Floor Plan Atlas GrundriBatlas Wohnungsbau L. , L, l, Ii Ii ll i' li t: tl ll li t. Li lr ll t, l I, I I l. I HOUSI ng z*.it.' iilt.nrh.itc.. und cńr.it.ń. A!fl.gc s.cond' r.v...d.nrl.xp'nd.d.diłion t.a!.!.g.b.tt goń/.dit.dhYfń.d.ńł.sch!.id.. uit .iń.|' ń.!.. Uol'o}t sn/wiń . r.' inl]oduetion bY Ptoł..tor Dr. n.i.h.rd Gi...|m.!n E chlloh. 4...t!nt/Con.ura{aor! PrcL..or O., B.inh.rd Gi.r.lmtnn' F.Yot ..o. H.llmuth Sti.rg BirkhauserVerlag Basel' Boston 'B€rlin
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Floor Plan Atlas
GrundriBatlasWohnungsbau
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HOUSI ng
z*.it.' iilt.nrh.itc.. und cńr.it.ń. A!fl.gcs.cond' r.v...d.nrl.xp'nd.d.diłion
conrińues in this vo|uń.. Yo! h.v. in your h.ńd31h. $cond' €xpańdód, and Bvis€d€dition o|1h. Floo. Plan Ar|..lousjnq' ln rhil n.w odjrion' ńbel ól ploj6ĆB' rep|acÓd o|d6m''tak.s..ńd add.d.ń add..ional summanżing l€'i tÓ pr.c.d. tho pbiod s€ction' W.have,how€v.., €tain€dthóq6noE| oĘaniutiono'rh. boÓk.Thjs F|oor P|an Atla3 i3 d..ion€d as a workbook. ł workś with know.odqg {.om paEt
w.omatic kflowlódqo about l|oor p|.m co|locted in th€1960Ś ioday .ppears .Uń .. vo|uab.o as ths mo.o .oncańua| .nd individuol designs in
rń.housinq cońsi.uctio.olth. 19aos'EtrEEtrsund dt'óń ńo.aśisÓt lh. tvpi..l user/rBidiiiii* co.""aeo'ntoq .a Equn.d ninimum Thiswas.|so lhó basis fÓt th. óvalua|ion of houging l|oo.p'....|.vourolthó individJa|3pańm.nt (as,,thec€|l"l'on its inso|ationańd vontiIation' and onońi-.zi.q the l!."ti".a|ćt..€nc.3' Tn€ Esultg w.B dopidod t'y 9Y.t.ńa1ic (or Eiher-;bsła.r"l fiool planć' Book. olthó peliod a.. o.q.nj.ed typo|Ógicallv compańnq andavallalinq schomati:.dlro.r p|.rc.IiE@d'*reorh.@nć€.,'oumla-g p|... l Du'|d|ng vo|um. Jnd spac. łPx'pB.s€d iń |iqht, mat. aE. colors' and iń.g6l| aqainst wh|ćh his buih architectulg isnóósulód' He conc.nt'.t.. on $ó outw3d apg.aEIco ańd oc.n b.ing his id6a {. dBm5tiation ol |iving) m6t ro.dilYto.xPB$.ón'Thisa.chitedJrci3 rcp...ónled molt.ppópri.telv by photogr.9hg. Ralh€rrnanć|B.i.Ying,compańn&oravdIu.!ną'osdocuń€nt.tion9or1hg193ospl.$nrrhopDi6c!.a.'ndividua|ilios.ft "llEEflEEEfEEE Mei to,o,tow borh parh..nd.
ThB docum€nlslon ło.U... oi II!!E!EE: |ot thi. rcaśon alh. Ś.ńo EllIElo .n.blin Óm.ry tod.y' howovol. !h9Drci6.l5 al6 docuń6nr.d .n $oł enr'6tv; ..ch pbje.t k d6*rib.d by a ob3' sec|ion' aśn.p|an'and.śń.|| photoasavisual3uppl.m..t' bY!yd.ń.tiz.d.dditionolinlormation in rh. m.roiń., lnd a doso.ipijon ola w.lkifirouoh bui|dlng .nd .partmonl]ho formol r€prcsent.tion u$d bv oachofthoarchiiećiska|so ldaiń.d'.lh. bookth!9lakes intoa.colnt eaĆh 9roi6.r. it3 6'ohited' and it. .d.€: at ih. śań. lln.. howov..' tholrEtffil!!fi@E 6n'b'.l rh6 handbÓot us.r1o m3ko ćompa so.sand aE!.$ńenB in od€r ro apply th.
'|oor p|dn exanpló3 io hi. own work. For this 13 rh€
aim ol rhis book: it shou|d beaUś€fu|.o!Er ot advic. ro thó 5rchitoot' a 6'.rsnc€ hand.
,* *".p*" -. *.;.q."..---q o EEE@EEEEbd9l' loldtrłnBlor bv|E!@ .ó't b'ock.porimsiei urDan v'l|.' lwol t.lrac. house' towal 6tć. - which sts outa s6ri.. ol3póoilicati.ns {or ń.tri.tbn€l for tfi.floor d3B such al o'i.ńotio., o.c6śs' d6nśitv' 6t.. Within th..a.&q.dbvEel@ n€nt ot nousinqd€siqn. !.ch !.b.ń.p|!nning oa.ego.Y i3accÓńponied bya sm3|lt.xtd.s.ribi.qtholro..dóń3 o.coŃtr.inlsoonn.o1.d with thi3 tv9..ri€ Ell!&r8!l&t: dospt6 ń.|| houssand housing
inrhisbookhasbe€n9Póńtouńanńolti-itoryhousing
'Uń.oń iń 1ho Ćity isburdón.d with au tnc prcbl€msthat
t th. lrbanpopularlon..d ats @tiols h.bit.and/orcunu_B3' Thó dŃign ol a l6id.n.ial bui|d'nq ties to lind.n answ€r to th6* ch.l|.ng$ bvmoon3 ol dit6r.ńt l|oor plan tvpos tha| antiĆip.t. rńó habi6 of th6 6xp3d6d l..id.nB.ih.olgh p.ńicipatory 9l.ńning. olc. Tho residEń(3 id.nt.li@tapańm.ńt (si.ćs h. €ń innuonco noithelrh6flóor p|6n no. iho bui|dińg'..pp6.l.ń..l j3
.B - tho so|urbń oi whioh i. appmachad by p|.nn.ng.oomv acc.ssar.as. somiplb s' orbyth.ań.mprto g'v.ih. bU.|din9a "|3co" Etaminal'on o' lh. prcÓ..m.olmUIli'no
bItEh.dMĘNEIEElE tmainlY da1ing frcm afte 1s6ol, thouqh it i5 undispurgd th.t pr€ci.6lY .rchi..lt!'.which has remained unbuilt boc.us6 ot he ..dicoliv o. rcvolur
dh.t d€ve|opód' how ń..v vrcms9B mńwd 6a|izaiiÓn' a m. Trjó$ rhB. l.xls ć!.a!10 thÓ.€ader luńh.r |ovo|s otcońpaljson' ónd th.y d€ńonitrat.th.l ono may *tBrac.lo.i.va!Droachrh.compl.xitv- on.Y by sup.'position o{. gr.ar va.i6tv andnJnb.rotana|Yś..and print. ol viow.
Tho.|ool P|an At|Ń H5usińq dmoinsa9 b.'ors ań un@mpkr€d work' conśóquo.t|Y. w.lopoat out invitarioń10 a ;.d.'sand Uś66olrhil bookwho l..|thol c.ń.in .dditiónal
e. in conllnclion wth a d6aebui with incraśińg spaiia|benelirs fl. |n otherwodŚ: thoŚ.
9t or€nqaqo.n 3ocia I int.ract.. n. wiih p vacv and wii|ld heai' Th. cos!8f'.ćtiv. rw hou* @nnd ono. $.s6
bBnetirŚ' o.qen€ra||y lour oulsid€ wa|k, it ha31wo (lsullYtno |onq6rl in connÓn withits n€ighhols' and it3 y..d b c.ńri!uo!3.t th'eo sideswith at lea$rhE. neighbors. Thelow house' f,ewńh.l.3., i3 Ć!,
list.3 łt3 chjef ar1ractions the eod.st s.zo ollhe vald' manaq€
faaJ
---@. tudi8o a. . Ónóńom8nón
ttfafaIIa
Emp|oyóls alwavs wetcom€d th
Óci.ljgE: thóir idóólogy dić-ssp.ivat€pbpe.ty'
|n lhe midd|e oltho nin€ie9nth c€ntuiy. cÓnditions in Eurcp.w€.. nól pńp.t|ouswithinciti€9 tor building Ćompany'spo.soJed dev.|opmenrś wirń q
rrorion boom initiatsd bY ind
d inrhelamoJs bÓok pub|I.fud bv F'iódnch Eńg.|.' "cón.f,qland" (wri.t.n ń 1343',.nr
with baćiiÓ'baĆ!(tvp.ś. in Śń.||óńd dirty couńy.ld3.Th.$ |vp.ś
'djoin.d oih€r dw
Ón6 bui|djng śjd6. Th. n.'o'nv
Durińg thiŚ p. od' ńot a|| .nrr€pren€uB we€ .rpbn.t.v.| Śo
n772.]a37' and Rob.ńow.ń l]771.]a53l. Manv. jnd€€{.l.vćd oi1h€l in'oo'ol3@iali3ticnrikes' ot q€.o inspn.d byph.kńrhrop.. motivós. |. Eng|ald.suoh ontreplonÓuE w6r6known as paierm..sls. Undórtho.dical|v cońpe|linq ciJcumstan.es oi tho time in |.on.
.ial vilIaqes lol rhen wolk€rs theB- Jam€s s' Buckinqhamini1iatedtniś ńov€mont in ]349. B6.w..n ]a60 and 1a63' Titussax. a manJfadu.erol
which 'eatuled
such 'acilities
lot 1he rcside.ts as a school' church' hospŃal' parĘ af,d
{3. 4 !- Addltjon. I p6t6.ńa-|isl€siaiosiollow€d in th. l37oś' ińć|Jdińg tłoń Śuń||ghl bli|. by th€ 3Óap ń.gńat6wi|.
ig..6thónhóh. sl.dIun0 bv th.Kllpp' Malgarerhenhóho, built in ]906' diśp|aYód l6na.k.blooń hous€swnh ja.qe kit.hons l5)' Eb.ń.z.r How.ld. p'ofo!ńd|Y ińpl.33.d byth8s.dev€|opnents' lol|owed by iounding th. ifut g.rd.n citv cÓńp.nv' |n |90a' th. archi.lecrl Unwinand Pai|.o. built tho galdon city ol Lotcnwońh lor rbw.rd, in m.die.|śtY|..Thorowaf,d lif,łed housosoroct€d1hÓl. had E|ativ.|Ybl@d.ńdsh3|lów p|!n.(6'7l-
AlthÓUgh smo a.ohnec8 6nth ,r app'odćh.1h6v p|a.nedrchitods Bi.mo6chmid.
MuthesiJs, and ló$6ńow buj|andlh€lowel midd|oc'a$. t|oin.icb r..5. ńow l.ćÓgn.ż.d th1Ypo si.ndadiztion and d.siqn6d ,ow ho!$3. .x..dód in h.|i.tińb.ńd ..y|. wirh
s had thro. rcoms, an oat-in kitch.n. toil.r..nd rdd.d-onf.ciIiti€3 lol anima|Ś.nd Iaundry l3'.
ru rururuWY
ffiffi
Eaiy in rhiscenlury; pot.r B.h an inftu6n a| ss$.y .alred''Building Economica||y" {Bś
'n, ]91ą iń which th6v.dvocar
.ńn.' Adol| Loos wo.kod
atonród h(9' |o'' only th€ rirswaded rho ceiling boams oi two !dj...ńr ń€ighbors' Thond rhs yald con9i9ićd oi wood.ń wa|l..Inb hoG.typoieteroud was the inst.Ehit.c.wnh his €xtrcme|y loducod coińdor.p...' hó.chl.v€dhall-lurn stairc!... blt wnholt b.t|roońló' ńali.od i.(i.lho€k
'n 1925l1ll, Bruno Ta ou. witfi hi3 3pac...ln h..
.lihan wó.xpsdtoday.
wir! ]lvińg/dining room of 2a m:, k'tcn.n ]0m,, óńd paB.rs,b.drcom 20 m,.Th6ho!€.3h tub a.d !oi|.t 02). lx.ńp|3ry fo. all alcIit€ds involv€dconsl.udion, howov.i was ttu developm6nr rearizod bv4. oud b!i.t gór.os oltwo'p.ńnd seoaf ate entronc.3 (]3l' B.tw€€n 1922 and 1925 Vidoronstruction by building unń9 c.nfigur€d in saw'tooth.
st May b.gonwork.9 a d.p.fuońtmanaqo. in1ho Build.nklurt .n Main. M6y' who had wo €d as a youno m.n ioting of Hamps.old Ga.d.n cltł
diare|y pl.ńńńq pńlabl.cat8d póriph€ry o'th. citY- Maypli.c'p.||vimp|€m.nt.d.ś€qućncaofiwo'andthree3torYrheirśudound.ng topog'.phy.ln addirion to p'e'ab.ic.t.d cońpÓń.ńtś' h..eaIilsdaddi'tiona| coś-olfćctiv. id...such as *andadi.ed boi|t.in kiićh.ns: buii|in dbingts| tl.tmols shich cou|d b. Mlk€d on: asw€|| as sla.dardted l!.ń
s (5 to s.1s m widet diff6r6d bitrdina y ro the hous.axjs o5).
onth6inn.5t.vaofth€o.lisch i.d|unewalb!.lt in 1927 inan do5ign by |ldwiB MlĘ van d6' aoho' contarY to rh'
stullgad lradjtioń iń bui|ding - with in. gabl€3 of ho!3.ś peipondicul€rro th. góUndis hÓUse3 paE|le|toth. conto
p..ct.c.d in Ftank'uń houdag dove|opm6nts. M.ń st.ń formulated lh. m.xim ofplan.i.ng heE| hóu.6.a9 obi€dso'dai|y ugo' and nor..3btu.symbolś'Thomo.tint.r€dlneĆonł'burion ń.d.ró bwłisaconst.ućlion c.n..gain
'óm Jakob!! Pi*.r oud:a d.€p
hleÓ |.vóls' sp6.i.| f6.tue. o1 hi. d$ign w.l. th.ioibrrhrom, a w.rr.d-in counyE.dm on th.l.v6| ol tń6 śaircase laading {16).
wo.liEt p.z. 'n
th.comp€liiŚiock si€d|uq in K6nśtuhe' Gelm.nv Un|ikó th. sturtgańand F'ankluń d.!.|opń.nt,lhe simp|icny ol p6r.l|.l.ońh. ololdod bycrop.u..9 p3ńol his plincip'o o' -df'ic'.nr consłUdioń.s.to orqańiżation."H. rośeped 22% ol prcp.rtvaBa asoutdoo.publiclpaca,af,dhowasab|.ro l.a|iż..aćh dwo|ling u.itono.|v j49 ńż
s bu.lt h€E, órolnd ń.|l w.re i. tb. lom ol Ew hols69. f.'the BauhalsŚi.dllng in Dessau.róńońi G.'m'nv wa[er G@piB .nd Hańń.ś M.veldeve|oped a sp|itr.v.l typ. in 1926' l..ving sp..ó w.ś on gtouad |d.l, aud b.droń.
i'basomónt a śp.ci.l lorń ofa l|oo. p|an with rooń clG.teB 07l' For !h. o.ńm.'śocl si.dlung, onlh.óth.r hand' G.opiu. coftribut.d a rcw.hous. iYpe 5.60 ń widó' wńh peĘendicutaFor.€nt.d n.iMav in th. m.ddb nal. onó ol
. hB work wi$ rcw-houss1yp6 and sma|l-holso p|.m' ln h.s Vi.nna low ho!s6. lńngpionoebdtwoidoa.otourlim.: |t.xihility a.d pa36iv. ŚÓ|.r.n6rqt His dif'oBńt.siż.d hou6s5 aB ori..t.d wnhihen blo.d śidestacjnq th€ so idsnb'path.Th. brcad 3id.con.BrGd ol wood a.d g|63.i .nd th. otho. rhreó w6ll! wóń mad. ol m.s.nry wńh .halloponang3. Losicarry, tho o.r.n s wE sftr.r.d on rh.lu y
ńit.iy nomsand tno śor.o€ loon low.ńlh.n.ń|l.s|id.inq dooJ. b.N*n th.livinq .oofi .ńd on. bonBom off.Ed c6d.in {lotibi|i.v ol B. nglIn his Wo'kbundsi€dIUng.Ado|fLoo6te&lhooppodun.tyÓ'ńali.inq hi.naumpl.n con.Ć.pr in lhofotń ola thBo.s1orY low hous.' A two.story.ivińg mom is bord6rsd oń twond$ by a qanory"w h bujh an sotu (2ot.
tIrII
During th.era o' Nationa| so.ja|isr architocluro, b6tw..ń 1933 and .1939.loB{i.. ho!s.o mw*a.dpoin!s: |lńlGd hoĘ6! !ńd dup|ór..€niovad
p rors and window! withnal ailinitY wńh th. Hńh a.tt !h. |and'Bp.. f{t.il kilch.
ens disp|.cód kit.n6n. n..ńt only tor oooki.q. Al th€ w.' pbgEl..d' .ońdrldjon olliold! of .ctlvht... D! nq
lheso y.ar.. . ńorwońhy hou..ng dave|opnonl took forń oulsido th.3ph.E o' Na.i
Aalio b.g.n woik oE th. €.id.niia| prcject bui|t bY th. suni|. pape cońpany lo' itsusi.q gó!p. on th. south
Ilin93 ińclud.d thre'sio.y.dfuo hal!b.$ń.nton..
'Bmrh€ |Ówer |ying south 9id6s' lwo 2łoom.p.dń.nts
in lh. middl.' l&ćh€d 'bm
rhó nońh side' a5 wolt .l rwo Up9ó. 2łoon .osnmontsiŚo on thó nońh sido l21.22l. |n otbo. wo.ds: tb'€.low
d.siqn hasessen.ial inf|U8ncgo ||śalologi..l|Ya$ocia!q .orido.s, and cb33wa||s ar. us6d in coniuńcri.. wńh
nth Ć$rury r.pBlgnted rhó p.r|od ol gEar.fl oretcrwd-inq and wÓrs. ho!3ińg conditioń.' Th6 holsino p|.ns o'lhiltjm6 rcl|óct.d chang.bg so.
nd' ińduślia|jżarioń and mig}dion nom rh. coun.ryśid.
lh63. c'.ś3.ś ol sociory, in rurn, ocćupi€d hous.ng cha.act6|djng cod. wentinroóń.d in 1a53 and remaińed in torc.
mrn 13a7. Thó pmpcg oł rhd avjng o' śreer.' the supp|vll.rion ol a Śswaqg sysioń ' wa
the cfuo1ic o|owthÓlrh€.itŁAccoding torhese.ow.6gulatio..' ńoim.lórh.n 1.5lo3po.sons wÓl..utho.iz€dlo |iv6ina.o.mfrcm 15to30 mżin si]ng un.t had ńot Yei bo.ń d.fined a. . śćpal'r6 €nrńŁ Th. kiichen,lor.xanpl., wasofren s€par.r.d frcn th6
'ooms ii soŃ.d by a conidorwhich próvid€d.ccóś3 to sev...|
s no1róqlned fol bui|dińgs up to Ś6ven s1or...' T}e sif€ ofcou.tyads d.p6nded o. ń...nge o' tt.spray f'om 'l.6.dcpann€n(
noso3.
Anonq th. bourq€oi3i6 olthk oE, the ulqó to ń.k.a. inposing impćssion w3ś noro
ed in each hous.ho|d' th.l6 w& no n.ód lor llool p|ans
-whjch'..3s.u€d efliciońJumli
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hć.ó!dyard l23t'
rqo apańm€nrs and .n prepond.ranco of módium3.flddw€||inqs- Frcnt.ńd rca. bui|d o maximif. Ólp|oitarion ol
trh w,n6 .rt;ndino .rono(Bł|D R@m|'nńred
';lho goony ń mmłs- Tho$ rcoms l.oqućntly seru.d *tho'ouohiaBs to bódroon.l.c.
l apańmóhis o' l.Ś at,|Uónl tonanB' couĄ5rd. and l.ghtf lheso inń.rb|ock buil.Ilngs. p|.n .nd d;jgń of ń;3€vods havinq a sign.fl cant eif ect on ihe qu!litv o' tho ap.ńm.nt.'
Emnen.ytvprcal w*. 4adm.ńt.housjng b|ockśwńh ć.ntral'coridor plan.sd€velop.Bd jn V.€nń.' A cental cortidol.f'oded.cc.ssto all rcoms. Tho gEat i|ock depth is;'prox' l2 n' o'rha36.padmont buildingŚ - .ś wgl| a. ń.w buildińg cod6 ref|.ciinq..ł.
6d the rocat.on or rho$ corid".. w.u_, ".** rJ tr,"
bt.n..ts ol sov.ńl l.miliŃto 'I""
&słh*. * **..i"i|actor in tińós ol critic.l hoJsing ne.d. a6thrcon9 in3r.|bd at lhó bsqinning ol th..oentb .. or w.ta. rin6.
sing conslruct.on becam.app...ntdurinq th. €ar|y yo.ldolrn. new.antuly.ln B€nin, B sius t"gan to i-piomentt.|y prcqEhma1ic śocBl holsisq idgag. ]xńuqhout Europ.. -.ł'lt"i,t" a*Ęi'J *JI H6ńor Gu'mad in Pans.
Gaudi in 6.ć€|ona' ańo viclol t|od. 'n
a|E.skl24l.
-r:7f]Effi'!ĘttilYfit
|n la27 3 census in Bodiń ..vealed lhar 496 r.ńi|i€s in !h. vicinity ol H6mbuĘ6r Torwhich 25% wgl.lubdivid.d bY oh!|k l|ń.5 dEwńon thÓnooi Aloundth. midd|.olth€ nin.io€nth conrurY. rh. plol.1a.i!t m.do up6bund aa%
cla$lрdundoidGadlulrv -st..o,ns otac6r-: rh6y
na.rs' .oJńm€nr.' By €9o' th..iato*. "irłi* "l s"..
|op.E bóq.n wirnih.con-ońtś on tho our.k'rl. o'th..iiy.
lr'e siiuarion was |itr|. dif'ercnt in Vienna.nd L.ndoń. The boi|dlng cod. Ólthocltv olvimm ól|owd a5 % o.lhe ł€a ol a plola'6s 10 b. Ćov€Bd by buj|ding.l25). For iho
dir..tly on thi3 thoiouqhl.r. i26t' |t was nor uńii|$o.nd ol th. "ń*.*lh; ;ih;;condtiotu also srsduaUy inpm
EJ!:t'!nł''!r|Ę.p'an etrwł6*@dvd6 n iń G.lmony w.snot.b|g
oncoptŚ' A.o.sid.rsb|o numbł ot a-t'ltrcg.i"-..ai.
I
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Alreadyin sl. Petetsbu.g. Kl€in divisionolth.roómśotanfuncrion.l.d.viti€s. Th€
l.nilv ..ń tnen p.r'olh thói. 'uńcnońś
iń 1fu$ grups witholt dtt!rb'ńc.." K|€in,sconc€p.wasat varianco wi
' r v.rl which e.v. pBlo.enca
ompót..ion'ord.3igningholsjngiYp.!' th.r h3 was ab|s tÓ p.o$nr hi3 op.dmónt p|an idoa' Kloin,g thr.ó pl.n3
tvia a natur.l|v l.t€nt.nc. hal|'whjch in ilrn lo.d€ onroon. In two ol hi. iyp.3, thó b.doons welo diBclly .cc€..
slble lrom th€ livińo óom' |n hjs1hild tvpó. h. inr.rpog.d a comhon a.toroom iG.'mań:Pantofl.|gan{, |h.'..|y ''house3lippł thoblghr!rc1with a do.r to tho bathroon (27).
H€€, '
snal|anresp.c. ofióś ac.€ss to a T'shapód.onidor oń o.€ sido Ó'tnocon.doral. th6 .6.lto.v .ooń. {with s.pararo wate' |ines||oń lh. Óth6raBthe dining and |.ving
adsto a 1inY privot..ńt.roń. Th. stotge bom plovid.din th. dh.'rh6ó p|.ńs has dwi.d|.d to. buih.i. c.blfu( in tno k.t.hon (23l.lń ]92a'Kl.i. d.vólop6dth3 c|.ssi.a|c up wilh its b.l.orvlac.sihew63ż:th.sl..ping groĘ isorienledto th..asr (29l.
s'o.aqr.atv.ridyo'luńh€rdevolopm6nlg ó3p6Ć'.lly{orpe.iod in whićh ńuo'ćipa|buildilg cod.g gtipu|ar.d th€
|n his |ate ho@ing d.v€|opments' walt6' GloDiu..|.owÓ.kBd on lho ba3i3ol1h6 clJst.rl|Ódp|an (3o)'l. hi. Franklud Preiect Ól 193|, h. fudh.r d.velopsd ittoa c|a$.c.| planwh.ch Uńri|roday ha. b.ón wide|y emu|a.e.]. Hg comb.n€d lh. cBntla| coridor .nd th..nt€rÓom ro fu.m ań !.3h.p6d ćoridor' Tllo Bśult wa3 .n .ćononical' d.op.r coń3tuć.non which Gropiu3 iin.l|y appli€d in 195?
'orhi3lnr6rb.U contibution' Ho6. h. m.chan.
rioUslunctions doqn. lońg' nałow controI conidor
wonqorlu|b.@uś.'lw'3mod.l|.d on |ilo. Ho.r..t.d a .d 1o ns.ur6| light oń twosjdes. with |oggia and djn.ng .oń€. wnh fiówor wantoDom o' rh6 bsdbom group. H.r€ w. hav. iho ą3. oi .ń organi@||y concóiv6d
ol conidÓr 3p.c. wa! an impoń.nt po.nt. Ado|' Rading,Hall in Br..|3u' próssnrgd a cabin pl.n lor g.ound'lsvól
ap.dm€nis in ]92o. Hiś solu1ió. plop!..d 3 connruc'ion aoobt.7 ń d.o!, with lh..n.l*.d hY ihre. *bń
bunłg. óachwnhfuob€dś andblilt'in cab.n6l.:.h. kiichonIan ant..śp3cs with bó...
intńocl.aljo' ofmod..n conc€ linq'Hi|b.rs.im.i Rading.and sch.dun- Anothe' wasA|gxand.r Kl6.n. who m.y b6consjdorcd in gBat.r d.b|l aś
UruavÓr lor th. c.ly o' st'arsd10 B.rlin in t92o.wh.6h6workedtorton y6ar3.
"M.n and hb dwBltinq! aB c.p.bló of fanslo.Bation| f|€xib|o' and v.t o.lmanonr'"j. ]92o iń his book "Di. A!'l&Unq d.l stldt. Ód6r dioErdó6ińBguro Wohń!ńg- lTh. oi$olulioń oJ citi€s: o.. rh. E.dn al Good Dw.n|nd|.TaUt\'msoh' too.3ure' dld norns heńl. Ludwiq Mi.9 i.ndłRÓh€ did. how.vol' .ućcó€d iń ruaIizino hi. r.r|i.rpUbli'hod id... .nvo|ving apońmgntsWth 3i.ól.sko|oton conlłJdio.s' al|ow.ng movablow.l|5 b.rw6.n |@dbo.rinq Ćolum'
senhotsi6dr!ns in stunq.rt waing cÓnstruction.l con slrainl3. Thó ..lul|o n o.. b|.d 4' 5'
Ór 6 ps.3oń. to bo hous.d in th€ same |iving o.... Van d..floh. aoDliod ido$ ftóń tńocabin plan in gEn€bos lBhion h.r6 l34l. sovon Y.sll |at.r. E c Ftihsrg€r rcolizód hi3epoćhal ob6iiÓn in Gólóbo!g.(.li.b6cr: buildino l.v€|. a3 invari.bl. ćóncElFg|abcoń.sł!d'on, into whi.h .p.dm.ńt' cou|d b. in3t.ll€d accoldióg ró !.nanl n..ds and
stóifu.l|' and thr co.omn.shd (!.ó p.'.3rl.
II
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r
rsimi|a. dsve|opm.nls did not !al.ś plać. in 3|l colntries. ln vienna,
it t dińioutt !o undeśtand how|ho móto ol i..6.citY Pl.n.ning in c.m;ny ' 6pecial|y du ng iho 195fu . could h.vo pG.ibly bó.n "D.nsityRedLct{Óf, wilh Gl.6n ltrouqho ."
uó5n.dosion .l.mont wnh i6n unns, Ls cotbusi9r wa.t.d to rcP|.c..n onrno citv d..gtoy.d by ifi. w.i |n Mar9ój||€s during th. op.ning ot h.s bui|d|ńg in 1952, on rh. oth.rhońd' he eĘl.iń.ó a. follows|,,Tho intsńtion isżoslńply Ep|ac.th. citv nyapańń€ńlsin a.o.'iqurat.oń unknowń unri|now-Th. Unitć il P|.ńn.d to ofl.r il.E..doŃ.tń.*ń6ihŃ Mł;i .3 k abl. to plovido itsi€na.tscominglńm al| ie
.r' lnto hir buildin9. onlv 7co dor9 acc€$.dih.16 apańm€ńtand 2 shopllooB(39l.With his dosjgn' bco.busi.rbsstow.d yot ańotho.lruitlu|id..fo.lhs'Utur6' ilĆoni6.n.
I-EEEIE'ATnis periodwasoharadórized bY ńajol Uń.n oxpańŚion and byemtruotion ol highłB.apa;m6n1ś.nd tgrEćs blj|dinqs. A younq 9.noBtion o' a.chit.ct. D'oded tho mbsń.d:!.ign apprcachasolL6 co'busił and luńh6' d.v..op€d Ha
'o lh. vtew€r ń. box dividos Uo p.ths or.llM cncuń.mbu'
l L*.'l "L*.'ben' - I h6 |ivinqłoońand bodrooń h.I.l *.v" e-.pl.. l ..o zl ol lhe hv'nq rcom |loń tno s|..9inq U.ct (ox!mp|. 3)'A coń wŃn
.pj. iIl"t'.i. *. p.a"* "
lI"k b.Meen living ioońanddlniń!..6a (.*mp|o4l''ń on.
. menL wtrh sk!||ohd. Ex.mob 5 conla'nl no wa||Ś at d||' onlv sooc |8ś oo3sibl6 w.||l a"*-."*..ńa'.,I ir'oauor, rexamp,e ot
dlam.ric ifu mEdioto sp€cEŚ.
III
Thgl|oorolandev€|oosaroundthelivinqroom;iti9aronca 6cónlgranddi.tributoiandah6t.llpathsIeadrnroUghit',Ąteąis.dd€dtoth.IivinqÓÓmb.caus6drfi€assoo'ń.d.duclion iń h.l'-.v spa".' and even rh6 indivjdlal rooms ..n bo rcducad for il. b.n.lil:This des.gn iś 6xĆeprional|y communicative, bur does Eśnict oppońunitiBlo. priv.cY'Th.app.o.ch ńayiav€ iG or.qin inrh63pari3| Ó.g.nizBrion of o|d mońg.t.ri..withth.łha|t..ńdc€||s.Hilb.B.im..releBtolhis{vpóo'd6siqn...,.boóth3y.1.ńiA|varA.lto'j.contas!desclib€d his al| encompassing |iv.ne rooń$. "m3*.tp|.o6i Tl'6 .p..tmon|lhls ha3 a.|eatIy delined c.nr.. whil6 tb. r6sr oi thó looN l.ń.in noutra|ińt.ms ol
'uictionaidd.siqn(e'amp|.śl'2.3l'Thó|ivi.qroońć..a|sob6d.linóda3a|arg..t|lry,its oullińo d.!.ńined by rh. po.itioń oi th6 adiaconl rcoń. l.xaBpb a| Tno path.throlghth€|ivińgroommGth.vob€sńthoughroUtjns!chaw.Ylhdtth.ydonotimpanlivingqualily(er.mpb5l'sońgrim6El8j.rh.roomyoxamp|61)thob.dóońśandbdh9hav€ add.tiÓnal hallw.v. inc|u 'no n6.d to p|aco th€ |ivngoom m rń. qeomełićal Ćónbr oltho apanń..r (oxańp|s 6).
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Th.noorp|3nc|ea v s€parates tho diłletŃ 'unctional
a'eas insido an apartm.nr: rh6 |iv.inq al6. wirh iivinq roon' kitchen. dining a..a| and rhe s|eopinq a.6a w.tń ind.vidu.lbsdroońs ańd bath (example 1l. Hobby .oońs or wo.krooms can
'om a thłd or.. oith.n
ow..Thoaiń nol€ is10€nabIe smoolh imp|emenrationolrh. individua|fu.ction..3imulra.eous|y ańd adjac€ntl' the individual membor ol th.
'amilY/apa.rnont commlnity
s}'ou.d reć.ive as muĆl| f...do h a.ca ha itl ow. h6lh'.vandlh€h.l|wayŚar..Ńh€rcońbińćdatth6ene...or.Eangedlńssqu€nco.Intho'iBtoas6 a b'th co.. (to bó.nr.i6d l'oń boin.'ćaśl can..pańr. th6 aróa. {eeFplo 2)orakitcnen.|ntnsća..olbui|din$wnhśńal|.Óudy.rd.'1ha3p.t.ldlvi.Ioncanbehand|edsimplv byarangińqth.lwo6r..9 ÓdhogÓm||y'Th6.ćc.* |..dś ińÓthe ha||MYwhich
ń3 l6r.ńpl6 3l' How.vóith. |iv.ng .6a cań a!'o providoindiń.taćĆ.ss10 :he sleepj.g .r€a bY |.trjng lhe |ivinq{oom h6||waY r!ń ińo thebed'oomhal|waYioxampb4)'ln.c,o$w.l|coBtruction..chań.ilott.ń.||óćar.dtoabaYwith a cóńtrol t.ansveEo |ink' Living.ńd ś|..ping aBs.ón abo bó *p6iated bychangingthódłeciionolrheha||wavInoldo'tocfoa1op'ivacYov6ninlh.ca*Óladk6dcońnection b.tween living rcom and slespine 3.6.,6 s.cond p8th toth. Ó.ńŚ b otren
rouqhthe kitchen or even thróogh th. bath (.'.mpl6 5)'since thc bedrooń hallway Ćan onlY bo Usen by one pań ollho ta'lic' it can alŚo b.exFnd6d intÓ a play or wÓrk conidoi zoning in maBon.tres is ho.izonto|. H6re th..nrranc6 usually lies on the levelol tno lving 6.eo.more ra.elv onth.t ol tha individu.la'ea.The 3ópa.atio. of a.og3 i3 no'. d€linit. h.r6.Gal|.ri.. ov6rlh.diń.nq arćaorlivinglobm h.lp !o esiabIish a relationshjp bÓfu66n th. le!óE 5nd 1o 9romob cÓmńUnicdion'Maxińlm p.jvacy i5 created in lho oxc.plion.| fo.m of th. [email protected]'pód
'|ÓÓr p|an
{ex.ńple 6l' whe.6 the diffelent rooms arc ov.n sepaEtod '
'n i6.p.d 10 each oń€randtoth. pdh .xi'. Vorilcal entwin.m.nt on ih6
h€.qnt..nd.p.rid.€lat.ÓnŚhipsthal incr....ln. óniry.menlo1pa$ingrh,oughl€xample2l.Thef|owollooń.i.3o!śe ot |iqht|a |iqht sourc.' P'a.ed at 1ho ond otth.g.th, i..pp.oaćhod bytho vi.iloi
n mod.rn m.s r6ad..tiarcoistrudlon sń.Ó$a wo.ld WarIl, a grEtnuńb6rofbuilding cinq forn3haworiginated. ol all1hes6 conc.p$ wni.n hav. actUal|y bó€. boilt and.ub.iscted rÓ rhe póćri.alt'jaIs o'dlUccess'uiIv whón subjeoted to critićaI aE'6*mont lEn 3randpoińt pBv..linq todoy. ltwas on|y |at€ lhlt deliciencies in th8 atłaćtiv.no99 of ov
ajn causE ol w.d.spbód dissatis'adio. wirh lhó p|.ćŃ inwhich l.sidef,t. hodto iivo. |.deed'
'niti.l Śigń3 ol.
'uodam€dorjo€ab.o of,.y in cas€s in wh . ro r.organ.ż6 ó rnlłoambisn.eol ńsidGn|ial construdion:th. dweltinq aEa'th. bujIdlńq'.ndlh6ir suround'
aisń.nr ol ihis inrerabrbnsh.
Econońicasp.ct3 havr unlońUnate|y be8n a|low€d to dictalo Bś.denti3l build.ńqs' wnhin ihe conrext o' ńu|tislory los.do.tial constructioń' th.ś
places. GrE' .róas.s buildincońśide.Bd to b. -p.ivacy gleen" (!o ksepśoĆi.l diś.noe)and arc rhu. m.d. ińaĆćós.i.bl€ 1€-g-, -Kó.p o{ ino orass,,). ln thć int.ńóE ol buildingł
'nto.acrion ar€a3 amÓńg
ap!ńments.l. |ikćwiso genelally reduced ro 1h. ńinimum dwÓ||s af,d coridorc' Floot spa.8 is 1ypi6l|y d6diEt.d to achiov. a maxim!ń of pur.dwe||inq-unil llool spa.ą This al|m€anŚ1hat pub|icand s€mipub|ic space'whićh w€had odqinll|y inno ioil' lor olampla' in t.dit.on.|lY dgv€|op.d !.ban strućtur€! ih€'6
sth.ms6lvóś ańd bdwoen th. buildinqs' h35, in B E.id.ntial l 9h{i3. qh.rlos wilh 1heir monolunct'oń.|.€€35 sv€tclusiv€|y to lh. l!ń.lioń3 ol walking o. d'ivińg'
arlial Usodfora ńu|rIpIicitYololhere'oń bćrn |ost - ónd common areassJĆh.s plaYg.ou.dsoanńd ofl.. a satiśfactoryrep|ac6m..t. su.h areaiattypical|y locat.d t.o la. aon tho individu| ap.ńń.ńB.ńd
ri6śl i.ó.'alound 2o-'.25 meleB. |td|śranc. hindor5uorcsidontofan apańń.nrbui|dIngh his or h€. śoci.l surbundinqs {o.g.' b6tw&n high{iŚB
bui|din$|' it i3 vely otren the cas. that no 3ocia| contacts wi$ l.uow Bsid.flt. d€v.|ÓPa! a||. Th6 unlońUnaie consequ€n€. olsuch bo|ation in apknown' !l holsina is to eu|y prÓńot. communioation anon
hth8 ńóc$..ry qu.l.ii.s..|y ol uso. it blso app..rŚth.tents' p.oviderb€ mdf.vońb|.ćondlt|on.lo. cl6otion o'.có by apańm.nt'huilding ń.
l.r th. dóśtr6d p ńc.33.. of interaction ou6id6 th. ińd'vld u.l .p.ńn6ńl..Thsd.cisiv.ol.cÓnditionlorth.lunct.o.alefi.ctiwen.l.Ó'acĆ.3.f.c'l|ti..a.ól..|dol
itvof r.3id.ntsto rcadilv.dabour rhes€ faćilitl$: . cir6riÓń to'md6r.d bv tho sćiologisr Jalh. ]960,ś' Th. Śocio.oqEt Nolh6rt schmid|R€lenbs.g sp.3k! ol -op.ńhe" th. apań.ń.n| |Au,ŚchlieBung| in rhis coniext. Hg us6lhi: 16ń to n.an.rlab||.hine cont.ńwilh and l'om tnó.pattm€ń1bv means o1windows and doÓrs. Helu'!ap6..lhi. con'cepi olop.ning bY.onllasrinq itwi1h that ol "c|o.inq" th.3P.frńtńt lAbschlieBu,g)| hÓin.Iudes in hi. ''Ćlosing" concep.ivocvlbm !nw.n1edvi.o.| intusion- Wewould |ik'to u3. tń.' pa.rofconcópB. i'th.sćB.d.lin€d ho'.' j.luńhorconl€xts below.
h€ aFńm€nt i3 rh. 3ui6bi|itv ol acćó$inq 'aci|itios
10i..]'l|jŚ ch.r.d.ti.ric fu most impońan.lo. iho a.oa just!.|dIng oń'ance. oesign ol rhis vicinity. atth.lhrcsho|d
senśiiivemanei on lhoone hałd' jt is a place whićh on.blćidontj.ication .nd s.l(pr.36ńra on. on tho oth€i ł fu a lavo
rrhem. it @presgn1s th€ Poinrlto conqu6.rh€ł slróundings. Bur adlts as ws|l. esFci.Ił|Y enioy Usiłg thk seoce a
"openine uC apadments and 1
ńoJnced - noad ior p.6c..nd quiot. To fi.s oltont, it has p.ovod bonolicia| to p|aco $.r which d.diłquishó. botw€on on|.v.n.d ..d qui.l...dc6sg sid.s ol msidonlial bui|dinq. aB |ómtod aclo$ lbm
sa ch oth s. ( so'ca rlod acco ss c onc.ntra lio. ), rcom 3 r.kriv.lyTh6 oxbrio. sPao ro@i8d. oth.r h3nd' b3 qui3t.n€d
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; ddot o|sn ol ' hE rvpo them* ńmont ll€$ lhdn th. l|Ów ót
lo.ń .nd si2e ol1h6 .oóńś bv ń..rc o' movab|o wall Ś6dión.. MGt Ed'..l ot a|l isundo!bt€dIvlheideaotrhe,'grÓwińqhÓuŚ6'.(assinq|€.'.ńi|YhÓu.ąóx.mp|.11.inwhichgradJalrtp.nsioncalnodou|byrh6rcsjd.ńtkdŃiqnodtoincr.c6thririd.ntilicationwirhth6'ownhomo'InotamaIs1asinmośtolthÓśoIutions'rhsco.oolihóbuildh9'lbmwhich it b deve|oped hod.onral|v ańd Veńical|y. consis|s ol an j'f.l|atlÓn.nd acc.33co16that5imutańeoclya5suńess&uduEl'unct.ons.Examp|62bań€.r|y.x.mp|.o'alhodżonta||y) modi'iab|. ćńór ónruction ol f|.B: rno indi
ućt.d on . p|.tfo.m with llght w.||9 iŃid. . concrotó s|€l6'bn.Example 3 also useś a cÓluńn śY.cm'.i.ng $o |o.d.b6arińq o!t.r w.|l. and thg
an l!|lil| lh.ir indivjdJa| aoor p|.n dBł€s with sp@i.|hallown$s ot 1h6 built vÓi!ń6 c6.t.3 good |iqhting
conditjons' Ex€mp|€ 4 ]9 a mod.|stluctu.e that pl.c..1h. iń.t.ll.l'on. in a sing|o axisa|ong rh6 9padm€nt p!ńitioB and |eavesih3 Bd UńdÓi.rmin.d'
|obt6ms with l|€xib|.l|oo. p|ans mo1with |ittlo succ.ss.Th6 p.Ób|am o' noise prorediÓn Bńóin6d umolvod' tho cll|.xib|e pow6ra.d l'qhting supplv p.rhŚl a3 w€|lar.jn 3omoc.soąofl|oo. hoarinq svs.1em3'ótc'.Ćould notiustifyth..dv.ntao6oi3l|eljbl.lloorplha1most losidonrs Et.r t.ńd 10 śhy aw.Y fbń rne oxpensÓ ol ćposit|oning . w.|| andple1erpartic'9.brypl.nńin9ińlt.sd'Bdldingsandhousinqtypo.aBstjIloxpóńóńć.dal3omethi'g staiic in which ońó s€lll...nd to which on. adapt.. TÓdaY lldib.ltly i. thugl63łictedroapa.tm6nrsiz.:loom9olnoulEIoharactorćanbóa.giqńódtÓdlli.r.nt.p.ń'm6nc o. sewera| .oańm.ut9 ćan bó cofibined l.Emp|6 5l. Rch.nq€d ro a Iimitod 6xbń by means of movable inse*.AnÓth.r 3td69y.lIow! u*. bbe €xch.ńged wiihin lhg apadmont bY incorpÓratinq n6!tr.| 9p....th.t non6th.|B3dquno a cen.in.ia.nd propońiÓń andth.tmBtbo cap.b|. of
ńsĆŃ.n'w.nn di6 Wóhnu.q uF em AdNn qeIsqr H IBoIlpieIe l'2|,onBt.h€n iódochB|iclthezi€hlng6n zu. g.g.nube'li.g.ndon seib' w6nn óin eig€ń6r Ganq di. f'mme.ó€ch|ioBi (B.i;pio| 2 und 3)kónnen di.zimmel wi. A!śst.||unqskabinotte 6npllnd6nw.den, di; mi von €in.m Wand.lgang be$haut. D€ abor dab€i di. vo.k.hl.l|lchouńverh.tbiśm5cig a.w.chsi bl.ibt * 6in Luxus lor Eiń'.milionheu9.iJoderod'j.dćszimmei kańnin oinoń solch.n GrundńB.u' zw€i {mańchń.I soqar m6hr) wogrń.mi.htweld6n.w.nn dor woh.'aum dIÓ Min€ ei'nińńt (B.ispi.l4)- lń B€fupie|5 nónmon di€
eińż.h.n zimm.rdió vg.k.hls'|.ćh. aut Di. fimmóf sind so.ng6ordnet'd.Bdi. ou..h'b.nch. in dorM|tt6 d.rWandl|.ch.n d€n "Ruńdq.ng'' e.Eóg|lch.n.Daś q$chi.hlaulKosbn d.rstellttó.hąund man kannannehm€n'd.&d..s6ofi nuńqón in deń M.&. geóftnet Und o6.h|Gs€n w.'den,wi6 $ die Fańili.n.itu.tion zU jed.ń Moment €rlorder!Der f,unaq.ng kann auch dóń s.óitóńa.eich zum Mittelpunkt macheń lBoilpie| 6),
oderdaśTrapoońhau.sólbstkańnimz6ntrumd.rwohnunqIiegoń1B6ispie|7]'Do.hh|elbeśteht di. Ge'ahr, daB sich d|. zlńm.rver6inż6lń wi. in einem fluńyp.
oie sich 3t.adiq !ńd.rnde Fańi|i.nsifudion {G.óBą zu6.ńmensoElnql Und di.fu'oeń.a Difl.;n.'6rung o.l wohnogoiirtńE.€ wtdeBlncht dcr lotw.ndiqkri' !u'RarónaB'.runo uńd fypisieruńq 'ń
fU.Fo|ń. und GlóG.nv.Eńd.rung oer R.umo dulch b.w€gń.ń i.tsichor d|. |d6. dB -w..hggnd6. H.uso9, la|6 Ein'.mili€nh.!3' Bći3pi.l1)' beideń d.r al|Bilhl|cbą g'q6nhendig6 Alsb.u di. |doniifiziarung mir d6m oĘ.ńón H.usst.tk6n 3ol|lo- |ń B.kpie|r,wi. iń don m6iEr.n Lósunqen' b6.t6hl dÓr Kstn d.9 Hau€os,
voń dom aĘ 6! sich horibń..| und vsnik.| 6!t'ah.n wnd.aus einsń |rc1a||atiorc. und
El.ch|i6Bun!.k.rn' d.r gl6jcnzgitig 6t.tischo Funtrion libonjńńi Beisp..l 2 ist ein
lńihes Exeńi'.lf ijrein61hońzonta|'v.r.ndeóarcAuG.nholl€ im Gó.choBwÓhnungsbal:ln einań B.tonskobnlau ka.n a d6rj.woiIiqon PlatdÓrm mit Isiohbn Wó.d.ń dł individue||6crund.iBoinq.b.utwo.d€n.B.bp.ol3'auoh.instotz6n5ysr.ń.fixielrdi.!Eggn.den AuB6nwóndo Uńd di. |n.iall.tio8bo..iche' j.do.h kónnon sich dio a.wohn.f mil9p6zió||.ń'd.moń3b|.n Innenwańd6n ihB pe6óńl'ćh6n GrundriBwonsoho € 0||.n.Dieg;jng. n€fo des Balkór9oE.ch.ff. glto |.ichN6.hd|bi35o' Boispjó| 4 ist €in Mod.||bau';sr di. ln.talla.lon.n an dg. woltnungstl€nńwńnd.n in óine AĆh.6 |ggt und dón Best
o€ńeiols nteriÓrblock areas has plovod 1o b. ań ax€ńp|ary;.b,nd""iq4..d has to. ihi. '"
_ń"i'ł?l!f.T]'i!i$'rŃ'.lfi E
hous.s inwhi.h1hoaPańmónt .orbinl€rior' c|os.d cori.do.s. |n Go.cotrka1€d |Ówłisć ń. otton l'nd3 rc5id6ńtia|dw.||inqswith a hlqhd.gl.€ o'isolatlon'A3ó|ienteEmpl. i.'carpetbuiIding- I. cońbi
oud dw.||.ngs'' H€r€ ońó lr.qhiĆh hav6'ewwindow. o' ńono.l al|.
sUGh t€sidontial ds€||inqi with a hiqh d.gre Ól s€clusioń, n.ruEl|yappeaItorh. intro'veńrd kińd ol63id6ńt.This kind ol Esidcnts p.ima.ilv Ćon
'egórved coupl€3wńhour childien' and r.tiled men andwoń.n'
.qJ6ńtly as they 6.t!.l|Y exisbuj|dings in wh.ch !h€ apadmeńt.a.. t'ed in ro op6ń śt6iM.||s and coridoE and whelerh€ |'ndinqs a.o provided with dnough 9pa.3' |Ighr and6ncount€rs and s.llpresenratlÓn a.!r.c!ive iFiq.s'. op.n$s.s always prÓvid.d w.thsing|e..omilv dw€Illn$ in which rhs hólso opens rÓw.ld th. ś.oet. w3 may *l.lyassum€ hóro that llvinq in "op6.ed" dw6l|in$ isiho nod6 ofl|v.ng whjch most saliglńc.tolily codespondś ro th. n6śds ol a .norń!l" r.sid€nt aśp.ć.al|Ytho96 who are closó|YboJńd to th€ir |iv.ng al.a bv their dep.ńdóncy lrol 8eńpl. .hildt..), bythei. actlvit|.3{say, housewiv€s)' or by th.jr phvsjB| c.ndition 1sJch a3ó|d p.'.on3)'Th. ńsjd.ntjal
'avoEb|.condi1.ons lord.v€|Ópmont ol th. n.6& oJ tnis qBup o' Bgid.ntg:! la.t which wnholtdolbt docis iv.lY contibulos to 1h. fińding thatihs sing|..f.ńily dw.||inq, in what.v.rvań.tion. is rh. ńo.i oo'ula. lorm o' ń3ido.tial dw.l|ińq. sudóy3 h6ve rcpóatód|Y
queslion8d n.m. tno on€'lam
@lTh. dóv€|opm.nt ańd tia| ot ń.w folms ol acca33 iń ń!|ti.sbeqrnon a sm.rl s.aloa.orndth..a.ly 197o's Th. iritilta.q isv€Fńot. vóh€mo.tlv voic€d d.ń.nd3 lor qualh.tiv. €nh..cstuclion - att€r afuoluto prio.itY h.d so long be.ń ql.ńi.d to pbvidinq nerely a 3!l.lici.ot quańn{Y o' dwó|lings. wThepleńtifu|3lpplv olvision'ry Ulban.d..ign svst.ms |.ft ov.r on p.p€rfromrhe]96()''
id.6llstic p|ans exl€nsively n€ s and w€B Unl6$ibló 'orb€i.g ec.nomić.lp.cB' wo a
rno lew prctorypBrca|iz€dwhich lć.tu.sd sYd6m9 with 6łgnsiv.|yop€n.a..ó$.part'ńents. ''1'!lo Habitat", stagÓd in speciacJ|a.{aŚhion by Moshoorthe 1967Wo d'sFatr{3.Ópaqo1a6l,didnotplovid.theho
'avorabIo lor sEa]t apańn€nt. with oxremal.accE$ g.I|.ń$. |n .ddi{ion. smB|l
apaitment3 - und€r conditions o{ rh. 69tl..red oris.tarion ot thó apadm.nl in suchan exredoraocess blo.k stirl allow satElactory lloo.p
.ńd|ńq th. apaltmon| ove.
l tho tact tha! rh€ p'ovi3io. olw.| kw.ts o' ,,'oo{ stB.tś"
' in m u lti 'slo ry bU i|dings i. .soci.t6d w.lfi .o. sidoEbl. t. ch.
itn cÓfrcsponding|y hloh.r coconjlnclion Witnth.rna| and sound insul.rioń, and moislulo p
gińńinqs ba.l io d€v.loPm.ntleŚid.ńtia| cónnruDrion. |n Engli3h m!|tiito.Y ap.ńń.ht h
.tionsasearlvasrh. 1950 s lstucruE| pr.rcjpI.' |t i. po.Śib|o on tho |ow*r I€w| ol ń!aPaftm.ńtbuildlng!toprovido.qloa1shaBoJm.iŚonótt..p.nn.ń.withgJoundJov.l
multirooń .p.tm.nB wilh oli..ialion to iwo opposit.3id* wthqoodv.nti|alion and €'pGuróto th.3un (.ig.3!'
r oi.€śid.ńti.| pbj6d3 havo bol .n op€n qall.ry conbin€d w sr s€v.ral 3ró €. lFi0'6a.d 7l' |t hń. oft.n prÓv€d
'..i.l.dory to limir lh.building h
nab16! g.ń|ng bY with ónlY. Thbac.osscan b. Providsd i
lo tour; lho uFp€. |imit o'W.d6ly a.c|aim€d prctoryp. ołthis lorm or anceŚ is iho
apadm€nt buj|dińg bY Bb.k &nle|bau €łńlb{|on'ń l957 lFig,27''
All lyp.3 ol hońfońt|.ćc.$ of'oi tho advanraqeolv6rY6l'i.i.nrstanw.vańdÓ|.vatori.ćil.tió3'Th€irmai.benelil,how.ve.'cexlBnsiv.ly ińt.rćÓnn€ctine.p.ńn.nts in ń!|ii'sro.y bui|dinq
o.o u9ó is ind6ed beinq nade oi
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ol bolh ho żont.l ónd wń..al accoss units. |! therelo€ acbo'h dłoctjón3 of li.fl.c ańo goups. Hero as we||, 1hoaccess axos c.n b6 |o.atod in ihó intó.o' ol ai rh€ p€liph€ty ollhe bui|dine.ln addilion,ńany and v.lióuś cońliqu'.tlo.Ś and combinario.s ol apańmonrs can bo do.ivcd
'rcmtnis app@ch. Ateńt.on i9 Ća||.d fuó Ón|y1o a smal| nunborollh.rxompl6. pb..ntódildińg d.siqnód bv s1ovon HoIl i. .{kuolG in 1991;andthd
|iP|ein mw dwel|ings in Ańsc63es' th€ Unconv. ionaltYp€ p€ns.v.asitwas.Śignili.c6ńr|Y enhanc€d tho qlality of
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A dóv6|opm.it ftal clo$. on6 sid6 ol 5 b|ock and not mÓ..ly li||sa sap.Tho plon i. rhu. tBo 6nd unlE. attho..m. timo: uri.o.8lospoct ro Óo !p..ń€d b|óck and ń3 ŚtE.. pattórńs' or.6ńd|od'hoight dop$'and ćourly.}dśiżól'r. iń.''. d|vi.lÓń inró indlv.du.|3tructuB3 and ln Bspoct to whotherth. stóet frcnt
'ino should bó
m.inl.in.d,m.rkodhy3.t-ha.ks.brok nupbystasg.rodvolumor,o. splń in two by a dividi.o qap' Ih. €a0s/9o5 us.d rh6 cnancaofi.Ed byas|óbbujlding in.id.thg blocł ro di.c@.. ngw commu.nioadv. io. ar'o róm.l' quó|iti.s ot ac...5' Ót lńbrń.dlab ś9.ć..bo1w.6. in.idó .nd óulsidó {|619ó n.nw6l| .ńban..!. |.ndinggwallwaY!' od' oft6n b6ńlńd qlas
'acadB)..lh. bli|dinq in rh.
b|ocł o56.nt|a|lv h.Ś fuo ori.rtatlon oo{rń!: 10 .hÓ 3tro6t Ór fi.courtyad. od6ńt.tlo. and oois. load. may cońsadd @ćh Óth6ioth6. cońpd.. poińr. cań bo add6d bY st.qg.nńq, bóndhg, r'br@|dńq th.voluh6s'G.ound'looB'duo to iho jńoviiabl. lac'. Óf
3toń. (Er6|y public insńutioń3, ćÓńńuńal faci|itl* ar. móśdvUńr6ó||nlc}; iń .ońóńodód on th. .ou.tyard ś.d. with privat. gard.ng and Śom.iiń.9algo a.c.3.ód f'oń th€E.lt. oourtyard ..ry6 a3 a śóńi.pubncgroonspocą p.ivate g.eon by means ol balooniE' |oq{ias' wi.tgrgard.ns' somotimo. boftop t6rEc$. l'h€ sooia| mixtu.. EquiBdbY tho u'ban 3itlatlo. ca. bo achiov.dwth ńis building, whioha||owslora|l linds ol aDańmont l|oo. olans.
srrl6..Bnd im sradtb|ockb6inh.|td.in.n B.bauun9Śabchnitt'd.roinos.it.oin.l Block$.ch|l.Btund nichinu.6.ń.L0ck6 a!9.
jn N/s Flźgel: 5 zi Maifin,ede:in dea alw Ftaseh: 5 zi wohnunee,
:L]f-
Ix..ewińqś' esch with djf'e.g.t laYolB.ln th6.asl'wost w.nql źh€ s|.6pinq and |iving 3re.5 aB shaped bylllr.rtod ol.ment* |nth.live{oom apańm.nB,rn. kńćh6n sI.ms inb th6 ańrvvay and l6.d.l"brh. |I"hó
(||o q coh.r6ńt śpaco and ygl al.o g.p.ńtl.g tho path. to |iving and s|ooping a.os. Th.who5. óom! aE greUp.d.round a c.nba| hal|two sto.i.B hiah in its midd|o
suogdizod pubIic houŚińqmdżżanino and 2nd to sthslo.y
. -5{*l3: :l
3d tloors rrcm qa'den,
l3 un(9]' 6 .oom ńaLs.'
otflc. for M.rŃpo|ibn
Fri.dr.ćh.tńB. 2o7l2oa
m.tizłion ol diftóront k.nd. ofcilc!|ation. lhó ńaisonon$ oń the sRond andthndflooBar.d'.d|yaooes9sdltom |h€ €arqa.don (sbÓv6rhofomórb!.g.raq6'lodav a b'ńl( and lu.nitu.osbr6l. Tho ap.dńóntŚ on lho
be.eich und piv'tBń s.h|.lb.loioh. GrundńB Typ B.3.z|.woh.u!q: wÓhn. und schlałf|u. dorthogon.l. Dar wohnt|urb6qinn1mit d.ń w|ńdi.ńo'ońń an doo b€id.s Źuń Hof ori.ntiańón s.h|af.Auńónvorb.iwłd vom sch|.tl|Ur du'chktou.! d6r auch fuchą Bad. wc oBćh|i.Bt. oor Wohnl|ur v.lbrsitoń sjch
Ischreqg Badw.ńdl undlóh't żum wohnrauń. D.rwohnr.Um ót'n613lch Ź!r Kuch. u.d żUm b.id.ń BiiJńóngam.iń..m€n winbrgaden. z Di6 Kocń€ ist d.. f.nrrum do. Wohnung (oft zuqloich \ilDhnuńgs.ingang) Undń.t ńind.st.ns zw6i ABgiingo zu w.hń. und schl.tf|u. TYp oUnt.ró. G$chol.: !U.Kiich.:obórcsGolchoa:wohn. und sch|al.a!ń'Bad. Typ c' uń.lB G..choc: mcho Und wohnr.Umj ob.r6. G.óćhoB:3 s6hla'..!mo,B.d. 3' Ęn!$tofto Bad. Und Kocn.nb|ock! $hatt6n di. Bóuń.Uft.ilung. Typ F: zw€j wohn6i... €Bohli.BU.$k.n. Dlagoń.|. .l! Tronnwlnd. Grundrig.. o'ganisi...n glch wi. 3.|b3tvo.sli|ndIlćh um d'6sineo'bln.n Kilchgn- und sdńi$rb|ocks. TVp E: Kltch. t.nnt s.ń|.t und wóhnr.uń'oio Anlaqo bsltsht au. żwói lneBcii.d|lohón lóngón z!i|.n mit Kop1b.ltón Ź!r Gtaohlorigniiorune Nwso| isr durch .in. olorstrs3o dućhblochen. ]ł don kpfbaut6n Gowo.bor.uńó im EG.r
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Buildi.9bwwith'rontqal|erybchindprcbdlvaw.||ol|.tg6glassp5n.|łTh.ga|lo.yal.op.ovidosaIinktotheho!ś.ng Units at ih. €ńd ofth€ rw st.a.eht.fun n3i6,poElló|tÓ lhe lacadą prcvid6 acc*
Y wa|łwaF and .r. rhus 9.p ||.ry. Tho entranc6dootś'fun€d s|iqht|Y ińward' allow
'o.com€rw..dow in lh. kft.hen!.Ih. Órg.ńifa1io; d tti6 aoańm.ńt i3
ł*t'.'lok|th..'tlbn.th.w8dgo"shap.dIlvinqańa.InrhohoIlw.y'adlaq.n.||yińś€ńedy6||owcUb€lstoraóólÓom|,soparat€3inó liv..g and slooping...ól and dlBcis c...uldlÓn tow.rd th. ||ving
'oom. A śóćond doł b"hi'dlti.cub6oflo'śad..c'€bpath1oth.ptivar..Ealsocondp.rhl.upo.€nt.ringthoaportmóńr'avisjtorc.ns6ethlolqh.t
all lho w6y ódos to tht |oegia: noortó.ć.ilinq 5|.dińg window..dńii Ligh1and op6n rt.o 'oo- "p
roit'uou6ido' on rh6 3.cond f|oorlh. ap€ńm.nB ar. organi2.d around irc.d.d intg.io'cotrwa.dJ' Th... intório.couriyards ońd th. rcoffooio' r*gd on ń. cou.rYs6 śid. as lvolum6.Thocb*wól|/|lghrwaiqhtsfudlr.€nab.o.cfi6ng..afro.thó'ad:on|Yonoćol!mn'onowa||-.ndrhóinsta||alion sh.ń.16 flied insido.n ap.ńm.n! l
groe..oggi.' dl8 €inganq und F Uf'oldiont.Ań.l. i'tdo'wóhn.jum ang.srl"d.ł.Die Wohnuń$n knjckon !n dsn lńn€nhol.w.b.i dio H.lptrdln. zu. stt.B. |isqon (wohń€., r<o"nl. Esp|.r.l
Ho.ori.nti.'.n'o€r|fticki.tAn9€|punkfwi!ch.n€ingańg.woVai.m schlall|ui An d.' NahB n lIeg." i'nen ale ilat..'dlńe ur. .iqunu s.,uń*9chi€ne, di.b.id. s€it.n bodi.nl'Aus d.. Form d.r Grund.r0ck. .rgobo. sich vaBchiod.n la"qio!a'oa"te.Ełdón v.rzahn.n sich di. Wohnungóń zum T€i| .n.|ńaf,doi so .nt'tohr gino rn.r.h an Wor'.'s"s'.;ó";. |;|anqst€n oug.bau b.lindon sich vj.' GJoBwohnunqą ln. Wońngófr .ingoh.'t...
tnt=!tlt|an-.Tt. bulldlns ta!* wtrh rh. rarqrioniorh.manyr.9u|atlonsth.t.pplyb5tr6ot'dgs co.slludiÓn,hoB pl.nń.B mĘt.lśo cont.nd wńh th. sot wdth and d6prh !{$p*la|lydiffi cultwhon|hoadi.cenrbui|dingsvaryińdepthl:thar.Łth. bouJng 3tr.l6qy m.st lit into a natow ó!t||ńe wn'ą mavToGov.icofuin . conlBdidioń De.wgon @ńoas'.ooint otien;tion
'nd outward vl.k. A va.i.tY Ó' apańmÓ.B in.ide on. bui|dinq
i. g.ń'Bl|v outorlh. quoślon: nsad lh. aćn'bci mBt '&i Lń. opnńlm apańm..r typ.. Tha |ow numb.r o' h.us.ng unitgmak.. v.'i.v and ..pócia|lY oconońićali', alńod ihposs'o'.'but bui|ding 9.p3 a.. ofi.n lil|od within th.
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[email protected] ulh lh. 9u.DńdiIo3loialosu. b.M6€n th. oId ańd lho n.c.d.p bto. b |'Óol hoigh;'rooftop!..t'l.|śo initi.||y €'l.jct.th. f r€edom of th6 p|annór ButpBct36|yrn6 ti€ht spó.nicarions gom.times inspib uńusual3olo. trjóns on tń.'|oÓr p|an l.vóL unconv.ntiónall|oo. plłś1!B!so'v6
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'ińprcr.dion. ln addilion' howeve., co.ne. buildingŚ 3|śo ocćupy aspeci.| uńan.pl.nninq posńion on which qleat lo.mal expećr..tiofu ar. olacod: thov ńa.krh6 ond ol1h. sta.t and a|. viaw€dftoń lour gidŃ' Tho symngtpoś6ibl. solutions. 1.Ths stanwśt..t or courtyard ś'd€.' eith.r c|os€d or op.n lwńhthóugh p.3.3ag6 of thocouĄaldl'2.Arcess v'afu Óst.iMay.:6a.hw.ń9 hasń. own danwav.3.A |aĘe apaJtmenr lsomdlńes s€veńl ap.n.ń.nB wiih be|t windÓwsl js wrapp.d arcUńd th6 corń€r 4' Thćfloorplan develops two pe.fectly syńm€trical .p.dhentŚ Ón 1hóbó.i8 ota diagonal- 5.Tha c]osed corner is dissolved iń a ĆÓńpl.xlom and rolinquish6sdesig. in f avorof |ivinq quaIity' 6.Ań ext.n.sorution: rhe corne' bu'ldluq ił..t.d as an independent module.
@E.khlu!.' sind von d.n Vo.g8b.n dŃ B|ocl€ gl..chórmaBeno.pt.qt wi. Bauli|o|G und stlaB€nrond'sió habo. fudom beiden€ng .n.in.ndo. stoh€ndon F|iiqó|n dió P.ob|om. von asIch1ung'Au$..hl und Einb|ickżu 1ó9on und sindoxlEm abh..qiqvondero .ntiorunq llósungsmdglichkgiten durch Erkgńensterl.sond.Fprebl.m: Fl.mBoniibe.śch|aqlAnq6. E.lń.ius.. b.l.qon ei.o b6"sond.ro st.dteb.uich o P6itio n
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o.wartót wird: si. ma.kie.e! don stra&onaboh|uB und w6.denvon vio. soitÓń qes.ho.. Es sch6|en sich oiniq. g.und.łżlichóMóg|iohkcibn im Unganq mit der Eck.vmm.tri€ h.Bu.' ]' D!9Tro.o.nh9!9 wnd 2uń schańióĘ 6ńfuód.r.ir6Bóń. od.r ho's.i.lig, entwod.r q6sch|ośs6ń ode. df'6n {ńit DuŃhq.nq Źuń rłorl;2. ĘFchlioBung durch zweiTtpp8n';€dł F|oqd hd s€ń3 €Ęón€Troppol 3. ajń6 {ńanchna| ń.hrar6wohnungon m|t Famt..bóndorn I wjrd Um di. Ecko qo.oq€n;4'derG6$hocqrundriB 6nfu icŁ.lt'omaI rw8i spióg.lgl.ich. wóhnun.gon anhand.inór Diaqo..|ói 5.dló g.$hlol!.ń. Eok€ iśt.Ul d€rGrund.iBobono komplizien aufge|óst und qibt jodon sllidt.baJ.|iohónAŃpruch
'uqunsto. d6. WohnqualiBt ao';6' oino €xf6ma
l.ósung ist d|ó Trguunq dos EclÓous.s vomB.h.ndluno ols € igon 3t6 ndiqo r st.dlbao.l. in.
I *.,**""",^..-.;;,",-il-,.,:i-r1,r:-.=rir,..rl.".:r"."r"-*:"-"i:::r::..:.:::.lir..::,."::li.'::il,*? -. l! cmecca o tnE srralo-€l n.iqnborilq hÓu$ in tń. slre€r bV a nanow stludu.. wnh resaces lfunóing| "liltl. wsv lrom lhe ś1r6t lhruqh to rho colrtyard). Tho apańń.nt lloor plans aró wr.pp.d around fuoL *.nw.l|3 so lhat a|| .pałmenś can c|aim eo ori6ńt.tio.9 or viMg l3tBet/couńYard o. gtl.ó!/cornel orl cou{vord/cÓrnet|' Th6 9rarw.|E aE coil€d arcund . |iqhee|l rh.i runs fbm top to óotl u-raii'q; tt"v t.q'n
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