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Fluid flow student handout material engineers ogs Mopco Course

Jul 21, 2015

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Mohammed Enab
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Page 1: Fluid flow student handout material engineers ogs Mopco Course

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Fluid Flow

Page 2: Fluid flow student handout material engineers ogs Mopco Course

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Fluid Flow

Absolute pressure and gauge pressure Density Viscosity Pressure drop Flow through nozzles and diffusers Parameters affecting the mass flow rate Water hammer

Page 3: Fluid flow student handout material engineers ogs Mopco Course

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Absolute pressure and gauge pressure

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Definit ion of pressure

Pressure is defined as the force acting perpendicularly on a unit area.

If F is the magnitude of the force and A is the area , the pressure is given as:

p = F/A

يعرف الضغط على أنه القوةالمؤثرة عموديا على وحدة

المساحات

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Pressure scales

Pressure can be represented in three different scales

1. Absolute pressure2. Gauge pressure3. Vacuum pressure

ويمكن تمثيل الضغط علىثلثة مقاييس مختلفة هم

1الضغط المطلق -2الضغط المقاس -3ضغط التفريغ -

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Absolute pressure It is the pressure

measured relative to absolute zero

هو الضغط المقاس بالنسبةالى الصفر المطلق

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Gauge pressure This is the pressure

measured relative to the local atmospheric pressure in question

هو الضغط المقاس بالنسبةللضغط الجوى

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Vacuum pressure This is the pressure

less than atmospheric measured relative to the local atmospheric

pressure in question

هو ضغط أقل من الضغطالجوى ويقاس بالنسبة للضغط

الجوى

Page 9: Fluid flow student handout material engineers ogs Mopco Course

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Density

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Definit ion of density and specif ic gravity Density is defined

as the mass of the substance per unit of volume.

Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water at 15oC

تعرف الكثافة على أنها كتلةوحدة الحجوم

وتعرف الوزن النوعى علىأنه النسبة بين كثافة المادة الى

درجة 15كثافة الماء عند مئوية

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Variation of l iquid density with temperature

When the temperature of a liquid increases, it expands in volume. Consequently, the density will decrease since it is inversely proportional to the volume.

عند أرتفاع درجة حرارةالسائل فأن حجمه يزداد مما

يقلل من الكثافة

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Viscosity

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تعريف اللزوجةDefinit ion of viscosity

Viscosity is defined as the resistance of the fluid to flow

تعرف اللزوجة بأنها مقياسلمقاومة المائع للسريان

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Pressure drop

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Causes of pressure drop in pipes

Pressure drop in pipes is caused by:

Friction Vertical pipe

difference or elevation

Changes of kinetic energy

الفقد فى الضغط يحدث فىالمواسير نتيجة

التحتكاكفرق الترتفاع للمواسيرالتغير فى طاقة تحركة المائع

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Factors affecting pressure drop by frict ion in circular pipes

The pressure drop directly proportional to

1. The density of fluid2. The flow velocity3. Friction factor4. Pipe length The pressure drop

inversely proportional to 1. The pipe diameter

يتناسب الفقد فى الضغط تناسبطرديا مع

- كثافة المائع1

- سرعة المائع2

- معامل التحتكاك3

- طول الماسوترة4

ويتناسب عكسيا مع

- قطر الماسوترة1

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Pressure drop across valves Pressure drop

across valves depends on the valve type

الفقد فى الضغط خللالمحابس تختلف بأختلف

نوع المحبس فتوجد محابس ذات فقد فى الضغط منخفض

(ذات استرجاع فى الضغط كبير) مثل محبس الكرة

ومحبس البوابة كما توجد المحابس ذات فقد فى الضغط

مرتفع (ذات استرجاع فى الضغط صغير)

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Water hammer

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Water hammer Water hammer (or, more

generally, f luid hammer) is a pressure surge or wave resulting when a fluid usually a liquid but sometimes also a gas) in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly (momentum change).

Water hammer commonly occurs when a valve is closed suddenly at an end of a pipeline system, and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe.

هى ظاهرة تكون موجات تضاغطية تنتجمن أرغام السائل على الوقوف فجأة أو

تغيير مساره وهى تحدث عادة عند غلق محبس فجأة

مما يؤدى الى تكون موجات تضاغطية تؤدي الى زيادة الضغط زيادة كبيرة

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Water hammer This pressure wave

can cause major problems, from noise and vibration to pipe collapse.

Water hammer can cause pipelines to break if the pressure is high enough.

وهذه الزيادة فى الضغطتؤدى الى حدوث ضوضاء

وحدوث أهتزازات وقد تؤدى الى تدمير المواسير

فى حالة زيادتها بصورة كبيرة

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Water hammer It is possible to reduce the

effects of the water hammer pulses with accumulators and other features

Air traps or stand pipes (open at the top) are sometimes added as dampers to water systems to provide a cushion to absorb the force of moving water in order to prevent damage to the system .

يمكن تقليل أثار ظاهرة الطرق المائى عنطريق أستخدام مستودع يقلل من أرتفاع وتذبذب الضغط الناتج عن هذه الظاهرة

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Water hammer Steam distribution

systems may also be vulnerable to a situation similar to water hammer, known as steam hammer.

In a steam system, water hammer most often occurs when some of the steam condenses into water in a horizontal section of the steam piping.

وأنظمة البخار تعانى كذلك منظاهرة الطرق وتسمى الطرق

البخارى وتحدث هذه الظاهرة عند تحول

البخار الى ماء فى خطوط البخار