Flight in bats • Wings – Evolution – Adaptations for flight • Aerodynamics – Powered flight – Energetic cost of flight – Wing shape and foraging ecology
Dec 31, 2015
Flight in bats
• Wings– Evolution– Adaptations for flight
• Aerodynamics– Powered flight– Energetic cost of flight– Wing shape and foraging ecology
Discussion readings
Speakman, J . R. 2001. The evolution of flight and echolocation in bats:another leap in the dark. Mammal Review 31:111-130.
Fenton, M. B., D. Audet, M. K. Obrist, and J . Rydell. 1995. Signal Strength,Timing, and Self-Deafening - the Evolution of Echolocation in Bats.Paleobiology 21:229-242.
Schnitzler, H. U., C. F. Moss, and A. Denzinger. 2003. From spatialorientation to food acquisition in echolocating bats. Trends in Ecology &Evolution 18:386-394.
Thewissen, J . G. M., and S. K. Babcock. 1992. The Origin of Flight in Bats -to Go Where No Mammal Has Gone Before. Bioscience 42:340-345.
Wing evolution
Powered flight has evolved 3 times in vertebrates.
Bats have much greater control over wing shape and curvature than birds or pterosaurs
Aerofoil and lift
• Convex curvature of aerofoil causes air to pass faster over than under the wing.
• This creates negative pressure above the wing, causing the wing to lift.
• Greater angle of attack permits greater lift at low speed, until a stall.
lift
Digits prevent turbulence
• Greater camber causes turbulence
• Turbulence erodes lift, causes drag
• Digits reduce turbulence and drag
Bats can manipulate camber
Adjusting angle of propatagium and membrane alters camberwhich can increase lift and greatly increase maneuverability
Wing extension mechanism
Triceps connects to scapula and carpi radialis connects to humerus. Consequently, when suprapinatus contracts, arm and fingers automatically extend. Only shoulder muscles need to be large.
Wing pivot differs in birds and bats
Bats: clavicle pivots on sternum, while scapula is pulled up and down. Allows for equal power on up and down strokes.
Birds: humerus pivots on scapula. Most power is in downstroke.
Wing flapping and flight power
At a flight speed of 2.35 m/s, Plecotus auritusgenerates thrust mainly on the upstroke.
Wing flapping in horizontal flight of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
Thrust is generated on upstroke only at low speeds.
Physiological adaptations for flight
• Bats flap their wings 10 times per second• Most bats take a breath on every wing beat• Exhalation occurs late in the upstroke.
Echolocation coincides with wing beats, except during attack.
• Heart rate increases 2-6 times resting rate during flight
• Metabolic rate (oxygen consumption) during flight is about 14 times resting rate
Bats differ in wing shape
• Wing loading = mass/wing area
• Aspect ratio = wingspan2/wing area– Low AR =
short, broad wings– High AR =
long, narrow wings