OBJECTIVES 1)To observe the differences between single ,series and parallel p!p operation ")To deter!ine single ,series and parallel p!p characteristic crves# S$%%&'( This eperi!ent is abot p!p configrations, specificall* single, series, and parallel p!ps# The eperi!ent re+ired s to !easre the flow rates and pressre difference between the three p!p operations# The prpose of condcting this eperi!ent is to observe the differences as well as to deter!ine the characteristic crves of the single, series, and parallel p!ps# The para!eters involved in this eperi!ent are vol!etric flow rates, and diffe rent pressres - Sction , - .eliver* , - Otflow , and ∆-)# The reslts in this eperi!ent were obtained throgh !aniplating the configrations of the p!ps Shown in &ppendi)# B* the end of this eperi!ent, an average vol!etric flow rate of 1/#023!in was obtained as well as an average pressre difference of 1#4 bar# 5et, for the series configration of two p!ps, an average vol!etric flow rate of 11#06 23!in was obtained as well as an average pressre difference of 1#0 bar, and for the parallel configration of two p!ps, an average vol!etric flow rate of 6#70 23!in was obtained as well as an average pressre difference of 1#0 bar# This shows that the three p!p oper ati ons possess di ff erent fl ow rat es and pressre# Theoreticall*, all p!p operations follow the sa!e relationship which is 8 when the pressre increases, the vol!etric flow rate decreases si!ltaneosl*# Based on the characteristic crves Based on 'eslts) plotted, the trend spported the theor* stated# Besides that, it can be observed that the parallel p!p has the highest pressre which is 1#0 bar, while series p!p has the lowest press re which is 1#4 bar# In the c ase of the flow rate, the highest flow rate is 11#06 23!in which belongs to the series p!p operation, while the lowest flow rate is 6#70 23!in which belongs to the parallel p!p operation# In conclsion, based on the theor* and reslts ac+ired, the ob9ectives of this eperi!e nt have been s!ooth l* achieved bt the reslts and graph obtained are opposite to the theor*# The eplanation is in discssion#
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1)To observe the differences between single ,series and parallel p !p operation
")To deter!ine single ,series and parallel p !p characteristic c rves#
S$%%&'(
This e peri!ent is abo t p !p config rations, specificall* single, series, and parallel
p !ps# The e peri!ent re+ ired s to !eas re the flow rates and press re difference
between the three p !p operations# The p rpose of cond cting this e peri!ent is to observe
the differences as well as to deter!ine the characteristic c rves of the single, series, and
parallel p !ps# The para!eters involved in this e peri!ent are vol !etric flow rates, and
different press res - S ction , - .eliver* , - O tflow , and ∆ -)# The res lts in this e peri!ent were
obtained thro gh !anip lating the config rations of the p !ps Shown in &ppendi )# B* the
end of this e peri!ent, an average vol !etric flow rate of 1/#0 23!in was obtained as well
as an average press re difference of 1#4 bar# 5e t, for the series config ration of two p !ps,
an average vol !etric flow rate of 11#06 23!in was obtained as well as an average press re
difference of 1#0 bar, and for the parallel config ration of two p !ps, an average vol !etric
flow rate of 6#70 23!in was obtained as well as an average press re difference of 1#0 bar#
This shows that the three p !p operations possess different flow rates and press re#Theoreticall*, all p !p operations follow the sa!e relationship which is 8 when the press re
increases, the vol !etric flow rate decreases si! ltaneo sl*# Based on the characteristic
c rves Based on 'es lts) plotted, the trend s pported the theor* stated# Besides that, it can
be observed that the parallel p !p has the highest press re which is 1#0 bar, while series
p !p has the lowest press re which is 1#4 bar# In the case of the flow rate, the highest flow
rate is 11#06 23!in which belongs to the series p !p operation, while the lowest flow rate is
6#70 23!in which belongs to the parallel p !p operation# In concl sion, based on the theor*and res lts ac+ ired, the ob9ectives of this e peri!ent have been s!oothl* achieved b t the
res lts and graph obtained are opposite to the theor*#The e planation is in disc ssion#
In this e peri!ent, centrif gal p !ps are connected in series beca se the discharge of one p !p is connected to the s ction side of a second p !p# Two si!ilar p !ps, in series,operate in the sa!e !anner as a two?stage centrif gal p !p# Centrif gal p !ps in series are
sed to overco!e larger s*ste! head loss than one p !p can handle alone# =or two identical p !ps in series the head will be twice the head of a single p !p at the sa!e flow rate asindicated in point "# @ith a constant flow rate the co!bined head !oves fro! 1 to "# In
practice the co!bined head and flow rate !oves along the s*ste! c rve to point A#
• -oint A is where the s*ste! operates with both p !ps r nning#• -oint 1 is where the s*ste! operates with one p !p r nning#
The single p !p !a* be ins fficient to perfo! the re+ ire!ents#Co!bining two p !psincrease the p !ping capacit* of the s*ste!#Two p !ps !a* be connected in series ,so thatthe water passes first thro gh one p !p and then thro gh the second#@hen two p !psf nctioned in series , the flowrate is the sa!e as for a single p !p b t the total head isincreased#The co!bined p !p head 8 capacit* c rve is fo nd b* adding the heads of thesingle p !p c rves at the sa!e capacit*#
5e t the e peri!ent was cond cted in a parallel config ration of two p !ps !anner# @henthe p !ps are parallel !anner, it indicates that the flow rate added# - !ps are operated in
parallel when two or !ore p !ps are connected to a co!!on discharge line, and share thesa!e s ction conditions# @hen two or !ore p !ps are arranged in parallel their res lting
perfor!ance c rve is obtained b* adding their flow rates at the sa!e head as indicated in thefig re below#
Centrif gal p !ps in parallel are sed to overco!e larger vol !e flows than one p !p canhandle alone# =or two identical p !ps in parallel, and the head is ;ept constant, the flow ratedo bles as indicated with point " co!pared to a single p !p# In practice the co!bined headand vol !e flow !oves along the s*ste! c rve as indicated fro! 1 to A#
• -oint A is where the s*ste! operates with both p !ps r nning• -oint 1 is where the s*ste! operates with one p !p r nning
In practice, if one of the p !ps in parallel or series stops, the operation point !oves alongthe s*ste! resistance c rve fro! point A to point 1 ? the head and flow rate are decreased#
& single p !p !a* be ins fficient to prod ce the perfor!ance re+ ired# Co!bining two p !ps increase the p !pin capacit* of the s*ste!#Twpo p !ps !a* be connected in parallel,so that half the flow passes thro gh one of the p !ps and the other half thro gh the second
p !ps#@hen the two p !ps operate in parallel, the total head increase re!ains nchanged b t the flow rate is increased#The head capacit* c rve is fo nd b* adding the capacities of thesingle p !p c rves at the sa!e head#
B* cond cting this e peri!ent consistentl*, we were able to observe the differences
between single, series, and parallel p !ps operation# The e peri!ent was !anip lated to A
t*pes of config rations and to each, vol !etric flow rates, V, need to be obtained in order
to ac+ ire the characteristic c rves#
The vol !etric flow rate, V, was obtained b* !eas ring how long it ta;es, with a
stopwatch, for the fl id in the reservoir to reach 1/ 2# The vol !etric flow rate, V, was
calc lated b* sing the constant vol !e, 1/ 2 over the !eas red ti!e in !in tes# The flow
rates were obtained b* ad9 sting the o tflow press re, - O tflow , fro! /# bar to A#/ bar#
Initiall*, - S ction of single p !p is constant which is /#/ bar for all vol !etric flowrates beca se there is no s ction of fl id sing the energ* b* the p !p and it was the nor!al
flow of fl id# - .eliver* val es were obtained and the graph was plots# The vol !etric flow rate
was calc lated b* sing the constant val e, 1/2 over the !eas red ti!e in !in tes# =or the
config ration of a single p !p - O tflow 3 V), /# bar3 11#A 23!in, 1#/ bar3 11#" 23!in, 1# bar3
1/#7 23!in, "#/ bar3 1/#0 23!in, "# bar3 1/# 23!in, A#/ bar3 1/#/ 23!in# &s the press re
increase, the vol !e flow rate increase# 5e t, the e peri!ent was cond cted for the operation
which involves the series p !p config ration in a fl id flow s*ste!# In this e peri!ent, one p !p is connected to the s ction side of a second p !p# =or the series config ration of two
&s a concl sion, the operational differences between the single, series and parallel
config ration of p !ps and the characteristic of the three config rations of p !ps b*
co!paring the plotted graph can be collected fro! the res lt and the graph#There are so!e !ista;es that !a* ca se the inacc rac* of the res lt#
The errors are e peri!enter error and e+ ip!ent error# E peri!enter
error occ rred when o r lac; of ;nowledge to
handle the !achine# =or other
errors which is too s!all gap of
o tflow press re val e and
when we switch on the
valve for each p !p, the other valve
which not se did not switch off properl* and was ca se the
press re not persistant and the flow rate is not acc rate#
'ECO%%E5.&TIO5
There are so!e reco!!endation that co ld contrib te to better i!prove!ents in this
e peri!ent# &ll the possible errors that !ight occ r in this e peri!ent have been controlled
in order to obtain the best possible res lts# =irstl*, the s*ste!atic error <ero error) sho ld be
controlled b* chec;ing the !eas ring device prior to the e peri!ent# 5e t, paralla error
sho ld also be controlled b* confir!ing the !eas re!ents with gro p !e!bers# Instead of
that, all the config rations of the operations single, series, and parallel p !ps) were
followed e actl* as shown in the laborator* !an al# This is to ens re that there are no
!isoperation that co ld lead to inlogical res lts# %oreover, an* fa lt* e+ ip!ent, da!ages,
lea;ages, and nsolved errors sho ld be reported to the technician i!!ediatel* so that theo tco!e co ld be the best# The laborator* !an al ! st be read beforehand so that no ti!e
will be wasted in cond cting the e peri!ent, as well as to ;now briefl* on what this