Flexible digital approach to airport terminal design

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Flexible Digital approach to Airport Terminal design

Sarah Shuchi

Flexible

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Presentation Outline

Background and Introduction

Research questions

Research Methodology

Literature Review

Research significance

Research Progress

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Background and Introduction‘’Airports are 21st century buildings – fluid space for fluid functions using high technology architecture for spatial containment and cultural expression’’ -Brian Edwards

Airport terminal is a complex system

Airport is comprised of number interacting services and stakeholders

Technological advancement, changes in regulations, changes in terminal facilities, etc have significant impact on design

To deal with it the term ‘flexibility’ a prevalent concept– need to be incorporated in airport terminal deign.

A detail understanding of airport terminal operations, facilities and their related space requirements facilitates architects and planners

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Background and Introduction

The Airport Information Model (AIM) is considered to be an extension of BIM

BIM) provides digital representation of buildings with integrated information in a digital format

Proposed research will use BIM tools to facilitate initial design process of flexible layouts

An integrated approach is required

Building Information Model (BIM) could provide some well-built influences

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Research Objective

Terminal facilities and corresponding space requirements will be given the main focus of interest

The main objective is to understand and utilise role of flexible design in airport terminals

The proposed research will focus on departing passenger terminals in Australian context

The research will evaluate terminal space allocation for flexible design layouts

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Overview of Literature review

BIM and relevance with proposed topic

Airport terminal design, operation and related facilities

Flexible design concept

Use of Business Process Models (BPM) and space layout planning in terminal design

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Airport Terminal: Design, Operation and Facilities

Airport design and operations are closely linked 1

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DepartingParkingCirculating

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TicketingCheck- in Security checkClaiming BaggageChecking customs

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Passenger terminal components (Horonjeff, McKelvey et al. 2010)

Poor design affects airport operations- increased cost

Facility requirements depend on operations

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Airport Terminal: Design requirements

Forecast is unpredictable and unpredictable

Depends on number of traffic

Anticipation of level of traffics depends on forecast

Formulas for translating number of traffic into space requirement is arithmetically simple

Selection of configuration is a vital issue, may cause economical losses, for example, London Stansted Airport (Odoni 2003) And also causes operational difficulties for example, Kansas City Airport (Odoni 2003)

Kansas City Airport

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Airport Design Configurations

Which configuration is the best?

Finger pier, Satellite, Midfield, Linear, Transporter or Hybrid ?

MidfieldLinear TransporterFinger pier Satellite

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Airport Design Configurations

There is no single solution

Which configuration is the best?

Finger pier at Brisbane International Airport

Hybrid configuration- more flexible

Finger pier configuration is widely adopted

Linear configuration at Darwin International Airport

Varies with- walking distances between facilities - Arrangement of number of aircraft gates

Walking distances are prime Level Of Service (LOS) measures, LOS varies with spaces

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Airport Design Simulation Based studies

‘Fortran’ used to determine terminal facility requirement and dimensions (Seeman 1970)

Other simulation tools such as SLAM, TRACKS, ARCPort, PAXSIM, OPAL etc are used to evaluate operational performance.

Currently available tools could only measure existing design and operational performances (Andreatta, Brunetta et al. 2007)

A number researches have been conducted in the area of modelling airport operations and performance evaluation

Design and Concepts of Flexibility Flexible design is intend to respond in changing situations and operations (Kronenburg, 2007)

The concept of flexible terminal design has given emphasis by many researchers (Edwards 2005; de Naufville and Odoni 2003)

Airport terminal should be capable of multiple adaptation of future expansions

Three major design possibilities of flexible terminals developments (Odoni, 2003):

1. Connected buildings2. Temporary facilities3. Shared used facilities

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Flexibility in Airport DesignThe overall perspective to achieve flexibility depends on large range of factors- economic shifts, regulatory changes, uncertainty in forecast etc (de Neufville and Odoni 2003)

Functional effectiveness and flexibility in terminal design can be analysed under space, function and time (ACRP 25 2010)

Vancouver International Airport

Vancouver International Airport

Large open hall divided by glass panel in spaces

Easy accommodation of short and long term shifting pattern of traffic

Examples of flexible terminal design

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Airport Terminal and Inflexible Designs

TWA Terminal, aerial view at left and interior at right (The Huffington Post 2011)

The landmark building of new New York opened in 1962

But the building eventually closed in 2001 when American Airlines bought TWA

London Stansted Airport, aerial view at left and open plan interior at right (Foster+Partners)

Open plan interior

Inflexible structural configuration made future expansion more difficult

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Flexibility and Modular Airport DesignModular approach considered to achieve structural flexibility (Edwards 2007)

Modular approach- expandable and flexible facilities

Southampton International Airport, UK

Southampton Airport, UK

50% cost of legacy airportQuick construction

Southampton International Airport, UK

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Flexibility and Modular Airport Design

Simple concept

Suvarnabhumi Airport, Bangkok

Functionally simple

Suvarnabhumi Airport, Bangkok

Modular roofing at Kitakyushu Airport, Japan

Kitakyushu Airport, Japan

Series of modular terminal

Easy expandable modular roof structure

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Airport Design and Space Layout PlanningThe relationship exists between space and function assists to achieve spatial flexibility (Edwards 2005)

The movement of passenger between facilities provide key information for space layout

The elements are closely linked are tend to stay closely

Space layout planning and its form generation approach has been examined by many researchers (Humayouni, Eastman 1975, Fraser 1995)

The hierarchy of activities (Lee et al, 2007)

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Airport Design and Business Process Model (BPM)

Workflow modelling (Lee et al, 2007)

Business process is a collection of activities designed to produce specific output for a stakeholder (The Enterprise Architects 2004)

It also describes how the activities within a process are connected

Evaluation of business process is equally important as well as the standard or formulas

Movement of passengers in airport provides key information

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Overview of Building Information Model (BIM)

BIM consists of two type of information – Building elements and relationship of elements

BIM is a digital representation of buildings, also known as a standard digital information storage area

BIM also incorporates accessibility, energy saving, costing etc

BIM also works as communication media between stakeholders

: A comparison between conventional CAD and new approaches to BIM

Conventional CAD approach and BIM approach

ArchiCAD, Autodesk Revit, Tekla, Bently

A comparison between conventional CAD and new approaches to BIM ( Azhar et al, 2010)

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Use of BIM in Construction Industry

Automated scheduling and estimation

Automated estimation(Nadeem et al , 2008)

Optimise construction sequencing

Construction sequencing model (Gammon Construction Ltd , KH)

Multi disciplinary clash detection system

Automatic clash detection(Nadeem et al , 2008)

More accurate visualisation

Collaboration in multiple design disciplines

Automatic and real time scheduling of spaces using ‘room/area’ tool

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BIM used in Airport Design

BIM model of Cathay Pacific Cargo Terminal at Hong Kong International Airport (INTERLIBUILD)

Design solution for enhancement of baggage handling system

Accurate representation of structure

Co-ordination of huge number of drawings

Chennai Airport expansion model using TEKLA (TEKLA 2010)

Airport expansion project in India

Reduced material wastage by 3.5%-4%

Design-to steel fabrication project using Tekla BIM software

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Summery of Literature

Anticipation of forecast is unpredictable

A visionary approach required to deal with unpredictable future

Researchers have identified the importance of flexible terminal design but practical implementation is yet to be discovered

No evidence of utilising modelling techniques to identify flexible layouts

Use of BIM tools in airport design is still limited

Utilisation of business process in design is evident

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Research Questions

How can BIM tools support spatial flexibility in airport terminal design and operations?

How can Business Process Models(BPM) help to determine spatial relationships within various operational activities?

How spatial layouts can be generated for both greenfield and brownfield sites?

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Research Significance Investigate the role of flexibility in airport terminal design

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Research Contribution

Supplement domain information to provide a Airport Information Model

Investigate and utilise BIM technology in airport design

The proposed research expects to utilise space layout planning tools to provide flexible yet feasible design layouts

The research outcomes will assist architects/designers to understand and manage the interdependencies among various passenger activities

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Research Methodology flowchart

Create BIM models Define processes for

layout generationInputs from other AotF

streamsPhase 2

Airport Layouts

Phase 3

Define design metrics

Form generation by research assistant

Design guidelinesAnalysis of

algorithmic metrics

AIM/BIM guidelines

AIM/BIM specifications

Phase 1Literature

reviewOnsite-case study

analysisBusiness

process models

Indentify preliminary design parameters

Hierarchical breakdown of spaces

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Research Methodology Phase 1 Both international and domestic terminals around Australia

- Brisbane, Perth, Gold Coast, Melbourne, Sunshine Coast and Rockhampton Airport

Onsite case study analysis

Business Process Models

Departure activities in Brisbane international Airport (Mazhar 2009)

Help to understand the passenger process in departure terminal

Case studies have been selected based on three categories

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Research Methodology Phase 1Preliminary Design parameters

Design parameters will assists to determine relationships among passenger activities and space

Terminal facilities Design parameters Design attributes

Terminal entryEntry from public transports

Curb side entryProcessing areas Entry hall Queuing space

LocationService space

Check-in areaSecurityCustoms and immigrationBoarding

CirculationRamp Location

Orientation (position of the design elements/functions in respect to the other

StairElevatorEscalator Automated people mover

Wayfinding Signage Pamphlet Map

Discretionary activities Cafe and restaurant LocationAdjacency (of spaces according to the related functions)Orientation

Speciality shops News agent

Ticket counters

Toilet facilities Corridor spaceMoney exchangeTax refund schemeInternet KiosksWater fountainPhone booths

Waiting/meeting Seating area Location Number of seating

Selected preliminary design parameters

Spatial Hierarchy

Identify spatial relationship and hierarchical breakdown of departure terminal activities

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Research Methodology Phase 3Identify spatial relationships

To determine flexible design layouts Space layout planning methods

Craft Method

Network Method

Evolutionary approach

Generates a list of possible configurations using hueristic algorithm

Aims to determine the relative location of functional units

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Relationship matrix and corresponding diagrammatic layout (Whitehead and Eldars 1965)

Research Methodology Phase 3

Network Method

The relationship between spaces represented by the number of journeys in between them

One of the early methods of using computers to find out generative design layout

The activities are presented in a relationship matrix

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Research Methodology Phase 3

Evolutionary approach

Approach architecture as a form of artificial life and propose a genetic representation in a form of DNA-like code script

Aims to evolutionary approach of nature in built environment

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Research ProgressCase study : Brisbane International Airport

Identified spatial hierarchy at check-in facilities at Brisbane Airport

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Research Timeline Time Elapsed (in months) 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36PhD MilestonesStage 2ConfirmationAnnual progressFinal seminarCourse workAIRSResearch phase

PHASE 1

Literature review On-Site case study analysisSelection of preliminary design parametersIDENTIFY SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP

PHASE 2

CREATE BIM MODELSLEARN SOFTWARE (REVIT)DEFINE PROCESSES FOR LAYOUT GENERATORINPUT FROM OTHER AOTF STREAMS

PHASE 3

DETERMINATION FINAL DESIGN PARAMETERSFORM GENERATION BY OTHERSGENERATE FLEXIBLE LAYOUTSDESIGN CRITERIA ANALYSISANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMIC METRICSPROVIDE DESIGN GUIDELINESProvide AIM/BIM specifications

Publication and conferenceCONFERENCE PAPERJOURNAL PAPERFinal examinationThesis draft 1Thesis draft 2Thesis Final draft and submission

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Research Progress Brisbane International Airport

Identified spatial hierarchy at check-in facilities at Brisbane Airport

Departure hall at Brisbane AirportCheck-in facilities at Brisbane AirportDiscretionary activities at Brisbane Airport

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Research Progress Brisbane International Airport

Revit Model of departure activities at Brisbane Airport

Entry Lobby

Check-in

Discretionary spaces

Security

Boarding and circulation

Customs

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Research Conclusion

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