss and mini transaction cost Transaction have to be conducted without the help of brokers

Objectives of money market
To provide a parking place to employ short-term surplusTo provide room for overcoming short-term deficits.To enable the central bank to influence and regulate liquidity in the economy through its intervention in this market.To provide reasonable access to the users of short-term funds to meet requirements.

Characteristics of a Developed Money Market
Highly organized banking systemPresence of a central bankAvailability of proper credit instrumentExistence of sub-brokersSufficient resourcesExistence of secondary marketsDemand and supply of funds

Importance of Money Market
Development of money marketDevelopment of capital marketSmooth functioning of commercial banksEffective central bank controlFormulation of suitable monetary policyNon-inflation source of finance to government

Composition of Money Market

The money market consist of following sub market.
Call money marketCommercial bills marketAcceptance marketTreasury bill market

Call money market

The call money market refers to the market for extremely short period loans, say one day to fourteen days.

These loans are repayable on demand at the option of either the lender or the borrower.

Advantages of call money market
High liquidityHigh profitabilityMaintenance of statutory reserve ration (SRR)Safe and cheapAssistance to central bank operation

Drawbacks of call money market
Uneven developmentLack of integrationVolatility in call money rates

Commercial bills market or discount Market
Definition
An instrument in writing containing an unconditional order, signed by the maker, directing a certain person to pay a certain sum of money only to ,or the order of certain person or to the bearer of the instrument.

Types of bills

Many types of bills are in circulation in a bill market
Demand bills are also called sight bills. these bills are payable immediately as soon as they are presented to the drawer no time of payment is specified and hence they are payable at sight.Documentary bill
when bills have to be accompanied by document of title to goods like railway receipt, lorry receipt, bill of lading etc.the bills are called doc.bills.

Inland and foreign bills
inland bills are those drawn upon a person resident in India and are payable in India. foreign bills are drawn outside India and they may be payable either in India or outside India.
Export bills and import bills
export bills are those drawn by Indian exporters on imports outside India and importer bills are drawn on Indian importers in India by exporters outside India.
Indigenous bills
indigenous bills are those drawn and accepted according to native custom or usage of trade.

Advantages of Commercial bills market
LiquiditySelf-liquidating and negotiable assetCertainty of paymentIdeal investmentSimple legal remedyHigh and quick yieldEasy central bank control

Drawbacks of Commercial bills market
Absence of bill cultureAbsence of rediscounting among banksStamps dutyAbsence of secondary marketDifficulty in ascertaining genuine trade billsLimited foreign tradeAbsence of acceptance service Attitude of banks

Treasury bill market

A treasury bill nothing but a promissory note issued by the Govt. under discount for a specified period stated therein. the govt.promises to pay the specified amount mentioned therein to the bearer of the instrument on the due date.

T.B are issued only by the RBI on behalf of the govt. TB are issued for meeting temporary govt. deficits.

Types of Treasury bill
There are two types of TB
ordinary treasury bills are issued to the public and other financial institution for meeting the short term financial requirements of the central govt.

ad hocs treasury are always issued in favor of the RBI only.

Importance of TB
SafetyLiquidity Ideal short-term investmentIdeal fund managementStatutory liquiditySource of sort term fundsNon-inflationary monetary toolHedging facility
Defects of TB

poor yield

absence of competitive bids

absence of active trading

Commercial papers (CP)
A Cp Is an unsecured promissory note issued with a fixed maturity by a company approved by RBI, negotiable by endorsement and delivery, issued in bearer form and issued at such discount on the face value as may be determined by the issuing co.Short-term borrowings by corporate, financial institutions, primary dealers from the money marketCan be issued in the physical form (Usance Promissory Note) or demat formIntroduced in 1990When issued in physical form are negotiable by endorsement and delivery and hence, highly flexibleIssued subject to minimum of Rs. 5 lacs and in the multiple of Rs. 5 lacs after thatMaturity is 7 days to 1 yearUnsecured and backed by credit rating of the issuing companyIssued at discount to the face value

Certificate of deposit
CD are short term deposits instruments issued by bank and financial institutions t raise large sums of money.
Repo instrument.
Repurchase transaction the borrower parts with securities to the lender with an agreement to repurchase them at the end of the fixed period at a specified price.
At the end of the period the borrower will repurchase the securities at the predetermined price.

Capital Markets
What is Capital Market
It is an organized market mechanism for effective and efficient transfer of money capital or financial resources from the investing class to the entrepreneur class in the private and public sector of the economy.
Capital market for long term funds.The capital market provides long term debt and equity finance for govt. and corporate.Capital market facilitates the dispersion of business ownership and reallocation of financial resources among corporate and industries.

Dimensions of capital market
The capital market is directly responsible for the following activities.Mobilization or concentration of national saving for economic development. Mobilization and import of foreign capital and foreign investment capital plus skill to fill up the deficit in the required financial resources to maintain the expected rate of economic growth.Productive utilization of resources Directing the flow to funds of high yields and also strive for balanced and diversified industrialization.

Capital market mechanism
Individuals InstitutionsGovernment
Capital Market
Stock exchangeNew issue market Finance and investment corp. Individuals InstitutionsGovernment
Supply of funds
Investors LendersSellers of money capital EntrepreneursBorrowersClearing house for long term or permanent finance Buyers of money capital
Middlemen

Demand for funds

Capital Market Structure

Marketable Securities

Non-Marketable Securities

Govt. securities

Corporate securities

PSUs Bonds

UTI Mutual Funds

Bank Deposits

Deposits with Companies

Loans and advances of banks and FIs.

POC and deposits

New Issues Market players original

Stock market intermediaries

New Issues Market players for Issues

Special features of the Indian capital market
Greater reliance on debt instrument as against equity and in particular borrowing from financial institution.Issues of debenture, particularly convertible debentures with automatic or compulsory from conversion into equity without the normal option given to investors.Avoidance of underwriting by some cos. Reduce.Fast growth of mutual funds and subsidiaries of banks for financial services.

Capital market instruments
Equity shares Preference shares Non-voting equity sharesCumulative convertible preference sharesCompany fixed depositsDebentures/ bonds Global depository receipts

Structure of Capital Markets
Primary MarketsSecondary MarketsWhen companies need financial resources for its expansion, they borrow money from investors through issue of securities.The place where such securities are traded by these investors is known as the secondary market.Securities issued Preference SharesEquity SharesDebentures Securities like Preference Shares and Debentures cannot be traded in the secondary market.Equity shares is issued by the under writers and merchant bankers on behalf of the company.Equity shares are tradable through a private broker or a brokerage house. People who apply for these securities are: High networth individualRetail investorsEmployeesFinancial InstitutionsMutual Fund HousesBanksSecurities that are traded are traded by the retail investors.One time activity by the company.Helps in mobilizing the funds for the investors in the short run.

What is Commodity market

Commodity markets are markets where raw or

primary products are exchanged.

It covers physical product (food, metals, electricity)markets but not the ways that services, including those of governments, nor investment nor debt, can be seen as a commodity.

History of Commodity Market

Modern Commodity Market have their roots in the

trading of agricultural products.

Wheat and corn, cattle and pigs, were widely traded using standard instruments in the 19th century in the United States.

Historically, in ancient times Sumerian use of sheep
or goats, or other peoples using pigs, rare seashells, or
other items as commodity money, have traded
contracts in the delivery of such items, to render trade
itself more smooth and predictable.

Size of the Market

The trading of commodities includes physical trading of food items, Energy and Metals, etc. and trading of derivatives.

In the five years up to 2007, the value of global
physical exports of commodities increased by 17% while the notional value outstanding of commodity OTC derivatives increased more than 500% and
commodity derivative trading on exchanges more
than 200%.

Agricultural contracts trading grew by 32% in 2007, energy 29% and industrial metals by 30%.
Precious metals trading grew by 3%, with higher volume in New York being partially offset by declining volume in Tokyo.
OTC trading accounts for the majority of trading in gold and silver

List of Traded Commodity

Agricultural (Grains, and Food and Fiber)
Livestock & Meat
Energy
Precious metals
Industrial metals
Precious Metal:- Gold, Platinum, Palladium, Silver.
Industrial Metals:- Copper, Lead, Zinc, Tin,
Aluminium, Aluminium alloy, Nickel, Aluminium
alloy, Recycled steel.

Commodity Exchanges
Abuja Securities and Commodities Exchange
Bhatinda Om & Oil Exchange Bathinda
Brazilian Mercantile and Futures Exchange
Chicago Board of Trade
Chicago Mercantile Exchange
Commodity Exchange Bratislava, JSC
Dalian Commodity Exchange
Dubai Mercantile Exchange
Intercontinental Exchange

Recent trends in Commodity Market
The 2008 global boom in commodity prices - for
everything from coal to corn was fueled by heated
demand from the likes of China and India.

Speculation in forward markets.

Farmers are expected to face a sharp drop in crop

prices as a result of bad rainfall.

Other commodities, such as steel, are also expected to

fall due to lower demand

Assignment -1
Q-1 Write in detail about Commodities marketLAST DATE OF SUBMISSION :8/10/2010

LEASING

Meaning of Leasing
Lease may be define as a contractual arrangement/ transaction in which a party owning an asset/equipment provides the asset for use to another /transfer the right to use the equipment to the user over certain/ for an agreed period of time for consideration in form of /in return for periodic payment (rental) with or without a further payment (premium).Lease is a contract whereby the owner of an asset grants to another party the exclusive right to use the asset usually for an agreed period of time in return for the payment of rent.

PARTIES IN LEASING
Leasing essentially involves the divorce of ownership from the economic use of an asset/equipment.LESSOR: Lessor is the owner of the asset that is being leased.LESSEE: Lessee is the receiver of the services of the asset under a lease contact.

Essential elements of leasing
Parties to the contract Asset : The asset, property or equipment to be leased is the subject matter of a contract of leasing finance.Ownership separated from user: Term of lease: lease term is the period for which the lease agreement remains in operation.Lease rentals: lease rental is the consideration which the lessee pays to the Lessor for the lease transaction.Modes of terminating lease.

Classification of Lease

Financial lease and operating lease

Sales and lease back and direct lease

Single investor lease and leveraged lease

Domestic lease and international lease

1.Financial lease and operating lease
In a finance lease the Lessor transfers to the lessee, substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to the ownership of the asset whether or not the title is eventually transferred. In such leases, the lessor is only a financier and is usually not interested in the assets.It is for this reason that the such lease are also called as fully payout leases as they enable a lessor to recover his investment in the lease and derive a profit.Assets included under such lease, are ships, aircraft, railway wagons, lands, building heavy machinery and so on.

Features of finance lease
The lessee select the equipment according to his requirements, from its manufacturer or dist.The lessee negotiates and settles with the manfuct.or dist, the price, the delivery schedule, installation, term of warranties, maintenance and payment and so on.The lessor purchases the equipment either directly from manfct. Or dist. Or from the lessee after the equipment is delivered.The lessor then leases out the equipment to lessee. The lessor retains the ownership while lessee is allowed to use the equipment.A finance lease provide a right or option, to purchase the equipment at a future date. This practice is rarely found in India.The lease is originally for a non-cancellable period is called the primary lease period. The lease is subject to renewal for the secondary lease period. The lessee is entitled to exclusive and peaceful use of equipment.

Operating lease
An operating lease is one which is not a finance lease. In an operating lease, the lessor does not transfer all the risks and rewards incidental to the ownership of the asset and the cost of the asset is not fully amortised during the primary lease period. The lessor provides services attached to the leased asset, such as repair and technical advice. for this reason it called service lease

Features of operating lease
An O.L is generally for a period significantly shorter than the economic life of the leased asset. Lease period are shorter than expected life of the asset, the lease rentals are not sufficient to totally amortise the cost of the assets.The lessor does not rely on the single lessee for recovery of his investment.O.L normally include maintenance clause requiring the lessor to maintain the lease assets and provide services such as insurance, support staff, fuel etc.

Examples of operating lease
Providing mobile cranes with operators Chartering of aircraft and ships, including the provision of crew, fuel, support service.Hiring of computers with operators Hiring a taxi for a particular travel, which includes service of driver, provision for maintenance, fuel, repairs.

2.Sale and lease back and direct lease
It is an indirect form of leasing The owner of an equipment/asset sells it to a leasing co.(lessor) which leases it back to the owner(lessee).Example: this type of leasing is the sale and lease back of safe deposits vaults by bank under which banks sell them in their custody to a leasing co.at a market price substantially higher than the book value. The leasing co. turn offers these lockers on long term basis to the bank.The bank sub-lease the lockers to its customers.The lease back arrangement in sale and lease back type of leasing can be in the form of finance lease or operating.

Direct lease
In direct lease, the lessee, and the owner of the equipment are two different entities. A direct lease can be two types.Bipartite:
1.Equipment supplier cum lessor.

2. Lessee such a type of lease is typically structured as an operating lease with in-built facilities. like upgradition of equipment (upgrade lease).addition to the original equipment configuration.
The lessor maintains the asset and if necessary, replace, it with a similar equipment in working condition (swap lease).Tripartite: such type of lease involves 3 different parties in the lease agreement: equipment, supplier, lessor, lessee. an innovative variant of tripartite lease is the sales-aid lease under which the equipment supplier arranges for lease finance in various form.

3.Single investor lease and leveraged lease.
Single investor lease there are only two parties to the lease transaction, the lessor and lessee. The leasing co.(lessor) funds the entire investment by an appropriate mix of debt and equity funds. The debts raised by the leasing co. to finance the asset are without recourse to the lessee. That is in the case of default in servicing the debt by the leasing co. the lender is not entitled to payment from the lessee.

Leveraged lease
There are three parties to the transaction
Lessor (equity investor)

Lender (loan participant)

Lessee.
Aleveraged leaseis aleasein which thelessorputs up some of the money required to purchase theassetand borrows the rest from alender. The lender is given a senior secured interest on the asset and an assignment of the lease and lease payments. The lessee makes payments to the lessor, who makes payments to the lender.The term may also refer to a lease agreement wherein the lessor, by borrowing funds from a lending institution, finances the purchase of the asset being leased.The lessor pays the lending institution back by way of the lease payments received from the lessee. Under the loan agreement, thelenderhas rights to the asset and the lease payments if the lessor defaults.

Domestic lease and international lease
Domestic lease : a lease transaction is classified as domestic if all parties to the agreement, namely, equipment supplier, lessor and the lessee, are domiciled in the same country. International lease: if the parties to the lease transaction are domiciled in different countries, it is knows as international lease.

Import lease : In an import lease, the lessor and the lessee are domiciled in different same country but the equipment supplier is located in a different country. The lessor imports the asset and leases it to the lessee.Cross border lease: when the lessor and the lessee are domiciled in different countries, the lease is classified as cross-boarder lease. The domicile of the supplier is immaterial.The domestic and international leases are differentiated on the basis of risk.

Profile/structure of leasing
Major players can be categorized into 6 groupsIndependent leasing cos.: a major part of their income is derived from leasing. Some of them have financial/technical collaboration with overseas partners. They offer their services through direct advertisement, personal contacts, lease brokers including foreign banks and merchant banks.Other finance cos: Manufacturer- lessors:Financial institutions:In-house lessors Commercial banks

Salient features of the lease structures in India
By and large, the structured lease fall in the category of finance lease. operating lease is not very popular primarily because of the virtual non-existence of resale market for most of the used equipments.The lease agreements do not provide for transfer of ownership to the lessee as such transactions are classified as hire purchase from the tax angle.

The lease rentals are structured so as to recover the entire investment cost during the primary period.The lease rentals are payable generally in equated/level monthly instalments at the beginning of every month.Sale and lease back type of transactions are rare. Most of the are direct lease.By and large equipment leases are for capital investment not exceeding Rs.100 lakh.

Advantages of leasing
To the lessee.
Financing of capital goods.

Additional source of finance.

Less costly

Ownership preserved

Avoids conditionality

Flexibility in structuring of rentals

Simplicity

Tax benefits

Obsolescence risk is averted.

Advantages to the lessor
Full security Tax benefitHigh profitability Trading on equity High growth potential

Limitations of leasing
Restrictions on use of equipmentLimitations of financial lease Loss of residual value Consequences of defaultUnderstatement of lessees assetDouble sales-tax

Special provisions to leasing contract/transactions.
Leasing as a bailment agreementLiabilities of lessee (Bailee-whom the goods are delivered)
-Reasonable care

-Not to make unauthorized use

-To return the goods

-Not to set up an adverse title

-To pay the lease rental

-To insure and repair the goods.
Liabilities of lessor (bailor-who delivers the goods):
-Delivery of goods

-Peaceful possession

-Fitness of goods

-To disclose all defects

Remedies for Breach
Remedies to the lessor:
-Forfeiture

-Damages

-Repossession
Remedies to the lessee.
-Insurance of leased asset and claims necessity

-Risk insured

-Insurable interest

-claims (treatment of claim proceeds)

-sub-lease of leased asset right to sub lease

-effect of sub lease

-effect of termination of main lease

Lease documentation and agreement
Proposes and essential requirement
- The person executing the document should have the legal capacity to do; the doc. Should be in prescribed format; properly stamped, witnessed, and duly executed and stamped should be registered with appropriate authorities.

Master lease and supplemental lease agreements
The lease agreement specifies the legal rights and obligations of the lessor and lessee. Usually a master lease agreement is signed which stipulates all the conditions that govern the lease. It specify the all the detail of equipment detail credit limit rental profile other details.

Clauses in lease agreement
Nature of the leaseDescription of equipmentDelivery and re-deliveryPeriod Lease rentals Use Title : ownership of equipment Repairs and maintenance AlterationPeaceful possessionChargesIndemnity clauseInspection Prohibition of sub leasing Events of default and remedies Applicable law

FM302-MANAGEMENT+OF+FINANCIAL+SERVICES

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forex market