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FLOW METER SELECTION
SEMINAR
Alan Graff
RL Stone CoI&C Sales Manager
Upstate NY & New England
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RL StoneCo. New EnglandCorporate Office: 115 Ainsley Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210 Tel: 888-404-8882 Fax: 315-479-5402 www.rl-stone.com
Process/HVAC Products and SolutionsArmstrongSteam and Condensate Group:Traps, Liquid Drainers, SteamDistribution & Condensate Return Manifolds, Air Vents, Strainers, Wireless
Trap Monitors, Spargers, Separators
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Brain & MEGAMIX Digital Electronic Mixing Center, Steam & Hot Water Hoseand Mixing Valve Stations
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Cataract Steel Compressed Air, Gas & Heat Transfer Products, Industrial Heat Exchangers, Pressure Vessels, Air Receivers
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Refrigerant Leak Detection Monitoring Systems
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TMI, Inc Strip Doors, Air Doors, Screens and Curtains, Modular Enclosures,Clear and Colored Flexible PVC Film, Noise Control Products
Flow Sensors & Instrumentation, Accelabar Zero Straight RunFlow Meter, Utility Flow Metering Systems
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A Leading Supplier of Flowmeters
to HVAC & Industrial Marketplace
Magmeters
Vortex & Swirl
Turbine
Thermal & Coriolis Mass
BTU Meter
Pitot, Wedge
Orifice Plates, Venturi
Positive Displacement
Rotameter, Variable Area
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Define Application Basic Facts
Flowing Media (Steam, Water, Air, Gas etc)
Density - pressure and temperature
Flow Range, minimum to maximum (turndown
needed)
Accuracy how stated? % of range or span
Repeatability
Straight run requirements & available Economic Considerations Initial cost, maintenance
cost & operating costs
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Why are we here?
There is no 1 meter that will meet every
application
Every application needs to be looked at
individually
We can make some generalizations !!!!!!
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HOW MUCH(TOTAL)
HOW FAST(RATE)
FLOW MEASUREMENT
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Flow Through A Pipe
Real WorldIdealized
Pipe Velocity Profile
VV
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General Flow Terminology
Reynolds Number (RE) A single dimensionlessparameter formed as the ratio of inertial toviscous forces . Magnitude indicates whetherflow is laminar or turbulent
=
CharacteristicDimension*
(D)
Fluid Viscosity ()
RE=
FluidDensity
(p)
FluidVelocity
(V)Inertia Forces
Viscous Forces
* Usually inside pipe diameter.
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Characterization of Fluid Flow
Types of FlowRE < 2100
RE >3000
*** Well documented & proven fullydeveloped flow profiles
Transitional
Turbulent ***
Laminar
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Volumetric Flowrate (Q)
Volume = Area x LengthVolume Flow = Area x Velocity
V
A Q
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Mass Flowrate (m)
Where m = Mass FlowQ = Volume Flow = Fluid Density
=AV
Mass = Volume x Density
Mass Flow m = Qp
VA
m
Q=VA
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Mass vs Volume Flowmeters
Why are we concerned?
How much does it really matter?
Flow through a 4 line measured in a Averaging Pitot
Flow Rate 1000 cfm 1000 cfmPressure 5 psi 5 psi
Temperature 100 F 70 F
DP in WC 12.181 11.532
There is a 6% error just by changing density / temperature slightlycan
you meter cope??
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General Flow Terminology
Factors affecting flowmeter performance
Process media Liquid Gas
Density (Specific Gravity)
Viscosity
Pressure
Temperature
Velocity
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Flowmeter Performance
Accuracy
Repeatability Linearity
Rangeability
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Types of Accuracy
% Rate
% Full Scale % Span
% Max DP
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Accuracy
Percent Error Versus Flow
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Poor Repeatabili ty Means
Poor Accuracy
Good Accuracy Means
Good Repeatability
Good Repeatability Does NotNecessarily Mean Good Accuracy
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Volumetric Flowmeters
DP
Turbine
Vortex / Swirl
Magnetic
Target
Ultrasonic
Displacement
Note: can be inferred mass with compensating transmitter
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Differential Pressure Flowmeters
Flow Measurement Principles
P
Q = KORIFICE PLATE
(or FLOWTUBE)VENA
CONTRACTA
MANOMETER
(or DP TRANSMITTER)h
Direction of Flow
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DP Primary Elements
VariousOrificeConfiguration
FlowNozzle
VenturiFlowmeter
FlowTube
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DP Primary Elements
Averaging Pitot
Accelabar CombinedPitot & Venturi
Wedge Element
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DP Flowmeters
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
ADVANTAGES Use On Liquid, Gas, and Steam
Suitable for Extreme Temperatures
and Pressures
No Moving Parts
Low Cost
DISADVANTAGES
Limited Rangeabili ty
Effected By Changes In Density,Pressure, and Viscosity
Maintenance Intensive
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Magnetic Flowmeters
Theory of Operation
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Magmeter Requirements
Process must be a liquid
Minimum conductivity Meter must be full
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Magnetic Flowmeters
MAGNETIC
ADVANTAGES No Moving Parts
Very Wide Rangeabili ty
Ideal For Slurries
Unobstructed Flow Path
DISADVANTAGES
Liquid Must Be Conduct ive
Physical Pressure and Temperature
Limits
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Magnetic Flowmeters
No moving parts
No pressure drop
Flowrate independent of viscosity, temperature, and density
Minimum upstream piping requirements
Electronics interchangeable without regard to size
Measure dirty liquids with solids
Measure highly corrosive fluids
Very large turndown
Linear output
Advantages Over Other Technologies
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Vortex Meter
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Vortex Meter
Principle of Operation
Q = V x A
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Vortex
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Vortex / Swirlmeter
ADVANTAGES
No Moving Parts
For Liquid, Gas, or Steam
Uneffected by Pressure, Temperature,
or Density Changes.
Wide Rangeability
DISADVANTAGES
Span Limitations Due to Viscosi ty
Flow Profile Sensitive (Vortex)
VORTEX / SWIRLMETER
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Swirlmeter
Principle of Operation
Preamplifier
Swirler SensorDeswirler
r = local radius
VA = axial velocity of flowVT = angular veloci ty of flow
p = static pressure
Backflow
Housing
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Swirlmeters
Benefits High Accuracy 0.50% of Rate
No Moving Parts
Minimal Upstream Piping
Measures Low Flows
Versatile
Electronics can be used for Diagnostics
Works with Entrained Liquids
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Swirlmeter
Cut-Away ViewTechnical Data
Measures liquids, gases and steam
Available integral, remote, or flowcomputer electronics
Accuracy 0.50% rate Sizes 0.75" thru 16.0"
Minimal upstream piping req.
Flow as low as 1 GPM
Excellent in light gas applications
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Installation Length
Swirlmeter
15 D 5 D
25 D 5 D
50 D 5 D
Vortex 4Swirlmeter
90 elbow
Processcontrol valve
Reduction
3 D 1 D
3 D 1 D
5 D 1 D
min. 1.8 D
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Turbine Meter
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Turbine Meter
Principle of Operation
Rotor velocity is proportional to fluid velocity
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Turbine Meter
High accuracy (.5% of rate) High rangeability (up to 50:1)
Compact design
Fast response time Broad range of sizes
Clean water applications only
NIST Traceable Factory Calibration Low cost, Easy to install
In and out of line, under pressure
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Turbine Meter
Straight pipe run requirements
Process fluid lubricity
Reynolds number constraints
Viscosity
Density
Maintenance & recalibration
Performance Considerations
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Turbine Flowmeters
TURBINE
ADVANTAGES
High Accuracy
Suitable for Extreme
Temperatures and Pressures
Can Be Used On Gas or Liquid
DISADVANTAGES
Only For Low Viscosi ties
Moving Parts
Sensit ive to Flow Profi le
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Positive Displacement Flowmeters
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PD Flowmeters
Helical gear
Nutating disk Oscillating
piston
Oval gear Rotary
Types
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Positive Displacement Meter
Typical Principle of Operation
Schematic of anutating-disk meter
Schematic of a
rotary-vane flowmeter Schematic of alobed-impeller flowmeter
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PD Flowmeters
Ideal for viscous fluids
Custody transfer
Batching
Minimal straight pipingrequirements
Advantages
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Ultrasonic Flowmeters
Doppler
Time offlight
Types
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DopplerFlowmeter
Ultrasonic Flowmeters
Principle of Operation
Ult i Fl t
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Ultrasonic Flowmeters
Principle of Operation
Transit-TimeFlowmeter
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Ultrasonic Flowmeters
Reynolds number constraints
Entrained gas or particles for doppler Clean liquids for time of flight
Installed without process shut down
Straight upstream pipingrequirements
Performance Considerations
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Ultrasonic
ULTRASONIC
ADVANTAGES
No Moving Parts
Unobstructed Flow Passage
Wide Rangeability
DISADVANTAGES
For Liquids Only (limited gas)
Flow Profile Dependent
Errors Due To Deposits
V
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Mass Flowmeter
Direct Measurement
Thermal Dispersion
Coriolis
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Coriolis Mass Flowmeter
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Coriolis
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Coriolis
CORIOLISADVANTAGES
Direct Mass Measurement
High Accuracy
Addi tional Density Measurement
Uneffected By Flow Profi le
DISADVANTAGES
High Purchase Price
High Installation Cost
Size Limitations
Vibration Sensitive
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Thermal Dispersion
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Thermal Dispersion Mass Flowmeter
Gas application only
Relatively inexpensive
Easy to install and remove under pressure
Accuracy 0.5%
Turndown, 100:1
Capable of monitoring extremely low flows
True mass flow meter (compensates fortemperature/pressure)
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Piping Considerations
Always need a full pipe
Proper up / down diameter
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BTU Monitoring
Summary Each Application is
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y pp
Different
Flowing Media (eg Steam, Water, Air, Gas etc)Density - pressure and temperature
Flow Range, minimum to maximum (turndown needed)
Accuracy how stated? % of range or span
Repeatability
Straight run requirements & available
Maintenance and reliability
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General HVAC Recommendations
Steam : Accelabar or Swirl
Chilled or Hot Water: Hot Tap Insert Turbine
Natural Gas or Air: Thermal Dispersion
Fuel Oil: Coriolis or Wedge
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