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Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

Jun 01, 2022

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Page 1: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir
Page 2: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

Fluid Mechanics

Page 3: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

Solido ند ت نما ر نه نند ه نم تو ونه ند ب ا ن قر ط (تم

ا خو ا م )تoل م شoر تر نا

Liquidoت م نما ر تر ولت ب ا به س تم تم ر ب ا ن ل ندبدلo ل نام ند( م ش ر م ل )به شoت متر م شوند به س

gasoل م بد شoر تر

Page 4: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

ا ر س : تا م شوند ند ا نم مت ن ا بر تن برش خو م ا بر .س

ت ر نا قر ف ر ه توسط ن اتو ا با ن ول موعه مول ندم ه

ا س

ا ما

Page 5: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

ا ان س و عل م مو

ا )Fluid Statics(ستات سا سا ا س شر

ا )Fluid Dynamics(نام ست ر ا ا ا بر س ن ا قو شر

Page 6: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

»«

ن د ا م ت : مند ان ر متفا م باشند. بست م طه طه به ن .ن ن

ب ال سرعت شتا ...ا چ

ن د ر م ا ت :مابت م باشند ر طه طه به ن ند ن ا ند .بست به م

ا س

),(

),(

trPP

tr

Page 7: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

)Density(

د ما ر

د ر نما ر ت طه طه به ن ند ن ا م تو ال س ال. چ ا چ مانه بنابر بر ب طه نر ر م د ن وچ ا ر بس ند

V

m

V

m

V

lim0

Page 8: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

م د ا تا ال ما ما چ مول به تاب ا م ا د ل (ند ا بست ست (

ل ا بدل ا تم ا ب ر ا بو ن تم بس له ب ا را بو ما ت ال با چست ه )(ا قابل ملا

ر )compersibility(ر تر

V

VP

Page 9: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir
Page 10: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

ر م ط ن د سط م عمال بر ر تفا خا ن ا باشدا س

A

FP V

F FV

FT

FV = Vertical force

FT = Tangential force

F = FV + FT

A

FT

ا

تن برش

Page 11: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

ا ر )Measuring Pressure(ند

ه با ا ر ند له بر ر س ننر(شناخته شد ر ست) ن بر شد ال

ست ا بر با ا س ر ناش عما ن و ر م سا شد

ر ن ن نر م تو ر ر ند با ط با بدست بر سط م

Page 12: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

الر س ت م ر بر سط ند مولفه عمو ن ر سط(بسته به )ناش ن س ر عمو بر سط(مو عمو بر سط )متناس با مولفه عمو نت ند ستا ست ر عما ن ت ل ا مست تفا س ا ان به ب

ر م باشد ل ل ش ا مست .ند

P P

P

P

Page 13: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir
Page 14: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

ا سا ند: س ستا قر ا د ت ا با ا س مه ن

0F

0

0

0

Z

y

x

F

F

F

x

y

O

Page 15: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

ر : ن

و عمو م : مه سطو به ه به ا ا س ر ن

شو

6565

1212

4343

00

00

00

FFFFF

mgFFmgFFF

FFFFF

Z

y

x

Page 16: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

AyyVm )( 21

mgAPAPmgFF 1212

y=0

y1 < 0

y2 < 0

gyyAAPAP

mgAPAP

)( 2112

12

gyyPP )( 2112

Page 17: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

ا- ا عمق سy1 = 0

y2 < 0y2= -h

gyyPP )( 2112

P1 = P0

ghPhP 0)(

ستعمقا سا ا سا س

ا م شو و خط ا به با عمق

Page 18: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

ا- تفا س ا

gyyPP )( 2112

y1 = 0

y2 > 0y2= h

y1 – y2 = -h < 0

P1 = P0

P2 = ?

ghPhP 0)(

ستا سا سا ا تفا

و خط م شو ا به تفا با

Page 19: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

ا

ghPhP 0)(

Page 20: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

ا نسب- ا مطلق

خلاء مطلق

تمس فرا

0 atm

1 atm 0 atm

-1 atm

ghPPwater 0

ghPPair 0

ghPwater

ghPair

.atmgageAbs PPP

Page 21: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

سا خ- ر متصل م شوند مد ه توسط ما به تفاع ا د بوا ن .و

ا سط

e f g

Page 22: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir
Page 23: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

ا - ا س ر ند ا ا(ش ):مبتن بر مو س

و ) ل متر و): Mercury Barometer(با ا ر ند بر

PA = PB = Patm

PA = P1 + ρHggh = ρHgghPatm= ρgh

Exp: h= 76 cm

Patm =13.6×103×0.76×9.8=

Patm =101293 Pa ≈ 105 Pa

Page 24: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

تمسفر- : ا م و با سط م ناش ا سط

P0 = 1.00 atm = 1.013 ×105 Pa

ا ا : د Paاس

atm5-10Pa ~ 1 A = 1 m2

P = 0

P0

h = ? air Wair = mg

A

WP air0

Page 25: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir
Page 26: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

ا - ا س ر ند ا ): امبتن بر مو س(ش

ر: مانومتر) بو ا م ا ر ند

Pgas = PB

PB = PA

PA = ρHggh + Patm

Pgas > Patm

Pgas = Patm+ ρHggh

اatmP< gasPر ن باشد

Pgas =Patm - ρHggh

Page 27: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

ا- ل ا : را تفا س ر س ت ا بر ا س ر نمو ت

و خ ابد ا ا ر تر برع وچ ر و خط متنا متر م شو ا ط بلندتررچه

تفا ا= سط ا خط

P

Page 28: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

لUلولهسر ربابه)3kg/m310=wρ(بابه.تمسفربهشالبا ق3kg/m790=oρچ ا.ستشدت نسبترباcm70تفابا

bبهتفا = دساباتفا.باشدم3 .ن

y

by

OilWater

A B

bygPygP

PP

Ow

BA

00 )7.0(

Page 29: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

سا توسط خلاء شت د ا ن ر بلند

Page 30: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

-:بر خلا ست با ن(س فت د) و ل ند ن رم م تو ر چه د ند ق. ر انه م طر

D = 10 cmست

m

Vacuum Pumpخلاء مطلق

P=0

D = 10 cm

Page 31: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

-:ولهلتفا.ستشدمتصلبمبه)ستسمتلوله(مترلوله

متر ل چپسمتاستوباوا.ستمتصلتمسفربهبام.دبدستABست

Page 32: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

Tanks and vessels that carry fluids at normal temperatures and pressures are generally designed to withstand theoutward pressure that the fluid within them exerts on their walls. Their construction is usually cylindrical orellipsoidal, which helps to distribute the hydrostatic forces evenly, and allows these structures to withstand internalpressures much larger than the vacuums needed to collapse them. However, such tanks and vessels often collapsewhen they are emptied without proper venting. It is also possible to collapse a vented tank, if it is filled with steamand cooled rapidly.

This is by far the most common method ofcreating an accidental vacuum inside a tank. Ifa tank is filled with water vapour (e.g. duringsteam cleaning), the vapour displaces most ofthe air out of the tank. If the tank is thensealed, the vapour condenses back to water asit cools. A small volume of water is left insidethe tank instead of a large volume of watervapour (water occupies approximately1/1600th of the volume of steam). Thisdecreases the internal pressure and bringsabout the risk of a catastrophic collapse.

Page 33: Fluid mechanics 1-2 - faculty.kashanu.ac.ir

But why does the tank collapse? Typically, the pressure both inside and outside the tank is the same,approximately 105 Newtons per square meter, or 14.7 pounds per square inch. However, with the air in the tankremoved, atmospheric pressure pushes on the external surfaces of the tank, creating an unbalanced situation (seeFigure 1). At this point, the structural integrity of the tank wall prevents it from collapsing. If the tank wall isthick enough, it will remain stable under a full vacuum. However, if the tank wall is too thin, or there is either adefect or dent in the tank wall, when the even distribution of pressure is lost, stresses will be concentrated atlocalised points leading to a rapid escalation of the collapse.