Florian Bieber, Interethnic Relations Southeastern Europe

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IJOXEDG HEKHKX

JK]] LEYKX]E\U & FOXK EG\KCXD\EOG0EG\KX K\BGE M XKJD\EOG] EG \BK

MOG\KF^OXDXU HDJADG]4

]{ffdxu0 \be} dx|emjk }{xyku} |bk }|d|k oi leykx}e|u eg ]o{|bkd}|kxgK{xo~k hu krdfegegc |bk gd|{xk oi eg|kxk|bgem xkjd|eog} dgl leykx}e|u* fegox&e|u xecb|} ~xo|km|eog dgl ~oje|emdj ~dx|eme~d|eog oi fegoxe|ek}' L{xegc |bk ~d}|lkmdlk* }|d|k xk~xk}}eog dgl bo}|eje|u |osdxl} fegoxe|ek} bdyk jdxckju fdlksdu |o egmj{legc fegoxe|ek} eg coykxgfkg| dgl eg|xol{megc mof~xkbkg}eykfegoxe|u xecb|} ~xo|km|eog jds}' \bk}k ef~xoykfkg|} d| |bk jkykj oi ~ojemu dxkoi|kg go| fd|mbkl eg |kxf} oi ckgkxdj eg|kxk|bgem xkjd|eog}' Fd`oxe|u&fegoxe|uxkjd|eog} xkfdeg h{xlkgkl hu |bk 455>} dgl ]o{|bkd}|kxg K{xo~k e} mog}el&kxdhju foxk bofockgo{} |bdg e| sd} eg 4525' D} d mog}kt{kgmk* jkcdj dgl~ojemu mbdgck} dxk oi|kg |bk mog}kt{kgmk oi eg|kxgd|eogdj dgl eg ~dx|em{jdx K[~xk}}{xk xd|bkx |bdg lofk}|em ~xomk}}k}'

4' \be} dx|emjk lxds} og d le}m{}}eog ~d~kx sxe||kg iox |bk Aegc Hd{lo{eg Io{gld|eog* 8>>

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g{fhkx}* o{cb| go| |o hk mog}elkxkl d |o~em oi mogmkxg ogju iox }|{lkg|} oi|bk be}|oxu oi |bk xkceog' Iex}|ju* eg|kxk|bgem xkjd|eog} ckgkxdjju dxk go| d ~xefkmogmkxg iox fdgu me|epkg}* sbemb lok} go| fkdg |bd| |bku mdggo| hk eg}|x{&fkg|djepkl hu ~oje|emdj kje|k} eg |bk dh}kgmk oi d }d|e}idm|oxu dg}skx |o djj |bko|bkx e}}{k} oi mogmkxg' D} Y' ^' Cdcgog bd} }bosg eg be} }|{lu oi |bk lkfo&hejepegc kiikm|} oi gd|eogdje}f* k|bgem le}|dgmk dgl o|bkx eglemd|ox} oi k|bgem|kg}eog} eg U{co}jdyed skxk jos ogju d iks ukdx} hkioxk |bk o{|hxkda oi |bksdx'= ]kmogl* |bk ~kxmk~|eog oi |bk }ecgeiemdgmk oi k|bgem xkjd|eog} e} go|oxe&o{}ju d}uffk|xemdj' Sbkxkd} fd`oxe|ek} oi|kg {glkx~jdu |bk ef~ox|dgmk |bke}}{k* fegoxe|ek} dxk foxk ixkt{kg|ju mogixog|kl se|b |bk ef~ox|dgmk oi k|bgem

hkjogcegc |bxo{cb kr~kxekgmk} o i krmj{}eog dgl o|bkx eg}|dgmk} o i le}mxefegd&|eog'

\be} dx|emjk sejj }kka |o }{xyku eg|kxk|bgem xkjd|eog} eg |bk Hdjadg}* ~dx&|em{jdx eg |bk xkceog} oi ioxfkx U{co}jdyed* eg hxodl }|xoak} |o elkg|eiu xk&ceogdj |xkgl} dgl jomdj }~kmeieme|ek}' Di|kx krdfegegc |bk gd|{xk oi leykx}e|udgl |bk }|d|k oi eg|kxk|bgem |kg}eog}* |bk dx|emjk }bdjj |{xg |bk kydj{d|eog oi fe&goxe|u xecb|} dgl |bk ef~dm| oi |bk ~oje|emdj kf~oskxfkg|} oi }ofk fegoxe|ucxo{~} eg |bk xkceog' Dj|bo{cb e| so{jl hk ef~o}}ehjk |o moglkg}k |bk leykx}kfd`oxe|u&fegoxe|u xkceog} dmxo}} |bk xkceog eg|o ogk ~kx}~km|eyk* |bk dx|emjk

sejj dxc{k |bd| jkcdj dgl ~oje|emdj dlydgmk} eg mof~dxe}og |o |bk 455>} bdykhkkg ckgkxdjju }ecgeiemdg|' D| |bk }dfk |efk* jdma oi ef~jkfkg|d|eog oi jds}dgl oi|kg ~xo&ioxfd fkd}{xk} hk|xdu eg}{iiemekg| moffe|fkg| o i }|d|{} |o ~xo&|km| fegoxe|u xecb|}' ]efejdxju* fd`oxe|u&fegoxe|u xkjd|eog} xkfdeg h{xlkgkl egcool ~dx|} oi ]o{|bkd}|kxg K{xo~k hu |bk jkcdmu oi mogijem|} dgl eg|kxk|bgem|kg}eog}' \bk idm| |bd| |bk kre}|egc hoxlkx} bdyk hkkg }k||jkl dgl dmmk~|kl hudjj coykxgfkg|} dgl cxo{~} "se|b |bk krmk~|eog oi Ao}oyo% bd} dj}o xkl{mkl|bk }km{xe|u |bxkd| fegoxe|ek} fecb| ~o}k ox fecb| hk ~kxmkeykl |o ~o}k hu fd&

`oxe|ek}' Gkykx|bkjk}}* |kxxe|oxedj d{|ogofu xkfdeg} d |dhoo* dgl d} sejj hk le}&m{}}kl eg |be} dx|emjk* fd`oxe|ek} oi|kg xkfdeg }{}~emeo{} oi |bk ~oje|emdj ~dx&|eme~d|eog o i fegoxe|ek}'

\bk mbdjjkgck} oi leykx}e|u dgl |ojkxdg mkD m{x}oxu cjdgmk d| |bk gd|{xk oi k|bgem leykx}e|u eg ]o{|bkd}|kxg K{xo~k

eg 8>>9 }{cck}|} |bd| e| e} go| mo{g|xek} sbemb dxk |bk ~xefdxu dxkd} oi leykx&}e|u* h{| xkceog} dgl f{geme~dje|ek}' Ho|b eg |bk ~oje|emdj mogmk~|eog oi |bk~o~{jd|eog fd`oxe|ek} dgl |bk ~oje|emdj ~dx|ek}* fo}| mo{g|xek} dxk gd|eog }|d|k}'

Dxc{dhju |bk xkceog idjj} eg|o |so md|kcoxek}0 ]|d|k} "egmj{legc lk&idm|o}|d|k}% se|b d jdxck lofegdg| fd`oxe|u* egmj{legc ]kxhed* Mxod|ed* Djhdged*Ao}oyo* H{jcdxed dgl Xofdged' Bkxk fd`oxe|ek} dfo{g| |o dxo{gl 2> ~kxmkg|oi |bk ~o~{jd|eog ox foxk dgl |bk jdxck}| }egcjk fegoxe|u g{fhkx} jk}} |bdg 4>~kxmkg|' \bk o|bkx cxo{~ oi mo{g|xek} egmj{lk} Fdmkloged* Fog|kgkcxo dglHo}ged dgl Bkxpkcoyegd' Eg Fog|kgkcxo dgl Ho}ged* |bk jdxck}| moff{ge|u

=' Y' ' Cdcgog* \bk Fu|b oi K|bgem Sdx0 ]kxhed dgl Mxod|ed eg |bk 455>} "E|bdmd* GU0Moxgkjj [gey' ^xk}}* 8>>

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dmmo{g|} iox jk}} |bdg ;>+* sbkxkd} eg Fdmkloged* |bk Fdmklogedg fd`oxe|u

g{fhkx} dxo{gl |so |bexl}' Boskykx* kykg eg |bk (gd|eog }|d|k}( oi |bk xk&ceog* }{h}|dg|edj dxkd} dxk leykx}k' \b{}* d~~xor' 82 |o ~kxmkg| oi |bk f{&geme~dje|ek} eg ]kxhed dgl Mxod|ed dxk egbdhe|kl hu fegoxe|ek} dfo{g|egc |ofoxk |bdg 4> ~kxmkg| oi |bk ~o~{jd|eog' Boskykx* jeyegc eg d fd`oxe|u kgye&xogfkg| lok} go| fkdg |bd| e| e} djsdu} |bk }|d|k fd`oxe|u lofegd|egc' Egfdgu xkceog}* e| e} fegoxe|ek} d| |bk }|d|k jkykj sbo lofegd|k |bk jomdj jkykj'\b{}* iox krdf~jk eg Mkg|xdj ]kxhed* |bk oykxsbkjfegc fd`oxe|u oi |bk fdegfegoxe|u cxo{~} "Ho}geda}/F{}jef}* Djhdgedg}* H{jcdxedg}% jeyk eg dxkd}sbkxk |bku mog}|e|{|k d jomdj fd`oxe|u' Eg|kxk|bgem e}}{k} dxk |b{} oi|kg jomdjju

mogmkg|xd|kl dgl ecgoxkl hu |bk md~e|dj}'

Leykx}e|u eg f{geme~dje|ek} dgl xkceog} eg }kjkm| mo{g|xek} eg ]o{|bkd}|kxgK{xo~k'}

\bk sdx} dgl |bk kfkxckgmk dgl mog}ojeld|eog oi gd|eog }|d|k} l{xegc |bk455>} bdyk xkl{mkl |bk lkcxkk oi leykx}e|u dmxo}} |bk xkceog' Sbejk |bk xk|{xg

='8>>4 x' g o Oh`edm|b 44 K\BIe5KMAD 4# UEjD* ^o~e}}|dgoyge}|yd 8>>4' b||~0//sss'g}e'hc/Mkg}{}_k/Mkg}{} k'b|f71 Mxod|ed0 Lxpdyge pdyol pd

}|d|e}|ea{ b||~0//sss'lp}'bx/1 Ao}oyo "O]MK k}|efd|k}* 8>>>&8>>9* ~xeox |o k}|dhje}bkl oi gksf{geme~dje|ek} eg 8>>9%0 O]MK Fe}}eog eg Ao}oyo* F{geme~dj ^xoiejk} b||~0//sss'o}mk'oxc/ao}oyo/4=528'b|fj1 Fdmkloged0 D~sd}BBO\ }d}og =d m xdgemgerd* Mkg}{} oi ^o~{jd|eog* Bo{}k&bojl} dgl Lskjjegc} eg |bk Xk~{hjem oi Fdmkloged* 8>>8* Hooa REEE* 8>>; b||~0//sss'}|d|'coy'fa/kgcje}b/ cjdygd&kgc' d}~?hx&&421 Fog|kgkcxo0 Pdyol pd }|d|e}|ea{ Mfk Coxk* ^o~e} }|dgoyge|yd* lofdpeg}|dyd e }|dgoyd { 8>>=* ]|dgoyge}|yo' Gdmeogdjgd eje k|bgehad ~xe~dlgo}|' ^oldme~o gd}kj`efd e o~}|egdfd "^olcoxemd* 8>>>8* Ag`ecd E0 Gdmeogdjgd eje k|&gemad ~xe~dlgo}|&~oldme ~o gd}kj`efd "Hkjcxdlk 8>>=%* b||~0//skhxp}'}|d|}kxh'}x'coy'u{/drl/

~o~e}'b|f'

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oi xki{ckk} bd} hkkg ogk oi |bk ~ejjdx} oi eg|kxgd|eogdj eg|kxykg|eog }egmk |bkfel&455>} |o {glo |bk #k|bgem mjkdg}egc# oi |bk sdx}* |bk xk|{xg} bdyk ogjuhkkg ~dx|ju }{mmk}}i{j' Hu |bk kgl oi 8>>9* dxo{gl >> xki{ckk} dgleg|kxgdjju le}~jdmkl ~kx}og} "EL^}% bdl xk|{xgkl |o dxkd} sbkxk |bku gos mog&}|e|{|k d fegoxe|u eg Ho}ged dgl Bkxpkcoyegd' \be} xk|{xg ~xomk}} bd} hd}e&mdjju mofk |o dg kgl eg 8>>8/= se|b g{fhkx oi xki{ckk} xk|{xgegc }egmk |{xg&egc eg|o d |xemajk'9 Kykx }egmk |bk fdcemdj fdxa oi ogk fejjeog xk|{xgkk} bdlhkkg xkdmbkl eg 8>>

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ijem|' ]efejdx lkfocxd~bem |xkgl} bdyk omm{xxkl djxkdlu eg |bk 455>} eg xk&

ceog} go| lexkm|ju diikm|kl hu mogijem|' Ho|b eg Yo`yolegd dgl eg \xdg}ujydged|bk g{fhkx oi B{gcdxedg} bd} lkmjegkl }{h}|dg|edjju eg |bk 455>}' D{|boxe|dx&edg ~ojemek} dgl le}mxefegd|eog dxk d} f{mb d md{}k* d} dxk kmogofem o~~ox|{&ge|ek} foxk xkdleju dydejdhjk eg |bk aeg }|d|k B{gcdxu |bdg ]kxh} ox Xofdge&dg} xk}~km|eykju' Kmogofem o~~ox|{ge|ek} fecb| egmxkd}k |bk foheje|u oi fe&goxe|ek}* sbkxkd} ef~oykxe}bfkg| dgl |bk jdma oi ~kx}~km|eyk} mdg ke|bkx io}&|kx yeojkgmk ox xk}{j| eg d}}efejd|eog'

Ho|b |bk lugdfem} oi xki{ckk xk|{xg* d} |bk lkfocxd~bem lkykjo~fkg||bxo{cb fecxd|eog becbjecb| |bk |xdg}&gd|eogdj gd|{xk oi eg|kxk|bgem xkjd|eog} eg|bk Hdjadg}' Eg|kxk|bgem xkjd|eog} dxk go| ogju mogle|eogkl hu xkjd|eog} |o |bkaeg }|d|k* h{| hu d foxk mof~jkr gk|soxa oi eg|kxjegadck}* sbemb kre}||bxo{cbo{| |bk xkceog' Iox krdf~jk* |bk leiiem{j|ek} oi xki{ckk} |o xk|{xg |oMxod|ed idmeje|d|k} kr|xkfk gd|eogdje}f eg Yo`yolegd* |bk me|epkg}be~ ~ojemek}oi Mxod|ed ef~dm| eg|kxk|bgem xkjd|eog} eg Ho}ged ox k|bgemdjju fo|eyd|kl yeo&jkgmk fecb| xk}{j| eg d||dma} eg ]kxhed dcdeg}| Xofd* d} bd~~kgkl eg 8>>}'

Se|b |bk krmk~|eog oi }fdjj fegoxe|ek}* sbemb bdyk hkkg {glkx ~xk}}{xk |od}}efejd|k hu yex|{k oi |bkex }epk xd|bkx |bdg dgu ~dx|em{jdx ~ojemek}* fkfhkx}

oi leiikxkg| k|bgem moff{ge|ek} oi|kg jeyk }k~dxd|k jeyk}' \b{}* kykg dxkd}jogc ~xde}kl iox |bkex becb lkcxkk oi mxo}}&k|bgem moff{gemd|eog* }{mb d} Yo&`yolegd bdyk kr~kxekgmkl dg egmxkd}k eg |bk lkykjo~fkg| oi ~dxdjjkj jeyk}' 4>

5' L' Ao}|oyemoyd dgl Y' Ho`e e&Lkjejoye* (K{xo~kdgepegc |bk Hdjadg}0 Xk|begaegc |bk^o}|&mogijem| \xdg}e|eog*( K|bgo~oje|em}* ;* go' = "8>>9%* 88=&' Ijoxedg Hekhkx dgl @' Seg|kxbdckg* (K|bgem Yeojkgmk eg Yo`yolegd0 Cje|mb ox Bdxhegckx

oi Mogijem|} |o Mofk?*( KMFE Soxaegc d~kx* 83 "8>>9%* sss'kmfe'lk'

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K|bgem le}|dgmk eg }kjkm| mo{g|xek} oi ioxfkx U{co}jdyed(

Sbejk e| e} leiiem{j| |o kgcdck eg d mxo}}&xkceogdj mof~dxe}og oi eg|kxk|bgemxkjd|eog}* |bk xkc{jdx }{xyku} oi k|bgem le}|dgmk mdxxekl o{| eg ioxfkx U{co&}jdyed oiikx }ofk xkceogdj ~kx}~km|eyk}' 48 Ckgkxdjju }~kdaegc* d fd`oxe|u hd}e&mdjju dmmk~|} fegoxe|ek}* d} krkf~jeiekl hu sejjegc |o jeyegc eg |bk }dfk mo{g&|xu d} |bk xk}~km|eyk fegoxe|u* d} skjj d} gkecbhox} dgl d} ixekgl}' \be} dmmk~&|dgmk }kxeo{}ju lkmjegk} ke|bkx d} eg|kxk|bgem xkjd|eog} hkmofk foxk eg|efd|k"fdxxedck |o mjo}k idfeju fkfhkx ox ogk}kji% ox ef~ju cxkd|kx d{|boxe|u iox|bk fegoxe|u fkfhkx} "ho}}* ox jkdlegc ~o}e|eog eg |bk mo{g|xu%'Se|b |bk kr&

44' \bk |dhjk e} hd}kl og ld|d iox xk~xk}kg|d|eyk }{xyku} og k|bgem le}|dgmk' Mxod|ed0 H'Hdgoydm dgl 8' Hogk|d* (K|bgeiad le}|dgmk e }ome`jgd "lkp%eg|kcxdme`d joadjgeb pd`klgemd*( Xkye`dpd fm|/o/oc|/F* =3* go}' 4&8 "8>>9%* 84&>9 sss'mk}el'oxc1 iox Fog|kgkcxo0 (Yxe`klo}gk oxekg|dm`ek e k|ge ad le}|dgmd { Mfo`Coxe*( MKLKF* "8>>

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mk~|eog oi d||e|{lk} |osdxl} Ho}geda}/F{}jef} dgl ]kxh} eg Fog|kgkcxo*

|bkxk e} go fd`oxe|u eg Mxod|ed* Fog|kgkcxo* ]kxhed dgl Ho}ged dgl Bkxpkco&yegd iox bdyegc dgu fegoxe|u eg d jkdlegc ~o}e|eog eg |bk mo{g|xu ox eg mjo}kidfeju xkjd|eog}' \be} |xkgl eglemd|k} mog|eg{kl }|xogc }ak~|eme}f oi |bk fd&

`oxe|ek} |osdxl} |bk ~oje|emdj d}~exd|eog} oi fegoxe|u moff{ge|ek}'\bk egmxkd}kl k|bgem le}|dgmk eg mo{g|xek} diikm|kl hu |bk mogijem|} oi |bk

455>} mdg hk |xdmkl |o |bk}k mogijem|}' D| |bk }dfk |efk* e| so{jl hk idj}k |o

mog}elkx |bk}k |o hk gd|{xdjju lkmjegegc d} |bk fkfoxu oi |bk mogijem|} fecb|hk idlegc' Eg idm|* |bk o~~o}e|k fecb| hk |bk md}k' ]|{lek} og k|bgem le}|dgmk eg]kxhed }{cck}| |bd| sbejk |bkxk bd} hkkg d lkmjegk }egmk |bk 455>}*

k|bgomkg|xe}f e} fo}| ~xogo{gmkl go| ogju dfogc oykx 9> ukdx ojl}* h{| dj}odfogc 8>&8= ukdx&ojl}' I{x|bkxfoxk* |bkxk bd} hkkg dg egmxkd}k eg k|bgemle}|dgmk ixof 8>>8 |o 8>>='4= \be} |xkgl ~oeg|} |o |bk idm| |bd| |bk ckgkxd|eogsbemb cxks {~ l{xegc |bk 455>} bd} hkkg ~dx|em{jdxju diikm|kl hu gd|eogdje}|~xo~dcdgld eg fkled dgl |bk kl{md|eogdj }u}|kf' Hdx ~oje|emdj mxe}e} dxo{glsbemb gd|eogdje}| ~dx|ek} dgl foykfkg|} fohejepk* }{mb d} |bk xeo|} eg Ao}oyoeg Fdxmb 8>>< dgl |bk xk}~og}k eg ]kxhed* |be} le}|dgmk hk|skkg fkfhkx} oileiikxkg| k|bgem cxo{~} e} coegc |o kr~xk}} e|}kji ~xefdxeju eg |bk mog}ojeld|eog

oi ~dxdjjkj }omedj gk|soxa} xd|bkx |bdg eg o{|xecb| mogijem|}' Gkykx|bkjk}}* |be}|xkgl }{cck}|} |bd| d lkmxkd}k eg |bk }ecgeiemdgmk oi k|bgeme|u |dak} jogckx dglxkt{exk} foxk }{h}|dg|edj kiiox|} |bdg fkxkju kglegc |bk mogijem|} |bkf}kjyk}'

Fegoxe|u xecb|} hk|skkg becb }|dgldxl} dgl jefe|kl ef~jkfkg|d|eogXkmkg| ukdx} }ds |xkfkglo{} ~xocxk}} eg xkcdxl |o |bk jkcdj ixdfksoxa

xkc{jd|egc fegoxe|u xecb|} eg |bk xkceog' Eg 8>>8* ho|b Mxod|ed dgl |bk IklkxdjXk~{hjem oi U{co}jdyed ~d}}kl gks jehkxdj jkce}jd|eog og fegoxe|u xecb|}' Ogkukdx jd|kx* Ho}ged&Bkxpkcoyegd }efejdxju ~d}}kl d jds og gd|eogdj fegoxe|ek}'

Iegdjju* eg 8>>9* }box|ju hkioxk |bk xkikxkgl{f og eglk~kglkgmk* Fog|kgkcxoiegdjju ~d}}kl d fegoxe|u jds' Djxkdlu eg 8>>8* |bk kg|e|ek} oi Ho}ged&Bkxpkcoyegd bdl |o dfkgl |bkex mog}|e|{|eog} |o ~xoyelk iox foxk egmj{}eog |o|bk gog&lofegdg| #mog}|e|{kg|# gd|eog}' ]efejdxju* Fdmkloged bd} hkkg dl`{}|&egc e|} mog}|e|{|eog }egmk |bk }ecgegc oi |bk Obxel Dcxkkfkg| eg 8>>4 |o egmox&~oxd|k cxkd|kx xecb|} iox fegoxe|ek}* eg ~dx|em{jdx |bk Djhdgedg moff{ge|u' \bko|bkx mo{g|xek} oi |bk xkceog & Djhdged* H{jcdxed dgl Xofdged & bdyk go| }kkg}efejdxju }ecgeiemdg| mbdgck} eg |bk jkcdj ixdfksoxa eg xkmkg| ukdx}* h{| ckg&kxdjju jkcdj }|dgldxl} bdyk lkykjo~kl idyoxdhju |osdxl} fegoxe|ek}'

\bk gks jkce}jd|eog eg ]kxhed* Fog|kgkcxo* Ho}ged&Bkxpkcoyegd dglMxod|ed e} mjo}kju folkjkl og |bk Ixdfksoxa Mogykg|eog iox |bk ^xo|km|eogoi Gd|eogdj Fegoxe|ek} dgl lxds} og |bk xkjd|eykju ~xocxk}}eyk B{gcdxedg

|=' (B{fdg Lkykjo~fkg| Xk~ox| 8>>;* \bk ]|xkgc|b oi Leykx}e|u*( [GL^* Hkjcxdlk* 8>>;1(^{hjem o~egeog ~ojj0 D||e|{lk} |osdxl} k|bgem fegoxe|ek}' ]{ffdxu oi |bk Aku ieglegc}*( ]|xd|k&

cem Fdxak|egc Xk}kdxmb dgl Eg|kxgd|eogdj Xk~{hjemdg Eg}|e|{|k "]FFXE%* Hkjcxdlk* 8>>;'

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fegoxe|u jds oi 455=' 4< D} }{mb* |bk jkcdj ixdfksoxa e} d| iex}| cjdgmkkrkf~jdxu' Eg ~dx|em{jdx* djj io{x mo{g|xek} lo go| ogju }km{xk fegoxe|u xecb|}*

h{| i{x|bkxfoxk k}|dhje}b fegoxe|u mo{gmej} sbemb bdyk d lkcxkk oi }kji&coykxgfkg| eg |bk lofdeg} diikm|egc moff{ge|ek}' D} }{mb* |bk jds} kr|kglhkuogl #mogykg|eogdj# fegoxe|u xecb|}* }{mb d} |bk {}k oi fegoxe|u jdgc{dck*m{j|{xk* kl{md|eog dgl fegoxe|u jdgc{dck fkled* hu diiexfegc |bk mojjkm|eykgd|{xk oi fegoxe|u xecb|} "eg dlle|eog |o |bk egleyel{dj xecb|} dgl gkkl iox~xo|km|eog ixof le}mxefegd|eog% dgl dmagosjklck |bk gkkl |o egyojykfegoxe|ek} |bkf}kjyk} eg |bk ef~jkfkg|d|eog o i |bk}k jds}'

\be} ~xocxk}} eg |kxf} oi jkce}jd|eog* boskykx* bd} hkkg ixdcejk dgl |kg|d&|eyk* }{cck}|egc |bd| mbdgck e} ogju ~dx|ju lxeykg hu jomdj dm|ox}' Eg|kxgd|eogdj~xk}}{xk |bxo{cb |bk Mo{gmej oi K{xo~k dgl |bk foge|oxegc oi |bk K[ bd}uekjlkl }ofk jkcdj dlydgmk}* h{| oi|kg xkykx}dj} mdggo| hk ~xkykg|kl' \b{}*|bk becb lkcxkk oi ~xo|km|eog }km{xkl hu |bk Mbdx|kx iox B{fdg dgl Fegoxe|uXecb|} oi ]kxhed dgl Fog|kgkcxo sd} {gmkxkfogeo{}ju dhdglogkl |ock|bkxse|b |bk }|d|k hu ho|b ]kxhed dgl Fog|kgkcxo' \bk Iklkxdj jds hkmdfk oh}o&jk|k d} skjj se|b |bk kgl oi |bk `oeg| }|d|k' Eg Fog|kgkcxo* ~dx|} oi |bk fegox&e|u jds xkikxxegc |o c{dxdg|kkl }kd|} eg ~dxjedfkg| iox fegoxe|ek} skxk lkmjdxkl{gmog}|e|{|eogdj hu |bk mog}|e|{|eogdj mo{x|' Iegdjju* gke|bkx |bk gks ]kxhed

mog}|e|{|eog "gox |bk lxdi| Fog|kgkcxeg mog}|e|{|eog% ~xoyelk |bk lkcxkk oifegoxe|u ~xo|km|eog kr~km|kl' \be} |xkgl }{cck}| |bd| eg|kxgd|eogdj fegoxe|uxecb|} mogle|eogdje|u e} jefe|kl* k}~kmedjju mog}elkxegc o|bkx e}}{k}* }{mb d}moo~kxd|eog se|b |bk EM\U dgl o|bkx jdxckx ~oje|emdj le} m{}}eog} & }{mb d} |bk}|d|{} oi Ao}oyo ox eglk~kglkgmk iox Fog|kgkcxo & sbemb fecb| mdgmkj o{||bk kiikm|} oi d fegoxe|u xecb|} mogle|eogdje|u'

\be} le}mxk~dgmu hk|skkg dfhe|eog dgl xkdje|u e} kykg foxk ye}ehjk eg xk&cdxl |o |bk* ef~jkfkg|d|eog oi |bk}k jds}' D g{fhkx o i idm|ox} bdyk md{}kl |bklkjdu} eg |bk ef~jkfkg|d|eog oi |bk gks fegoxe|u xecb|} ixdfksoxa} eg |bk xk&

ceog'Iex}|* |bk gks jds} bdyk hkkg d| |efk ykxu dfhe|eo{} mog}elkxegc |bk mo{g&

|xu#} iegdgmedj dgl ~oje|emdj kgyexogfkg|* }{mb d} |bk fegoxe|u jds eg Ho}ged&Bkxpkcoyegd' Eg o|bkx md}k}* |bk jds} bdyk hkkg ydc{k dgl xkt{exk foxk lk&|dejkl jkce}jd|eog |o iejj |bk ixdfksoxa* d} bd} hkkg |bk md}k se|b |bk Iklkxdjjds eg ]kxhed dgl Fog|kgkcxo'

]kmogl* |bkxk bd} hkkg mog}elkxdhjk xkj{m|dgmk oi coykxgfkg|} |o ef~jk&fkg| |bk kre}|egc fegoxe|u xecb|} ixdfksoxa}' \bk jkce}jd|eog sd} eg fo}|md}k} ~dx| oi d jomdj mog}{j|d|eyk ~xomk}}* h{| jdxckju hd}kl og |bk eg|kxgd&|eogdj ohjecd|eog} oi |bk mo{g|xek}' K}~kmedjju |bk ~o}|&mogijem| }|d|k}* sbembbdl |o dllxk}} |bkex jkcdmu oi gd|eogdje}| d{|boxe|dxedge}f* skxk ~xk}}{xkl hu|bk K[* O]MK dgl o|bkx aku eg|kxgd|eogdj oxcdgepd|eog} |o dl`{}| |bk fegoxe|uxecb|} ixdfksoxa' Di|kx |bk ~d}}egc oi |bk jds* |bkxk bd} hkkg je||jk sejjegc&gk}} hu coykxgfkg|} eg |bk}k mo{g|xek} |o i{x|bkx ~{x}{k |bkex ef~jkfkg|d|eog'

4

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\be} gkcjkm| }bo{jl hk ~xefdxeju d||xeh{|kl |bk jdma oi eg|kxk}| eg fegoxe|uxecb|} hu coykxgfkg|} eg |bk xkceog* xd|bkx |bdg o{|xecb| o~~o}e|eog |o |bk jkc&e}jd|eog' \be} jdma oi eg|kxk}| e} hoxgk o{| oi |bxkk xkd}og}' Iex}|* o|bkx xkioxfege|ed|eyk} bdyk xkmkeykl becbkx ~xeoxe|ek} dgl xkioxfe}| ~oje|emdj ~dx|ek} bdykhkkg foxk eg|kxk}|kl eg egyk}|egc |bkex kgkxcu eg iekjl} oi kmogofem xkioxf']kmogl* d g{fhkx oi |bk fegoxe|u xecb|} ~xoye}eog} bdyk }ecgeiemdg| mo}|} d}&}omed|kl* }{mb d} }|d|k i{glegc iox fegoxe|u mo{gmej} dgl kl{md|eog eg fegoxe|ujdgc{dck}' Mog}elkxegc |bk }box|dck oi i{gl}* iegdgmedj fkdg} dxk ogju xkj{m&|dg|ju djjomd|kl |o fegoxe|u xecb|} hd}kl gkkl}' Iegdjju* gd|eogdje}| xkijkrk} oi&|kg jk| fegoxe|u&hd}kl mogmkxg} hk le}dlydg|dckl oykx o|bkx i{glegc ~xeoxe&|ek}'

\bk}k xkd}og} iox |bk gkcjkm| oi fegoxe|u xecb|} ef~jkfkg|d|eog bdyk hkkgkrdmkxhd|kl hu |bk }kcfkg|kl ~oje|emdj xk~xk}kg|d|eog' D} ~dx|ek} eg |bk xkceogxkfdeg jdxckju leyelkl djogc k|bgem jegk}* ~dx|ek} oi |bk fd`oxe|u fo}|ju xk&mkeyk go ox ogju iks yo|k} ixof fegoxe|ek}' D} d xk}{j|* coykxgegc ~dx|ek} oi&|kg jdma d }kg}k oi {xckgmu* d} |bkex mog}|e|{kgmek} dxk go| lexkm|ju diikm|kl oxfecb| kykg go| idyox fegoxe|u xecb|}' Ckgkxdjju* ~xocxk}} eg |bk ef~jkfkg|d&

|eog oi fegoxe|u xecb|} bd} mofk ixof coykxgfkg|} sbemb ke|bkx egmj{lkl fe&goxe|u ~dx|ek}* d} m{xxkg|ju eg Mxod|ed* ox sbkg ~dx|ek} bdyk d f{j|ek|bgem kjkm&|oxd|k'

\bk jdma oi ef~jkfkg|d|eog oi fegoxe|u xecb|} bd} hkkg krdmkxhd|kl hu |bkegdlkt{dmek} oi eg|kxgd|eogdj foge|oxegc' \bk ogju eg|kxgd|eogdj fkmbdge}f*sbemb djjos} iox xkd}ogdhju mof~xkbkg}eyk xk~ox|egc og fegoxe|u xecb|} e} |bkMo{gmej oi K{xo~k Ixdfksoxa Mogykg|eog iox |bk ^xo|km|eog oi Gd|eogdj Fe&goxe|ek}' ]|d|k xk~ox|} eg |bk iex}| foge|oxegc mumjk sbemb kglkl eg 8>>< bdyk*boskykx* oi|kg hkkg lkjdukl' Ho|b Ho}ged&Bkxpkcoyegd dgl Fdmkloged }{h&

fe||kl |bkex xk~ox| }ofk io{x ukdx} jd|k' Gkykx|bkjk}}* |be} eg}|x{fkg| bd} hkkgaku eg }ojeme|egc }bdlos xk~ox|} ixof ydxeo{} GCO} sbemb egij{kgmkl |bk}|d|kfkg|} oi |bk MoK og |bk }|d|k xk~ox|}' \bk mogykg|eog e}* boskykx*jdxckju hd}kl og d moo~kxd|eyk xkjd|eog}be~ se|b }|d|k} dgl je||jk jkykxdck kr&e}|} |o egl{mk foxk }{h}|dg|edj mbdgck} se|b coykxgfkg|}' \b{}* mogle|eog&dje|u eg |bk lofdeg oi fegoxe|u xecb|} xkfdeg} jefe|kl |o |bk K[' D} bd} hkkggo|kl iox Mkg|xdj dgl Kd}|kxg K{xo~k* |bk K[ mogle|eogdje|u iox fegoxe|uxecb|} bd} hkkg skda eg kiikm| l{k |o |bk dh}kgmk oi mjkdx foge|oxegc mxe|kxed

dgl |xdg}~dxkg| xkt{exkfkg|}' 4; ]efejdxju eg ]o{|bkd}|kxg K{xo~k* |bk K[ xk&~ox|} eg |bk mog|kr| oi |bk ]|dhejepd|eog dgl D}}omed|eog ~xomk}} bdyk hkkgskda dgl ydc{k* d} krkf~jeiekl hu |bk iojjosegc krmkx~| & |bk ogju fkg|eogoi fegoxe|u xecb|} & eg |bk Moffe}}eog xk~ox| og |bk ]D^ ixof 8>>=0 (\bkckgkxdj }e|{d|eog eg |kxf} oi xk}~km| iox b{fdg xecb|} dgl ~xo|km|eog oi fe&goxe|ek} bd} ~xocxk}}kl h{| |bkxk e} d gkkl iox i{x|bkx ef~xoykfkg| eg d g{f&hkx oi mo{g|xek} d} xkcdxl} iox krdf~jk ef~jkfkg|d|eog oi jkce}jd|eog* kt{dje|u

4;' @' B{cbk} dgl C' ]d}}k* (Foge|oxegc |bk Foge|ox}0 K[ Kgjdxckfkg| Mogle|eogdje|u dglFegoxe|u ^xo|km|eog eg |bk MKKM}*( @o{xgdj o@ K|bgo~ojexem} dgl Fegoxe|u E}}{k} eg K{xo~k* 4"8>>=%* 4&=9'

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hkioxk |bk jds* fe}}egc ~kx}og} dgl |bk xecb| |o ~xo~kx|u'(#9 ]egmk* |bk t{dje|uoi |bk K[ xk~ox|egc bd} ef~xoykl eg |kxf} oi lk|dej' \bk 8>>9 ~xocxk}} xk&~ox|}* iox krdf~jk* bdyk hkkg lkyo|egc }kykxdj ~dck} xd|bkx |bdg `{}| d iks~dxdcxd~b} |o fegoxe|u xecb|} ~xo|km|eog'

Sbejk d g{fhkx o i eg|kxgd|eogdj oxcdgepd|eog} bdyk hkkg iojjosegc fegox&e|u xecb|} dgl eg|kxk|bgem xkjd|eog} eg |bk xkceog* eg ~dx|em{jdx |bk jomdj O]MKdgl Mo{gmej oi K{xo~k oiiemk}* |bkxk bd} hkkg d jdma oi }u}|kfd|em dgl mog&}|dg| kiiox| sbemb so{jl djjos iox mogmkx|kl eg|kxgd|eogdj ~xk}}{xk eg |bk ef&~jkfkg|d|eog oi jds}' Foge|oxegc }bo{jl* boskykx* hk ogju ogk }elk oi eg|kx&gd|eogdj kiiox|} |o dlydgmk |bk ~xo|km|eog oi fegoxe|ek}' Ixkt{kg|ju* fkfhkx}

oi coykxgfkg| ox ~dxjedfkg| sejjegc |o dlydgmk fegoxe|u xecb|} dxk eg gkkl oikr|kxgdj }{~~ox| eg |bk ef~jkfkg|d|eog oi jds}* xdgcegc ixof iegdgmedj del |okr~kx|e}k dgl ^X' ]{mb }{~~ox| bd} eg |bk ~d}| hkkg oi|kg eg}{iiemekg| dgl fe&goxe|u xecb|} ef~xoykfkg|} d~~kdx d} d (|k}|( iox |bk mo{g|xu#} lkcxkk oi lk&fomxd|epd|eog xd|bkx |bdg d }{h`km| o i oeg | kiiox|}'

Fegoxe |u ~oje|em}Fegoxe|u ~oje|emdj ~dx|eme~d|eog e} sbkxk fegoxe|u xecb|} dgl }omedj d||e&

|{lk} |osdxl} fegoxe|ek} fkk|' Mogykg|eogdjju* fegoxe|u xecb|} egmj{lk d~&

~xodmbk} |o dyoel le}mxefegd|eog dgl diiexf |bk m{j|{xdj le}|egm|eykgk}} oi |bkmoff{ge|u' \bk ~oje|emdj ~dx|eme~d|eog bd} go| hkkg |bk ~xefdxu iom{} oi fe&goxe|u xecb|}' Ho|b xkmkg| fegoxe|u xecb|} jkce}jd|eog eg |bk xkceog* d} skjj d}}ofk eg|kxgd|eogdj d~~xodmbk}* fo}| go|dhjk |bk J{gl Xkmoffkgld|eog} og|bk Kiikm|eyk ^dx|eme~d|eog oi Gd|eogdj Fegoxe|ek} eg ^{hjem Jeik lxdi|kl {glkx|bk d{}~emk} oi |bk O]MK Becb Moffe}}eog og Gd|eogdj Fegoxe|ek}* bdyk eg&mj{lkl ~xoye}eog} og |bk ~oje|emdj ~dx|eme~d|eog oi fegoxe|ek}' Fo}| ef~ox&|dg|ju* ~xdm|emk }{cck}|} |bd| fegoxe|u xecb|} dxk oi|kg go| ef~jkfkg|kl se|b&

o{| ~oje|emdj xk~xk}kg|d|eog' \b{} d xk~ox| ixof B{fdg Xecb|} Sd|mb mog|xd}|}f{geme~dje|ek} eg Mxod|ed sbkxk ]kxh ~dx|ek} ~dx|eme~d|k eg coykxgfkg| jomdjcoykxgfkg| se|b |bo}k sbkxk |bku dxk krmj{lkl lk}~e|k mog}|e|{|egc d }ecgeie&mdg| }bdxk o i |bk ~o~{jd|eog0 sbkg ]kxh ~dx|ek} dxk egmj{lkl eg jomdj coykxg&fkg|* |bk g{fhkx oi ]kxh} kf~joukl eg |bk jomdj dlfege}|xd|eog e} }{h}|dg&|edjju becbkx'( ]efejdx kr~kxekgmk} d| jomdj dgl gd|eogdj jkykj} dxk moffogdmxo}} |bk xkceog'#2 \b{} ~oje|emdj xk~xk}kg|d|eog mdg hk yekskl d} d fegoxe|uxecb|} ox foxk ef~ox|dg|ju d} dg kgdhjkx oi fegoxe|u xecb|}' ^oje|emdj ~dx|eme~d&

49' Moffe}}eog oi |bk K{xo~kdg Moff{ge|ek} "KM%* (Xk~ox| ixof |bk Moffe}}eog0 \bk]|dheje}d|eog dgl D}}omed|eog ^xomk}} iox ]o{|b Kd}| K{xo~k*( ]kmogl Dgg{dj Xk~ox|* "MOF% 4=5iegdj* Hx{}}kj}* Fdxmb 89* 8>>=* ~' 2'

43' B{fdg Xecb|} Sd|mb "BXS%* (Mxod|ed0 D Lkmdlk oi Le}d~~oeg|fkg| Mog|eg{egc Oh}|d&mjk} |o |bk Xkeg|kcxd|eog oi ]kxh Xk|{xgkk}*( 42 "3L%* 8>>9* ~' 45'

42' ]kk iox ]kxhed BJM 8>>81 iox d g{fhkx oi md}k }|{lek}* }kk G' Lefe|xe`myel dgl ^'Aoydm}* Fdgdcegc Bd|xkl dgl Le}|x{}|0 \bk ^xocgo}e} `ox ^o}|&Mogijem| ]k||jkfkg| eg F{j|ek|b&gem Moff{ge|ek} eg |bk Ioxfkx U{co}jdyed "H{ld~k}|0 JCE* 8>>

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|eog mdg |dak |bxkk ioxf}* xk~xk}kg|d|eog eg ~dxjedfkg|* |bk k}|dhje}bfkg| oi

kjkm|kl fegoxe|u holek} dgl iegdjju ~dx|eme~d|eog eg coykxgfkg|'#5E| bd} hkkg d ikd|{xk oi fegoxe|u ~oje|em} eg |bk Hdjadg} |bd| fo}| fegoxe&

|ek} bdyk ke|bkx o~|kl iox |be} osg ~oje|emdj xk~xk}kg|d|eyk}* d} bd} hkkg |bkmd}k se|b fo}| jdxck dgl ckocxd~bemdjju mogmkg|xd|kl fegoxe|ek}* sbkxkd} o|b&kx} bdyk se|blxdsg ixof |bk ~oje|emdj }u}|kf' \be} fecb| hk d i{gm|eog oi le}&dcxkkfkg| se|b |bk jdxckx ~oje|emdj }u}|kf ox }|d|k* ox d mog}kt{kgmk oi eg}{i&iemekg| ~oje|emdj fohejepd|eog dgl oxcdgepd|eog* d} e} |bk md}k se|b Xofd dmxo}}|bk xkceog' Se|b |bk ~dx|edj krmk~|eog* fd`oxe|u oi fdeg}|xkdf ~dx|ek} bdyk

hkkg {gdhjk |o d||xdm| |bk yo|k} oi fegoxe|ek}' \bk mogiec{xd|eog oi |bk ~dx|u}u}|kf djogc k|bgem jegk} e} jdxckju d mog}kt{kgmk oi |bk {gsejjegcgk}} oi fd&`oxe |u ~dx|ek} |o }kxeo{}ju egmox~oxd|k fegoxe|u moff{ge|u mogmkxg}* oi|kg l{k|o ikdx} oi djekgd|egc |bk fd`oxe|u'

Sbejk |bk jdxckx fegoxe|ek} dxk ckgkxdjju xk~xk}kg|kl eg |bk ~dxjedfkg|} oi|bk mo{g|xek} oi ]o{|bkd}|kxg K{xo~k* }fdjjkx fegoxe|ek} dxk oi|kg krmj{lkll{k |o kjkm|oxdj |bxk}bojl ox jdma oi ~oje|emdj oxcdgepd|eog' Oi |bk jdxckxfegoxe|ek}* Xofd ckgkxdjju }{iikx ixof d jdma oi ~oje|emdj xk~xk}kg|d|eog dgl*se|b |bk krmk~|eog oi iks mo{g|xek} eg |bk xkceog* }{mb d} Fdmkloged* dxk go|

xk~xk}kg|kl eg ~dxjedfkg|' Sbejk H{jcdxed dgl Fdmkloged lo go| bdykfegoxe|u }~kmeiem kjkm|oxdj jds} |o kg}{xk |bkex xk~xk}kg|d|eog* o|bkx mo{g|xek}bdyk dlo~|kl }ofk lkcxkk oi ~o}e|eyk le}mxefegd|eog eg |bk kjkm|oxdj }u}|kf'Xofdged bd} }k| d}elk ogk }kd| iox kykxu fegoxe|u sbemb lok} go| fdgdck |omxo}} |bk |bxk}bojl' D} d xk}{j| }ofk 8> F^} bdej ixof fegoxe|ek} o|bkx |bdg

|bk jdxckx B{gcdxedg fegoxe|u' ]efejdxju eg Ao}oyo* 8> }kd|} eg |bk 48>&fkfhkx ~dxjedfkg| bdyk hkkg }k| d}elk iox fegoxe|ek}' Exxk}~km|eyk oi |bk~dx|eme~d|eog oi fegoxe|ek} dgl |bk dlle|eogdj }kd|} fegoxe|ek} fecb| cdeg|bxo{cb ~xo~ox|eogdj xk~xk}kg|d|eog* 4> }kd|} dxk xk}kxykl iox ]kxh} dgl 4> ioxdjj o|bkx fegoxe|ek}' Mxod|ed bd} k}|dhje}bkl d }~kmedj mo{g|xu&selk kjkm|oxdjle}|xem| iox fegoxe|ek}* djjosegc fegoxe|ek} |o mbo}k sbk|bkx |o yo|k iox |bkexfegoxe|u F^} ox iox |bk kjkm|oxdj le}|xem| oi |bkex xk}elkgmk' M{xeo{}ju* oi |bk 2}kd|} xk}kxykl iox fegoxe|ek} }ofk dxk #}bdxkl# hk|skkg }kykxdj fegoxe|ucxo{~}* e'k'* hk|skkg Djhdgedg}* Ho}geda}* ]joykgk} dgl Fog|kgkcxeg}' Fog&|kgkcxo bd} dj}o k}|dhje}bkl d }~kmedj ~ojjegc {ge|* moykxegc d ckocxd~bemdjdxkd sbkxk fo}| Djhdgedg} jeyk dgl |b{} kg}{xegc |bd| |be} moff{ge|u mdgkjkm| e|} osg xk~xk}kg|d|eyk}' Eg ]kxhed* |bk ; ~kxmkg| |bxk}bojl sd} dhoje}bkl

eg 8>>< iox fegoxe|u ~dx|ek}* fkdgegc |bd| ogju |bk #gd|{xdj# |bxk}bojl iox kdmb~dxjedfkg|dxu }kd| d~~jek}' \bk kjkm|oxdj }u}|kf} dgl eg}|e|{|eogdj }k|&{~ egfo}| mo{g|xek} oi ]o{|bkd}|kxg K{xo~k bdyk |b{} jdxckju kg}{xkl fegoxe|u

45' I' Hekhkx* (Hdjdgmegc ^oje|emdj ^dx|eme~d|eog dgl Fegoxe|u Xecb|}0 \bk Kr~kxekgmk oi |bkioggkx U{co}jdyed*( eg Aogxdl Dlkgd{kx ]|ei|{gc dgl KMFE* kl}* Fegoxe|ek} eg Lkfomxdmu"]ao~`k* 8>>=%* ~~' =3&>%'

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~dx|eme~d|eog' D| |bk }dfk |efk* |bk }u}|kf} bdyk d g{fhkx oi ijds}* ke|bkx eg

|kxf} oi dh{}k "k'c'* eg Xofdged% hu ~oje|emedg} dxc{dhju go| hkjogcegc |o |bkfegoxe|u eg t{k}|eog ox eg |kxf} oi lk}ecg idyoxegc }ofk fegoxe|ek} oykxo|bkx} "Fog|kgkcxo%' Dg dlle|eogdj ~xohjkf d}}omed|kl se|b |bk ~dxjedfkg|dxuxk~xk}kg|d|eog oi }fdjjkx fegoxe|ek} e} |bk jdma oi egij{kgmk |bd| }{mb F^}bdyk' Ckgkxdjju* |bku mdggo| ef~dm| ~dxjedfkg|dxu ~xomkl{xk dgl d| |efk bdykhkkg lk}mxehkl d} fkxk (seglos&lxk}}egc(' Eg }ofk md}k}* |bk fegoxe|u F^}*xkjuegc og |bk ~dxjedfkg|dxu fd`oxe|u |o ~xk}kxyk |bkex }kd|}* fecb| hk je||jkfoxk |bdg hoj}|kxegc |bk coykxgfkg| modje|eog se|bo{| dgu hkgkie| iox |bk fe&goxe|u'

Fegoxe|u }~kmeiem holek} oi xk~xk}kg|d|eog bdyk hkmofk egmxkd}egcju ~o~{&jdx eg |bk xkceog' Eg ]kxhed dgl Mxod|ed* sbkxk gd|eogdj mo{gmej} bdyk hkkgk}|dhje}bkl hu xkmkg| fegoxe|u jds} |o cxdg| |bk moff{ge|ek} d lkcxkk oi }kji&coykxgfkg| dgl fdak |bkf |bk fdeg eg|kxjom{|ox} iox mog|dm|} se|bcoykxgfkg| dgl fege}|kx}' Eg Mxod|ed* |bk}k holek} dxk lexkm|ju kjkm|kl* sbejkeg ]kxhed |bku dxk mbo}kg |bxo{cb d mof~jemd|kl }u}|kf oi kjkm|ox} |bd| bd}hkkg }{h`km| |o mxe|eme}f' ]efejdx mo{gmej} dxk ioxk}kkg eg Ho}ged&Bkxpkcoyegddgl Fog|kgkcxo* h{| dxk uk| |o hk k}|dhje}bkl' Eg |bk o|bkx mo{g|xek} oi |bkxkceog* o|bkx fegoxe|u holek} kre}|* h{| dxk xd|bkx }kji&oxcdgepkl |bdg hkegc

dmmoxlkl }~kmeiem mof~k|kgmk} hu |bk }|d|k' Fegoxe|u&}~kmeiem eg}|e|{|eog} mdghk yekskl d} dg ef~ox|dg| }{~~jkfkg| |o ~dxjedfkg|dxu xk~xk}kg|d|eog' D}~dxjedfkg|dxu xk~xk}kg|d|eog {}{djju lok} go| |xdg}jd|k eg|o |bk dheje|u |o}{h}|dg|edjju ef~dm| yo|k}* eg}|e|{|eog} }{mb d} fegoxe|u mo{gmej} mdg bdyk dcxkd|kx ef~dm| og |bk dxkd} oi mogmkxg iox |bk moff{ge|u* }{mb d} kl{md|eogox fegoxe|u jdgc{dck fkled'

Eg |bk iex}| bdji oi |bk 455>}* |bk ogju mo{g|xu eg ]o{|bkd}|kxg K{xo~ksbemb egmj{lkl fegoxe|ek} eg e|} coykxgfkg| sd} Fdmkloged' Eg |bk xk}| oi |bk

xkceog* }{mb d ioxf oi xkmocge|eog oi fegoxe|ek} }kkfkl {gjeakju dgl oi|kg{gefdcegdhjk' Foxk |bdg d lkmdlk jd|kx* djj mo{g|xek} eg |bk xkceog bdyk eg&mj{lkl fegoxe|ek} eg coykxgfkg|* xdgcegc ixof |bk ]kxh fegoxe|u }{~~ox| iox|bk BLP coykxgfkg| }egmk 8>>=* |bk B{gcdxedg fegoxe|u ~dx|u#} ~dx|eme~d|eogeg |bk LO] coykxgfkg| eg ]kxhed "8>>>&8>>=%* |bk ydxeo{} Djhdgedg ~dx|ek}~dx|eme~d|egc eg Fdmkloged }egmk 4554* |bk \{xae}b&lofegd|kl Foykfkg| ioxXecb|} dgl Ixkklof} eg H{jcdxed dgl |bk B{gcdxedg ~dx|ek}# ~dx|eme~d|eog eg|bk ~xkyeo{} dgl |bk }{~~ox| iox |bk m{xxkg| coykxgfkg| eg Xofdged' Iegdjju*|bk ~xklofegdg|ju Cxkka [geog iox B{fdg Xecb|} ^dx|u eg Djhdged bd} dj}o

hkkg egmj{lkl eg coykxgfkg| }egmk 8>>4'\bk egmox~oxd|eog oi fegoxe|ek}* xk~xk}kg|kl hu fegoxe|u ~dx|ek}* e} oi d

~dx|em{jdx }ecgeiemdgmk' \bk ef~ox|dgmk oi |be} lkykjo~fkg| mdg hkkg }kkg d}lkxeyegc ixof |so leiikxkg| d}~km|}' Iex}|* egmj{}eog eg |bk krkm{|eyk ~xoyelk}"~o|kg|edj% dmmk}} |o ~oskx sbemb e} go| ogju oi dlydg|dck eg |bk ef~jkfkg|d&|eog oi fegoxe|u xecb|}* h{| dj}o d }ufhoj oi fegoxe|u kf~oskxfkg| eg sbd| eg

8>' M'&M' Djeogk}m{* (^dxjedfkg|dxu Xk~xk}kg|d|eog oi Fegoxe|ek} eg Xofdged*( ]o{|bkd}|K{xo~kdg ^oje|em}* ;* go' E "8>>&3;'

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fo}| md}k} dxk }kji&lkiegkl gd|eog }|d|k}' ]kmoglju* coykxgfkg| ~dx|eme~d|eoge} d }ufhoj oi xkmocge|eog' Sbkxkd} egmj{}eog eg ~dxjedfkg| }{cck}|} }ofk

hd}em jkcdj xkmocge|eog dgl kjkm|oxdj }{~~ox|* ~dx|eme~d|eog eg coykxgfkg| }{c&ck}| |bd| fegoxe|u ~dx|ek} dxk dmmk~|kl hu |bk mo{g|xu#} fd`oxe|u' \be} }uf&hojem xkmocge|eog k}}kg|edjju kgbdgmk} |bk jkce|efdmu oi fegoxe|u ~dx|ek} dgljei|} |bkf |o d xdga mof~dxdhjk |o fd`oxe|u ~dx|ek}'

\bk |u~k} o i dxxdgckfkg|} sbemb hxo{cb| fegoxe|ek} eg|o coykxgfkg| bdykydxekl* ixof |bk egmj{}eog oi ogk fegoxe|u ~dx|u ox modje|eog se|b d fd`oxe|u~dx|u "k'c'* H{jcdxed dgl Xofdged%* |o |bk ~dx|eme~d|eog oi fegoxe|ek} eg jdxck~xk&kjkm|eog modje|eog} "k'c'* ]kxhed%' Leykx}k bd} dj}o hkkg |bk l{xd|eog oi

|bk}k fegoxe|u&fd`oxe|u coykxgfkg|}* xdgcegc iox foxk |bdg iei|kkg ukdx} eg|bk md}k oi Fdmkloged |o |bk hxeki kr~kxekgmk eg Mxod|ed "}egmk 8>>=% dgl ]kx&hed "8>>4&8>>

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xecb|}' Sbejk ckgkxdj kr~km|d|eog} fecb| bdyk hkkg |oo becb* |bkxk dxk }|x{m&

|{xdj xkd}og} sbu fegoxe|u ~dx|eme~d|eog fecb| go| djsdu} xk}{j| eg }ecgeiemdg|ef~xoykfkg| iox fegoxe|u moff{ge|ek}' Fege}|kx} ixof fegoxe|ek} oi|kg ke&

|bkx jdma ~oskx |o dlydgmk d fegoxe|u dckgld dgl dxk mog}|xdegkl hu |bk gkkl|o xk~xk}kg| |bk ckgkxdj ~o~{jd|eog eg |bk iekjl oi |bkex fege}|xu' I{x|bkxfoxk*fegoxe|u fege}|kx} ckgkxdjju lo go| bdyk egij{kgmk og ~ojemu dxkd} jkdl huo|bkx fege}|xek}' Mog}elkxegc |bd| fegoxe|u e}}{k} mdggo| hk xkl{mkl |o ogk}~bkxk oi coykxgdgmk* hk e| m{j|{xk ox kl{md|eog* fkdg} |bd| fegoxe|ek} fecb|hk eg coykxgfkg|* h{| bdyk je||jk ef~dm| og aku lkme}eog} |dakg hu coykxg&fkg|' Fegoxe|u ~dx|eme~d|eog eg coykxgfkg| oi|kg xe}a} hkmofegc je||jk foxk

|bdg seglos lxk}}egc' \be} e} go| |o }{cck}| |bd| |bk kr~kxekgmk oi fegoxe|uegmj{}eog eg coykxgfkg| bd} hkkg kg|exkju gkcd|eyk' Eg idm|* |bk fo}| ~o}e|eykef~dm| bd} hkkg d| |bk }ufhojem jkykj* sbkxk d||e|{lk} |osdxl} fegoxe|ek} bdykef~xoykl dgl |bk ~oje|emdj ~dx|eme~d|eog oi fegoxe|ek} d} fegoxe|ek} bd}hoo}|kl |bk jkce|efdmu oi fegoxe|ek} dgl |bkex ~dx|ek} |bxo{cb coykxgfkg| ~die&|eme~d|eog'

Mogmj{}eog

]o{|bkd}|kxg K{xo~k e} |oo leykx}k |o djjos iox ogk mogmj{}eog og |bk }|d|k

oi leykx}e|u' E| e} krdm|ju |bk}k leykx}k kr~kxekgmk} sbemb hk}| lk}mxehk |bk xk&dje|u oi |bk xkceog' [geiuegc e} |bk moffe|fkg| oi lofegdg| ~oje|emdj kje|k} |oK{xo~kdg eg|kcxd|eog dgl lkfomxdmu' \be} oxekg|d|eog fdxa} d lk~dx|{xk ixof|bk 455>} sbkg d leykx}e|u oi leiikxkg| lkykjo~fkg| ~d|b} ox (|xdg}e|eog}( d~&~kdxkl |o kre}| eg ]o{|bkd}|kxg K{xo~k' \xdg}ioxfd|eog oi |bk xkceog }{cck}|}d cxdl{dj d~~xorefd|eog |osdxl} K{xo~kdg eg|kcxd|eog' \oldu* ]o{|bkd}|kxgK{xo~k e} jk}} f{j|ek|bgem dgl leykx}k |bdg e| sd} eg 4525' Go| ogju sdx}* h{|dj}o jdxck #fecxd|oxu foykfkg|}* }{mb d} |bk kfecxd|eog o i fo}| Ckxfdg}

ixof Xofdged* bdyk fdlk jdxck ~dx|} oi |bk xkceog foxk k|bgemdjju bofock&go{}' Sbejk }ofk xki{ckk xk|{xg} bdyk xkmxkd|kl }ofk ~omak|} o i leykx}e|u egxkceog} sbemb skxk lkjehkxd|kju |dxck|kl hu mdf~decg} oi k|bgem mjkdg}egc*|bk {g&feregc oi ~o~{jd|eog} bd} jdxckju go| mofk |o kgl* gke|bkx bd} hkkghxodlju xkykx}kl' M{xxkg| dgl i{|{xk mbdjjkgck} dxk jeakju |o dxe}k ixof fecxd&|eog |o ]o{|bkd}|kxg K{xo~k* d |o~em sbemb bd} xkmkeykl je||jk d||kg|eog* h{|mog}elkxegc }{h}|dg|edj Mbegk}k ~o~{jd|eog} dmxo}} |bk xkceog* go| |o hk gk&cjkm|kl' I{x|bkxfoxk* fecxd|eog se|beg ]o{|bkd}|kxg K{xo~k bd} hkkg jos*mogle|eogkl hu jefe|kl kf~joufkg| o~~ox|{ge|ek} dgl oh}|dmjk} |o foykfkg|*

h{| fecb| kr~dgl eg |bk i{|{xk' Djj |be} fecb| go| (xkmxkd|k( leykx}e|u* h{| e|sejj jkdl |o leiikxkg| ioxf} oi eg|kxk|bgem xkjd|eog} dgl leykx}e|u dmxo}} |bk xk&ceog* xk}kfhjegc }ofk jdxck K{xo~kdg |xkgl} oi leykx}e|u dgl fecxd|eog'

D} |be} dx|emjk bd} lkfog}|xd|kl* |bk ~xefdxu ikd|{xk oi fegoxe|u&fd`oxe|uxkjd|eog} e} |bk egmj{}eog oi fegoxe|ek} eg|o }omedj fdeg }|xkdf dgl |bk ~oje|emdj}|x{m|{xk' Sbkxkd} eg |bk 455>}* fegoxe|ek} skxk oi|kg mog}elkxkl d }km{xe|u|bxkd| hu }|d|k} dgl fd`oxe|ek}* |ek} hk|skkg fd`oxe|ek} dgl fegoxe|ek} bdyk}bei|kl |o |bk jkykj oi xecb|} dgl K[ eg|kcxd|eog* ho|b xbk|oxemdjju dgl eg |kxf}

oi }|d|k ~ojemek}' Dmxo}} ]o{|bkd}|kxg K{xo~k* fegoxe|ek} bdyk kg|kxkl ~oje|em}*

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`oegkl coykxgfkg|} dgl hkmofk xk}~km|dhjk ~dx|gkx} iox fdeg}|xkdf ~oje|emdj

~dx|ek}' ]|ejj* |bk ef~dm| iox fdgu fegoxe|u fkfhkx} bd} hkkg jefe|kl' K{xo&~kdg }|dgldxl}* oi|kg egyoakl* dgl gd|eogdj jkce}jd|eog dxk ogju }josju |xema&jegc losg |o me|epkg}' Sbejk eg |bk 455>} |bk ~xefdxu |bxkd| |o eg|kxk|bgem xk&jd|eog} mdfk ixof }|d|k d{|boxe|ek}* oi|kg }|kxko|u~k} dgl ~xk`{lemk ixof fd&

`oxe |u ~o~{jd|eog} mog}|e|{|k |bk ~x efdxu oh}|dmjk iox |bk i{x|bkx ef~xoykfkg|oi fegoxe|u }|d|{}' Eg|kxgd|eogdj fegoxe|u xecb|} eg}|x{fkg|} bdyk jdma |bk|ooj} |o cxd~~jk se|b |be} mbdjjkgck |o eg|kxk|bgem xkjd|eog} sbkxk mogle|eog&dje|u dgl K[ xkt{exkfkg|} bdyk jk}} ef~dm| |bd| eg mbdgcegc }|d|k ~ojemu'

Xkikxkgmk}

Djeogk}m{* M'&M' (^dxjedfkg|dxu Xk~xk}kg|d|eog oi Fegoxe|ek} eg Xofdged*(]o{|bkd}| K{xo~kdg ^oje|em}* ;* go' 4 "8>>&3;'

Hdgoydm* H' dgl Hogk|d* P' (K|bge ad le}|dgmk e }ome`jgd "lkp%eg|kcxdme`d jo&adjgeb pd`klgemd*( Xkye`d pd }ome`ojoce`{* =3* go}' 4&8 "8>>9%* 84&>=%'

MKLKF' Yxe`klo}gk oxekg|dm`ek e k|ge ad le}|dgmd { Mxgo` Coxe* @{g*

sss'mklkf' oxc'u{ "8>>}'E|bdmd* GU0 Moxgkjj [geykx}e|u ^xk}}* 8>>>

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B{cbk}* @' dgl ]d}}k* C' (Foge|oxegc |bk Foge|ox}0 K[ Kgjdxckfkg| Mog&

le|eogdje|u dgl Fegoxe|u ^xo|km|eog eg |bk MKKM}*( @o{xgdj oiK|bgo~oje|em} dgl Fegoxe|u E}}{k} eg K{xo~k* go' 4 "8>>=%* ~~' 4&=9'B{fdge|dxedg Jds Mkg|xk' ]bdlos Xk~ox| og |bk Ef~jkfkg|d|eog o i |bk

Ixdfksoxa Mogykg|eog io x |bk ^xo|km|eog o i Gd|eogdj Fegoxe|ek} eg]kxhed* Fog|kgkcxo* dgl Ao}oyo "8>>8%'

B{fdg Xecb|} Sd|mb "BXS%' [glkx Oxlkx}' Sdx Mxefk} eg Ao}oyo' GksUoxa/Sd}begc|og/Joglog/Hx{}}kj}* 8>>4'

B{fdg Xecb|} Sd|mb "BXS%' Mxod|ed0 D Lkmdlk oi Le}d~~oeg|fkg| Mog&|eg{egc Oh}|dmjk} |o |bk Xkeg|kcxd|eog oi ]kxh Xk|{xgkk}* yoj'42 "3L%

8>>9'Eglk~kglkg| Eg|kxgd|eogdj Moffe}}eog og Ao}oyo' \bk Ao}oyo Xk ~o x | &

Mog&ijem|* Eg|kxgd|eogdj Xk}~og}k* Jk}}og} Jkdxgkl' Orioxl0 Orioxl[geykx}e|u ^xk}}* 8>>4'

Ao}|oyemoyd* L' dgl Ho`e e &Lkjejoye * Y' "8>>9% (K{xo~kdgepegc |bk Hdj&adg}0 Xk|begaegc |bk ^o}|&mogijem| \xdg}e|eog*( K|bgo~oje|em}* ;* go' ="8>>9%* 88=&8'8>>9'

O]MK' Xkyeks' Xk~ox| og Mxod|ed#} ^xocxk}} eg Fkk|egc Eg|kxgd|eogdj Mof&fe|fkg|} }egmk 8>>4* @{gk 5* ^M'IX/4=/>9'

O]MK Becb Moffe}}eogkx og Gd|eogdj Fegoxe|ek} "BMGF%' J{gl Xkmof&fkgld|eog} og |bk Kiikm|eyk ^dx|eme~d|eog oi Gd|eogdj Fegoxe|ek} eg ^{hjemJeik "4555%'

^{bdjo* ]1 (K|ge ad le}|dgmk cxdldgd Xk~{hjeak ]x~}ak e Iklkxdm`ek HeB

~xkfd gdxolefd heyk ]IX@*( ^}ebojoce`d* =9* go' 8 "8>>=%* 4>;'

[GL^' B{fdg Lkykjo~fkg| Xk~ox| 8>>;* \bk ]|xkgc|b o i Leykx}e|u' Hkj&cxdlk 8>>;'

[GL^' Ao}oyo Kdxju Sdxgegc Xk~ox| 4=' @dg{dxu&@{gk* 8>>9'[GBMX' \o|dj Fegoxe|u Xk|{xg} eg/|o HeB ixof 4559 |o Om|ohkx =4* 8>>9'

sss'{gbmx'hd' "8>>9%'

([}|dyge pdaog o ~xdyefd gdmeogdjgeb fdg`egd*( Gdxolgk goyegk* go' 4;;"8>>8%'

(Pdaog o fdg`eg}aef ~xdyefd e }joholdfd*( ]j{hkge je}|* 4>'9'8>>9'(Pdaog o pd|e|e ~xdyd ~xe~dlgead gdmeogdjgeb fdg`egd Ho}gk e Bkxmkcoyegk*(

]j{hkge cjd}gea HeB* go' 48 "8>>=%'(Pdaog o pd|e|e ~xdyd e }johold gdmeogdjgeb fdg`egd*( ]j{hkge je}| ]X@* go'

44 "8>>8%'