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Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... for mounting plates www.vogelag.com General information Flow limiters are used in large circulating-oil lubrication systems. The task of a flow limiter is to divide up the volumetric flow of the main line into parallel individual volumetric flow quantities and to “limit” these according to requirements, or to keep them constant. The volumetric flow produced does not depend on the system pressure and is nearly independent of viscosity. It is also possible to switch from the rated volumetric flow of the SP/ SMB10 to a reduced starting flow (1 : 4) to keep cold bearings from overflowing The SP/SMB 10... flow limiter was developed specially for mounting plates. The advantage of this design is its simple and compact construction. Using interchangeable plug-in nozzles, the volumetric flow of the flow limiter can be set stepwise from 0.210 to 8.18 l/min.That makes it possible to adjust the volumetric flow rates at a later date. The SP/SMB 10... Group comes with a visual/electronic gear wheel-type flow indicator. 1-3003-US Flow limiter SP/SMB10 ... Design The SP/SMB 10 flow limiter consists of the following: flow limiter housing (with sensor) flow limiter regulating assembly (with control piston, plug-in nozzle and pressure spring) gear pair flow limiter cover (with sight glass, seals, plugs and fastening screws) baseplate. The housing, gears and cover consist of an anodized aluminum alloy to ensure corrosion-resistance and low weight. A round glass disk conforming to DIN 8902 (pressed hard glass) is used for the sight-glass pane. The pane floats in the cover to avoid distortion and premature failure. The housing accommodates a sensor that is actuated by pin magnets embedded in the gear. Fig. 1 Flow Limiter SP/SMB 10... on baseplate with gear wheel- type flow indicator and changeover valve
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Flow limiter SP/SMB 10 - Group HESlubemec.grouphes.com/wc/lubemec/vogel/dateien/us/pdf/izs...Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... for mounting plates General information Flow limiters are used

Mar 28, 2020

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Page 1: Flow limiter SP/SMB 10 - Group HESlubemec.grouphes.com/wc/lubemec/vogel/dateien/us/pdf/izs...Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... for mounting plates General information Flow limiters are used

Flow limiter SP/SMB 10...

for mounting plates

www.vogelag.com

General information

Flow limiters are used in large circulating-oil lubrication systems.The task of a flow limiter is to divide up the volumetric flow of themain line into parallel individual volumetric flow quantities and to“limit” these according to requirements, or to keep themconstant.

The volumetric flow produced does not depend on the systempressure and is nearly independent of viscosity. It is alsopossible to switch from the rated volumetric flow of the SP/SMB10 to a reduced starting flow (1 : 4) to keep cold bearingsfrom overflowing

The SP/SMB 10... flow limiter was developed specially formounting plates. The advantage of this design is its simple andcompact construction.

Using interchangeable plug-in nozzles, the volumetric flow of theflow limiter can be set stepwise from 0.210 to 8.18 l/min.Thatmakes it possible to adjust the volumetric flow rates at a laterdate.

The SP/SMB 10... Group comes with a visual/electronic gearwheel-type flow indicator.

1-3003-US

Flow limiter SP/SMB10 ...

Design

The SP/SMB 10 flow limiter consists of the following:

� flow limiter housing (with sensor)

� flow limiter regulating assembly (with control piston, plug-innozzle and pressure spring)

� gear pair

� flow limiter cover (with sight glass, seals, plugs and fasteningscrews)

� baseplate.

The housing, gears and cover consist of an anodized aluminumalloy to ensure corrosion-resistance and low weight. A roundglass disk conforming to DIN 8902 (pressed hard glass) is usedfor the sight-glass pane. The pane floats in the cover to avoiddistortion and premature failure. The housing accommodates asensor that is actuated by pin magnets embedded in the gear.

Fig. 1 Flow Limiter SP/SMB 10... on baseplate with gear wheel- type flow indicator and changeover valve

Page 2: Flow limiter SP/SMB 10 - Group HESlubemec.grouphes.com/wc/lubemec/vogel/dateien/us/pdf/izs...Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... for mounting plates General information Flow limiters are used

Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... 1-3003-US 2

Zentral-schmierung

Zentral-schmierung

Mode of operation

With the flow limiter SP/SMB 10...flow limiter, the total volumetricflow Q is divided up into individual flow lines Q, by the parallellayout of the volume limiter on the mounting plate. The systempressure, being the input pressure p1, is thus maintained for allflow limiters.

Every flow limiter has a control piston with a plug-in nozzle as adifferential pressure regulator.

The differential pressure (p1-p2) at the interchangeable plug-innozzle D1 in the control piston is based on a balance of forces

p1 • A = p2 • A + F resp.. p1/2 = p1 - p2 = F/A = constant.

It follows that:

The difference in pressure in front of and behind variablenozzle D2 is held constant by a balance in pressure.

Only one respective nozzle of the two plug-in nozzles D1 and D2

is active in this respect. In the starting phase, oil flows throughboth nozzles, but only the smaller of the two (D1) is active.

Starting phase

p II > p I

The starting volumetric flow should not, however, be greater than1/4 the volumetric flow in normal operation.

Operation

In normal operation (see Fig. 3 for changeover-valve switchposition) only nozzle D2 is actuated.

pI > pII

For this function the system pressure pI must always be greaterthan the sum of the pressure drops in and downstream of eachflow limiter.

p I > (p1 - p2) + p3

For this reason the pump´s volumetric flow should exceed all theindividual flow quantities by approx. 15 %, i.e.,

Q = 1,15 • ( ∑ Qi ).

The downstream gear wheel-type flow indicator uses a dynamicpulse generator (24 V DC) to emit a continuous sequence ofpulses proportional to the volumetric flow. The proportionalityfactor K1 is derived from the swallowing capacity of onerevolution of the gear pair (K1 = 12.0 ml/pulse).

The sequence of pulses can be displayed and monitored bypulse-monitoring equipment, group monitoring units or a centralevaluation station.

p1 Pressure upstream of the active plug-in nozzle

p2 Pressure downstream of the active plug-in nozzle

p3 Pressure downstream of ZK

pI Operating pressure

pII Control pressure (pI + 10 bars)

D1 Plug-in nozzle / starting phase

D2 Plug-in nozzle / normal operation

A Cross-sectional area of the control piston

RK Control piston

F Spring force

ZK Gear wheel-type flow indicator

UV Changeover valve

IW Pulse monitoring unit

IA Pulse display and programming unit

Functional diagram

Fig. 3 Functional diagram SP/SMB 10...

Fig. 2 Design of Flow limiter SP/SMB 10...

IW

F ZK RK D2 D1 p1 p2 D3 p3

PI

PII

IA

Fig. 4 Connection of gear wheel-type flow indicator

E1

Plug

DIN 43650

12

3

SH

UV

Page 3: Flow limiter SP/SMB 10 - Group HESlubemec.grouphes.com/wc/lubemec/vogel/dateien/us/pdf/izs...Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... for mounting plates General information Flow limiters are used

Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... 1-3003-US 3

Key to order codes

Flow limiter SP/SMB 10.. - for mounting plates -

Reference

Order baseplate separately (see page 7-9).

Also see plug-in nozzle tables on pages 4 to 5)

Technical Data

Flow limiter

General information

Type ........................................ selectable

2-way flow limiter valve with

volumetric flow control

Application .............................. for mounting plates

Fitting position ........................ any (make sure the filter is

mounted in a vertical position)

Ambient temperature range ... 0 to + 70 °C

Material ................................... AlCuMgPb F38, neutrally anodized

Weight ..................................... 1.4 kg

Hydraulic

Nominal volumetric flow

( also see related tables)

........................................... stepwise from 0.21 bis 8.15 l/min

Working pressure p1.................6 to 50 bars

Control pressure PII ................16 to 60 bars

Required differential pressure

between input pressure p1

and output pressure p3 ........... ≥ 6 bars

Lubricant ................................. mineral oils, synthetic oils and

ecofriendly oils

Lubricant temperature range .. 0 to + 90 °C 1)

Operating viscosity ..................... 20 to 600 mm²/s

Gear wheel-type flow indicator

Sensor.....................................Hall sensor

Power.......................................24 V DC ± 10%

Max. switched current.............20 mA

Connection..............................plug, DIN 43 650

Type of enclosure....................IP65

Proportionality factor ..............12.0 ml/pulse

1) Only when ambient temperature < 60 °C.

SP/SMB 10/2 E1 /_ _ _-_ _ _

Volumetric flow control

/0 = without electrical monitoring

E1 = with electrical monitoring

(PNP technology, 24 V DC)

(continuous pulse sequence,

proportional to volumetric flow)

Order description

Nozzle type D1

Part number

24-2710- _ _ _ _

Nozzle type

0 = without electrical monitoring

1 = with electrical monitoring

Order example

(SP/SMB10/2E1/050-100)

Flow limiter, type SP/SMB and size (10), outfitted with nozzle (/2),with electrical volumetric flow check (E1), nozzle sizes Ø 050-100mm with a rated volumetric flow ratio of 1:4 = 210:850 ml/min

(D1 = 050, D2 = 100) (/050-100).

Part number 24-2710-1003

Nozzle type D2

Page 4: Flow limiter SP/SMB 10 - Group HESlubemec.grouphes.com/wc/lubemec/vogel/dateien/us/pdf/izs...Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... for mounting plates General information Flow limiters are used

Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... 1-3003-US 4

Plug-in nozzle table for flow limiters with a starting/operating volumetric flow ratio of 1 : 4Nominal volumetric flow 1) Flow limiter Flow limiter

1:4 Order description Part number

[ ml/min ] [D1-D2]

210 : 850 SP/SMB 10/ 2 E1/050-100 24-2710-1003

260 : 1020 055-110 -1004

300 : 1220 060-120 -1005

360 : 1430 065-130 -1006

410 : 1660 070-140 -1007

480 : 1910 075-150 -1008

540 : 2170 080-160 -1009

610 : 2450 085-170 -1010

690 : 2750 090-180 -1011

760 : 3060 095-190 -1012

850 : 3390 100-200 -1013

930 : 3740 105-210 1014

1020 : 4100 110-220 -1015

1120 : 4490 115-230 -1016

1220 : 4880 120-240 -1017

1320 : 5300 125-250 -1018

1430 : 5730 130-260 -1019

1550 : 6180 135-270 -1020

1660 : 6650 140-280 -1021

1780 : 7130 145-290 -1022

1910 : 7630 150-300 -1023

2040 : 8150 155-310 -1024

Plug-in nozzles

- see the following table

210 SP/SMB 10 /2E1/ 550-050 24-2710- 1050 0.50 050 24-0455-2574

260 -055 - 1055 0.55 055 -2575

300 -060 - 1060 0.60 060 -2576

360 -065 - 1065 0.65 065 -2577

410 -070 - 1070 0.70 070 -2578

480 -075 - 1075 0.75 075 -2579

540 -080 - 1080 0.80 080 -2580

610 -085 - 1085 0.85 085 -2581

690 -090 -1090 0.90 090 -2582

760 -095 - 1095 0.95 095 -2583

850 -100 - 1100 1.00 100 -2584

930 -105 - 1105 1.05 105 -2585

1020 -110 - 1110 1.10 110 -2586

1120 -115 - 1115 1.15 115 -2587

1220 -120 - 1120 1.20 120 -2588

Continued on next page!

Plug-in nozzle table for flow limiters with a starting/operating volumetric flow ratio of 1 : 1

[ml/min] [D1 - D2] [∅ mm] [Type] Part number

Nominal

volumetric

flow 1)

Flow limiter

SP/SMB 10...

Order description

Flow limiter

SP/SMB 10..

Part number

Plug-in nozzle D2

Complete spare part

Page 5: Flow limiter SP/SMB 10 - Group HESlubemec.grouphes.com/wc/lubemec/vogel/dateien/us/pdf/izs...Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... for mounting plates General information Flow limiters are used

Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... 1-3003-US 5

[ml/min] [D1 - D2] [∅ mm] [Type] Part number

Plug-in nozzle table for flow limiters with a starting/operating volumetric flow ratio of 1 : 1

Nominal

volumetric

flow 1)

Flow limiter

SP/SMB 10...

Order description

Flow limiter

SP/SMB 10..

Part number

Plug-in nozzle D2

Complete spare part

Plug-in nozzle D1

Complete spare part

[∅ mm] [Type] Part number

5.50 550 24-0455-2629

1) at a service viscosity of 300 mm²/s.

1320 SP/SMB 10 / 2 E1 /550 -125 24-2710- 1125 1.25 125 24-0455-2589

1430 -130 - 1130 1.30 130 -2590

1550 -135 - 1135 1.35 135 -2591

1660 -140 - 1140 140 140 -2592

1780 -145 - 1145 1.45 145 -2593

1910 -150 - 1150 1.50 150 -2594

2040 -155 - 1155 1.55 155 -2595

2170 -160 - 1160 1.60 160 -2596

2310 -165 - 1165 1.65 165 2597

2450 -170 - 1170 1.70 170 -2598

2600 -175 - 1175 1.75 175 -2599

2750 -180 - 1180 1.80 180 -2600

2900 -185 - 1185 1.85 185 -2601

3060 -190 - 1190 1.90 190 -2602

3220 -195 - 1195 1.95 195 -2603

3390 -200 - 1200 2.00 200 -2604

3560 -205 - 1205 2.05 205 -2605

3740 -210 - 1210 2.10 210 -2606

3920 -215 - 1215 2.15 215 -2607

4100 -220 - 1220 2.20 220 -2608

4290 -225 - 1225 2.25 225 -2609

4490 -230 - 1230 2.30 230 -2610

4680 -235 - 1235 2.35 235 -2611

4880 -240 - 1240 2.40 240 -2612

5090 -245 - 1245 2.45 245 -2613

5300 -250 - 1250 2.50 250 -2614

5510 -255 - 1255 2.55 255 -2615

5730 -260 - 1260 2.60 260 -2616

5960 -265 - 1265 2.65 265 -2617

6180 -270 - 1270 2.70 270 -2618

6410 -275 - 1275 2.75 275 -2619

6650 -280 - 1280 2.80 280 -2620

6890 -285 - 1285 2.85 285 -2621

7130 -290 - 1290 2.90 290 -2622

7380 -295 - 1295 2.95 295 -2623

7630 -300 - 1300 3.00 300 -2624

7890 -303 - 1305 3.05 305 -2625

8150 -310 - 1310 3.10 310 -2626

Page 6: Flow limiter SP/SMB 10 - Group HESlubemec.grouphes.com/wc/lubemec/vogel/dateien/us/pdf/izs...Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... for mounting plates General information Flow limiters are used

Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... 1-3003-US 6

Hydraulic changeover valve

Type ...................................... hydraulic 3/2-way valve

Material ................................. AlCuMgPb F38, neutrally anodized

Weight ................................... 0.42 kg

Fig. 5 hydraulic changeover valve

Order Information

hydraulic changeover valve ....Part number... 24-1883-2093

Electrical changeover valve

Type ..................................... electrical 4/2-way valve

Rated votage .......................... 230 V AC, 50 Hz or 24 V DC

Weight ..................................... 6.5 kg

Order Information

Electrical changeover valve 230 V AC

................................................ Part number.. 24-1254-2487

Electrical changeover valve 24 V DC

................................................ Part number.. 24-1254-2486

Fig. 6 Electrical changeover valve

Oil filter with shut-off valve

Material:

Housing .............................. AlCuMgPb F38, neutrally anodizedCloth ..................................... V4A

Mesh spacing ....................... 0.1 mm

Weight ..................................... 2.3 kg

Order Information

Oil filter with shut-off valve ... Part number 24-0651-3041

Fig. 7 Oil filter with shut-off valve

Dummy element

Application ............................ to blank off unused mounting

plate outlets

Material ................................. AlCuMgPb F38, neutrally anodized

Model: ................................... with mounting screws M8 × 30

and sealing rings

Weight ..................................... 0.8kg/each

Order Information

Dummy element ..................... Part number 24-0711-2406

Fig. 8 Dummy element

Page 7: Flow limiter SP/SMB 10 - Group HESlubemec.grouphes.com/wc/lubemec/vogel/dateien/us/pdf/izs...Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... for mounting plates General information Flow limiters are used

Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... 1-3003-US 7

Mounting plate for a flow limiter und hydraulic changeover valve

Material ................................... AlCuMgPb F38, neutrally anodized

Weight ..................................... see the following table

Fig. 9 Baseplate for 1 to 6 SP/SMB 10 flow limiters

Number of flow limiters Dim. A Weight Part number[ n ] [ mm ] [ kg/each ]

1 162 2.00 24-0714-3231

2 243 2.75 24-0714-3232

4 405 4.25 24-0714-3234

6 567 5.75 24-0714-3236

Page 8: Flow limiter SP/SMB 10 - Group HESlubemec.grouphes.com/wc/lubemec/vogel/dateien/us/pdf/izs...Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... for mounting plates General information Flow limiters are used

Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... 1-3003-US 8

Baseplate for 1 to 6 flow limiters, hydraulic changeover valveand oil filter

Material ................................... AlCuMgPb F38, neutrally anodized

Weight ..................................... see the following table

Number of flow limiters Dim. A Weight Part number[ n ] [ mm ] [ kg/each ]

1 221 2.25 24-0714-3241

2 302 3.0 24-0714-3242

4 464 4.5 24-0714-3244

6 626 6.0 24-0714-3246

Fig.10 Baseplate for 1 to 6 flow limiters, hydraulic changeover valve and oil filter

Page 9: Flow limiter SP/SMB 10 - Group HESlubemec.grouphes.com/wc/lubemec/vogel/dateien/us/pdf/izs...Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... for mounting plates General information Flow limiters are used

Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... 1-3003-US 9

Baseplate for 1 to 6 flow limiters, electrical changeover valveand oil filter

Material ................................... AlCuMgPb F38, neutrally anodized

Weight ..................................... see the following table

Number of flow limiters Dim. A Weight Part number[ n ] [ mm ] [ kg/each ]

1 247 2.5 24-0714-3261

2 328 3.2 24-0714-3262

3 409 4.0 24-0714-3263

4 490 4.8 24-0714-3264

5 571 5.6 24-0714-3265

6 652 6.4 24-0714-3266

Fig.11 Baseplate for 1 to 6 flow limiters, electrical changeover valve and oil filter

Page 10: Flow limiter SP/SMB 10 - Group HESlubemec.grouphes.com/wc/lubemec/vogel/dateien/us/pdf/izs...Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... for mounting plates General information Flow limiters are used

Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... 1-3003-US 10

Example of a circulating-oil lubricationsystem

Before lubrication begins the lubricant is heated inside thepressurized-oil station (1). The delivery line (2) cuts in when thespecified lubricant temperature is reached. The lubricant nowflows back to the pressurized-oil station (1) via the delivery line(2), enabled warm-up lines (3) and return line (4). (The flowlimiters (5) are not monitored in this period of time.) The flowlimiters (5) are switched to when the specified lubricanttemperature is reached. The hydraulic (6) and/or electricalchangeover valve (7) on the flow limiters (5) actuates startupplug-in nozzle D1. This nozzle reduces the rated volumetric flowto a lower starting flow of 1:4. At the same time, electricalmonitoring of the flow limiters is activated.

A thermostat (8) on the return line (4) determines the returninglubricant’s temperature. When the specified lubricanttemperature is reached, the hydraulic (6) and/or electricalchangeover valve (7) switches to normal-operation nozzle D2.The nozzle adjusts to the full rated volumetric flow.

Group pulse monitoring units (9) see to evaluation of the signalsarriving from the flow limiters (5). Progressive feeders (10) can beadditionally installed downstream of the flow limiters (5).

1 Pressurized-oil station

2 Delivery line

3 Warm-up line

4 Return line

5 Flow limiter with changeover valve

6 Hydraulic changeover valve

7 Electrical changeover valve

8 Thermostat

9 Group monitoring units

10 Progressive feeders

11 Control pressure line

1

2

3

4

3

55 76

8

910

10

Fig.12 Example of a circulating-oil lubrication system

11

9

Page 11: Flow limiter SP/SMB 10 - Group HESlubemec.grouphes.com/wc/lubemec/vogel/dateien/us/pdf/izs...Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... for mounting plates General information Flow limiters are used

Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... 1-3003-US 11

Replacing plug-in nozzles

• Interrupt oil feed to flow limiter above shutoff valve(at oil filter, if required).

� Control piston held under spring pressure!

• Slowly screw out stop screw (hexagonal head, WAF 12)together with washer.

� Burn injury hazard!

Escaping oil is possibly hot!

• Remove control piston with plug-in nozzles (D1/D2) andpressure spring.

� Attention!

When reinstalling the plug-in nozzles make sure theyare not mixed up! Consult the rated volumetric-flowtable on pages 4-5 for the selection of plug-innozzles.

Dismantling/installation of plug-in nozzle D1

• Dismantling/installation of plug-in nozzle D1

• Remove plug-in nozzle D1 (with washer) from controlpiston.

� A roughly ø 6 mm rod (never use a pointed object like,for instance, a scriber) can be used to help press it out.

• Press new plug-in nozzle D1 and washer firmly into thecontrol piston all the way to the stop with the nozzleopening pointing upward (nozzle type legible).

Dismantling/installation of plug-in nozzle D2

• Loosen and remove retaining ring from the controlpiston.

• Remove plug-in nozzle D2 (with washer) from the controlpiston.

� A roughly ø 6 mm rod (never use a pointed object like,for instance, a scriber) can be used to help press it out.

• Press new plug-in nozzle D2 and washer firmly into thecontrol piston all the way to the stop with the nozzleopening pointing upward (nozzle type legible).

• Insert retaining ring in control piston.

• Insert pressure spring in the borehole.

• Insert control piston with new plug-in nozzle(s) in theborehole over the pressure spring without skewing.

• Check to make sure the control piston moves easily bypressing it against the pressure spring. Skewing leads tomalfunctions.

• Screw in stop screw with washer.

• Open the shutoff valve.

Designation Part number

Flow limiter

SP/SMB10...without nozzle, with electrical 24-1883-3020monitoring

Gasket set for SP/SMB 10... 24-0404-2341

Oil filter with shut-off valve

Filter insert 24-0651-2200

Gasket set for filter 24-0404-2293

Interchangeable strainer 24-2104-2009

Hydr. changeover valve

Gasket 24-0404-2281

Gear wheel-type flow indicator

Sight glass (with flange,seals and shims) 24-0758-2113

Replacement parts

Accessories

Designation Part number

Group monitoring unit 84-8011-0369

Fig. 13 Replacing plug-in nozzles

1 Stop screw with washer

2 Plug-in nozzle D1 (startup 1:4) with washer

3 Retaining ring 10x1

4 Plug-in nozzle D2 (normal operation 1:1) with washer

5 Control piston

6 Pressure spring

7 Flow limiter housing

Page 12: Flow limiter SP/SMB 10 - Group HESlubemec.grouphes.com/wc/lubemec/vogel/dateien/us/pdf/izs...Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... for mounting plates General information Flow limiters are used

Flow limiter SP/SMB 10... 1-3003-US 12

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Willy Vogel AG2. Industriestrasse 468766 HockenheimGermanyTel. +49 (0) 62 05 / 27-0Fax +49 (0) 62 05 / [email protected]

Willy Vogel AGMotzener Strasse 35/3712277 Berlin, GermanyPF 97 04 44 . 12704 BerlinTel. +49 (0) 30-720 02-0Fax +49 (0) 30-720 [email protected]

VOGEL France SASRue Robert Amy, B.P. 13049404 Saumur cedexFranceTel. +33 (0) 241 404 200Fax +33 (0) 241 404 [email protected]

Notice!

All products from Willy Vogel AG may be used only for theirintended purpose. If operating instructions are supplied togetherwith the products, the provisions and information therein ofspecific relevance to the equipment must be observed as well.

In particular, we call your attention to the fact that hazardousmaterials of any kind, especially the materials classified ashazardous by EC Directive 67/548/EEC, Article 2, Par. 2, mayonly be filled into VOGEL central lubrication systems andcomponents and delivered and/or distributed with the same afterconsultation with and written approval from Willy Vogel AG.

No products manufactured by VOGEL are approved for use inconjunction with gases, liquefied gases, pressurized gases insolution and fluids with a vapor pressure exceeding normalatmospheric pressure (1013 mbars) by more than 0.5 bar at theirmaximum permissible temperature.