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Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties perception olphactoric smell odorous compounds gustative taste gustatory compounds visual vision colour compounds (colourants) auditorial hearing haptic tactile perception of smell + perception of taste = perception of aroma odorous compounds + gustatory compounds = aroma compounds
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Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

Apr 07, 2018

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Page 1: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

Flavour-active compounds

sensory quality organoleptic properties

perception

olphactoric smell odorous compounds

gustative taste gustatory compounds

visual vision colour compounds (colourants)

auditorial hearing

haptic tactile

perception of smell + perception of taste = perception of aroma

odorous compounds + gustatory compounds = aroma compounds

Page 2: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

Odorous Compounds

olfactoric perception

10 000 compounds, 50 – 1000 different compounds in individual foods

properties

low polarity or non-polar compounds

little soluble and unsoluble in water

volatile

main groups

hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, carbonyl compounds (aldehydes,

ketones), acetals (ketals), acids, functional derivatives of acids (esters,

lactones), phenols, S- a N-aliphatic compounds, O-, S-, N-heterocycles

Page 3: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

food content in mg / kg Beef meat 34 Bread (without ethanol) 6-10 Strawberry 2-8 Banana 12-18 Cocoa 100

Commodity Type of aromatic substance

fruit ,vegetable terpenes, alcohols, ketones, esters

alcoholic beverage acids, esters, aldehydes, alcohols, acetals

roasting, frying product Heterocyclic compounds

Page 4: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

formation

primary compounds

bound as glycosides, esters

free

secondary compounds

enzymatic reactions (damage of tissues on storage and processing)

chemical reactions (storage, processing)

non-enzymatic browning reactions

fermentation processes

oxidative reactions

thermal reactions (Maillard reaction)

Page 5: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

Type of aromatic % of the identified substances in total

substance alcoholic beverage roasted coffee

hydrocarbons 8 11

alcohols 13 10

aldehydes 6 4

ketones 5 8

acetals 8 0

acids 11 4 esters 24 5 lactones 4 2 O-heterocycles 4 23 N-heterocycles 8 20 S-heterocycles 2 8

Page 6: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

factors influencing aroma perception

tresholds of perception

stimuli threshold

threshold of recognition

concentration

synergism, antagonism of compounds

sensitivity of individuals

age, sex, physiological and pathological conditions

adaptation

anosmia

CH3

CH3

O

5-androst-16-en-3-on feel 71% of women, 63% of men

Page 7: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

Compound Occurence Odour detection threshold (mg/l)

Ethanol Alcoholic beverage 100 Maltol Caramel 35 Acetic Acid Vinigar 25 Biacetyl Butter 2 Trimethylamine Fish 2 Butyric acid Rancid butter 0.2 Vanillin Vanilla 0.02 2-Isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine Bell pepper 0.000 002 (+)-(R)-p-Menth-1-en-8-thiol Grapefruit 0.000 000 02 Bis(2-methyl-3-furyl)disulfide Thiamine photolytic

product 0.000 000 002

CH3 C C CH3

O O

CH O

OH

OCH3O

O

OH

CH3

N

N

OCH3

CH3 CH3CH3

CH3 CH3

SH

O

S S

OCH3 CH3

biacetyl

vanillin maltol

2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazin bis(2-methyl-3-furyl)disulfide

p-menth-1-en-8-thiol

Page 8: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

Key odor components

Compound Description Occurrence

(R)-Oct-1-en-3-ol Mushroom-like Mushrooms, molds

Anethole Anise-like Anise seeds

Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamon-like Cinnamon bark

Vanillin Vanilla-like Dry vanilla beans

Eugenol Clove-like Clove plant fruits

(+)-(S)-Carvone Caraway-like Caraway and dill seeds

Diallyl disulfide Garlic-like Garlic

(2E,6Z)-Nona-2,6-dienal Cucumber-like Fresh cucumber

2-Isobutylthiazole Tomato-like Tomato leaves, fresh fruits

CH O

OH

OCH3

CH3

OH

CH2

OCH3

CH3 CH O

OH

OCH3

CH2 CH3

CH2CH3

O

S

SCH2

CH2

CH OCH3

N

S

CH3

CH3

Page 9: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

off-flavours

processing (undesirable fermentation, preservation, thermal operation)

storage (microbial contamination, reaction of components, oxidation, packaging material)

animal source foods (feed)

foods of Plant Origin (contamination of environment)

example food defect source

milk sun off-flavour methional (Met, riboflavin) orange juice terpenic off-flavour carvon (oxidation of limonene) beer sun off-flavour Photolysis of isohumulone, reaction

with H2S (3-methylbut-2-en-1-thiol)

CH3 S CH2 CH2 CH

NH2

COOH

CH3 S CH2 CH2 CH O

NNH2

COOH

NH2

CH3

O

H

Page 10: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

CH3

O OH

H2C CH3

(R)-limonen (R)-karvon (6-oxolimonen)

O2

autooxidace

6-hydroperoxid

CH3H2C

CH3

H2C CH3

O

CH3

prenylalkohol

CH3

CH3

OH CH3

CH3

SH

H2S

O

C

OH

R

O

HO

(4S,E)-isohumulon

H3C

CH3

CH3

H3C

O

autoxidation

(+)-limonene (+)-limonene-6-

hydroxyperoxide (+)-carvone

Page 11: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

hydrocarbons

Alicyclic

(R)-limonene citrus essential oil

aromatic and polycyclic aromatic (PAU)

benzene, toluene, xylene, benzo[a]pyrene contaminants

CH3H2C

CH3

Page 12: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

Alcohols

aliphatic saturated

Methanol hydrolysis of pectin

Ethanol sugar fermentation

4

1

OH OH

O O

O

OH

OH

COOCH3

O

COOCH3

O

OH

OO

COOCH3

OH

OH

O

COOH

OH

O

comodity allowed amount in Czech legislation (g/l ethanol)

spirit (alcohol) 0.8

destillate 12

pomace brandy 15

Page 13: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

higher alcohols

transformation of amino acids

Alcohol Amino acid

propan-1-ol Thr

butan-1-ol Thr

2-methylpropan-1-ol Val

(S)-2-methylbutan-1-ol Ile

3-methylbutan-1-ol Leu

2-phenylethanol Phe

Page 14: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

aliphatic unsaturated oxidation of higher fatty acids

(Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol

CH3 CH2

CH2 OH

(Z)-hex-3-enal

CH3 CH2

CH Olinolenová kyselina

listový alkohol

linolenic acid

Leaf alcohol

Page 15: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

terpenic and aromatic alcohols

menthol mint, chewing gum

cinnamyl alcohol cinnamon

OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

CH CH CH2 OH

Page 16: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

aldehydes

terpenes and aromatics

citral and (geranial)

citrus essential oils

anisaldehyde vanillin; cinnamaldehyde

anise, star anise, vanilla vanilla cinnamon

CH3

H3C CH3

CH O

CH O

OCH3

OH

CH OCH O

OCH3

Page 17: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

Ketones

terpenes

carvone thujone

caraway wormwood (absinth)

O

H3C

CH3

CH2

CH3

H3C CH3

O

Page 18: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

products fatty acids β-oxidation methylketones

products of saccharides degradation diketones

Butane-2,3-dione (diacetyl, biacetyl) + 3-Hydroxybutanone (acetoin) = aroma of butter

citratasa oxalacetátdekarboxylasa

pyruvátdekarboxylasa

citronová kyselina oxaloctová kyselina pyrohroznová kyselina

acetaldehyd biacetyl

CH2 COOH

C

CH2

HO COOH

COOH

CH2

CO

COOH

COOH

CH3 C

O

COOH

CH3 CH O

CH3 COOH CO2

CO2

C

CCH3

O

O

CCH3

biacetyl biacetyl

citric acid 2-oxaloacetic acid pyruvic acid

acetaldehyde

Page 19: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

Acids and their functional derivatives

Acids

aliphatic saturated acids

fermentation products

formic, acetic, propionic, higher acids

CH3 CH2 OH CH3 COOH

oxidace

Acetobacter

CH3 CH COOH

OH

redukce

Propionibacterium

CH3 CH2 COOH

lactic acid

oxidation

reduction

Page 20: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

esters

main compounds:

acetic acid ethanol

formic acid methanol

propionic acid butanol

butyric acid isoamylalkohol

isobutyric acid (mono)terpenes

fruity and flower aroma

alcoholic beverages ethyl acetate

beer 30 mg/l

wine 10-260 mg/l

fruit

apple acetates, butyrates

banana isoamylacetate

pineapple ethyl-3-(methylthio)propionate

Page 21: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

lactones

-hydroxyl acids -lactones (butano-4-lactones)

-hydroxyl acids -lactones (pentano-5-lactones)

aromatic hydroxy acids → cumarins, phthalides

-nonalactone n = 4 coconut aroma

-decalactone n = 5 peaches aroma

-dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma

O OCH3 CH2 n

R CH

OH

COOHn

CH2

H2O

R CH

CH2

OC

n

O

zahřívání heating

Page 22: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

O OO OH3C

O OCHH3C

OH

CH3 CH2

H3C

OO

sedanenolid

H3C[CH2]3

CH3 CH2

OHH3C

OO

maggilakton (abhexon)

parasorbová kyselina

3

whiskylaktonsherrylakton

O O

kumarin

o

coumarin

maggi lactone (abhexon) whisky lactone sherry lactone

parasorbic acid

Page 23: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

phenols

thymol eugenol

thyme clove

decarboxylation of phenolic acids, lignin degradation

H3C

CH3

CH3

OH

OCH3

CH2

OH

HO

R

R

CH CH COOH

CO21

2

HO

R

R

CH CH2

1

2 vinylfenolvinylphenol

Page 24: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

sulphur containing compounds

p-meth-1-en-8-thiol

grapefruit

degradation products of sulphur-containing compounds

(sulphur amino acids, glucosinolates)

methional diallyldisulfide

boiled potato garlic

allylisothiocyanate

mustard, horse radish

CH3

CH3 CH3

SH

CH3 S CH2 CH2 CH O CH2 CH CH2 S S CH2 CH CH2

CH2 CH CH2 N C S

Page 25: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

nitrogen containing compounds

decarboxylation products of amino acids, transformation products of

other compounds

amine (biogenic amine)

cheeses, meats, fish, fermentation products

trimethylaminoxide trimethylamine

fishy smell

R CH

NH2

COOH

CO2

R CH2 NH2

CH3 N

CH3

CH3

O+ -

CH3 N

CH3

CH3

redukce

sea fish 40-120 mg/kg indiferent

post mortem

reduction

Page 26: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

heterocyclic compounds

O-, S-, N-heterocycles

2-isobutylthiazole 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine tomato bell pepper

products of Maillard reaction, products of other reactions

isomaltol furaneol furfurylthiol caramel strawberry and pineapple coffee fruit

N

N

OCH3

CH3 CH3

N

S CH3

CH3

O

OH

CH3

O

O

HO

CH3 CH3

O

O CH2 SH

Page 27: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

2,6-dimethylpyrazine chocolate and nuts

Maltol caramel

2,4-dimethylthiophene fried onion

2-acetyl-1-pyrroline

bread

Page 28: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

obtaining fragrances for flavoring food

75% natural

25% syntetic – 99% in nature (naturally identical)

1% not in the nature

materials essential oils

oleoresins

Page 29: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

synthetic compounds ethylmaltol ethylvanillin (bourbonal) ethyl-3-fenyl-3-methylglycidate caramel vanilla sugar strawberry (candies)

O

O

OH

CH3

CH O

OH

O CH3

CH3

O

O

O

CH3

Page 30: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

biological effect beneficial effects bactericidal and anti-inflammatory (borneol, eugenol, pinene, camphor, thymol, menthol) spasmolytic or cholinolytic effects (camphor, camphene, α- and β-pinene) analeptic effects (camphene) antioxidant effects (essential oils of many kinds of spices: marjoram, sage, thyme)

Page 31: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

toxic effects

chronic neurotoxicity (convulsions, damage to the cortex)

α and β-thujone= dominant component

wormwood, sage, clove oil

absinthism

Pulegone (essential oils of different varieties of mint)

carcinogenic effects alkenylbenzenes

β-asarone (calamus oil)

estragole (tarragon oil)

methyleugenol (clove)

safrole (essential oils of nutmeg, anise, cinnamon)

isosafrole (laurel oil, clove)

myristicin (oil vegetables: carrots, parsley, celery, caraway)

Page 32: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

psychomimetic, hallucinogenic and narcotic effects (comparable to the effects of ethanol)

myristicin (nutmeg - flower, hazelnut)

hepatotoxic effects

coumarin

Page 33: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

OCH3

OCH3

CH3OCH3

O O

-asaron kumarin

CH3H

O

H3C CH3

(+)-pulegon

safrol isosafrol dihydrosafrol myristicin

CH3H

O

H3C CH3

HCH3

O

H3C CH3O CH3

OH

CH3

CH3

H3CH

-thujon -thujon tetrahydrokannabinol

(-)-thujon (+)-isothujon

OO

CH2

OO

CH3

OO

CH3

OO

CH2

CH3O

tetrahydrocannabinol

coumarin

safrole isosafrole dihydrosafrole

Page 34: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

Compounds influencing food taste

perception of gustation 4 (5) basic tastes

sweet end of tongue

salty upper surface of tongue

acid sides of tongue

bitter root of tongue, roof of the mouth

umami whole oral cavity

astringent whole oral cavity

pungent (burning, hot) whole oral cavity

other sensations

Page 35: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

Properties

polar

water-soluble

non-volatile

Formation

primary compounds

secondary compounds

enzymatic reactions (damage of tissues on storage and processing)

chemical reactions (storage, processing)

factors influencing taste perception

thresholds of perception

stimuli threshold

threshold of recognition

Page 36: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

Compound Stimuli threshold

(vol. %)

Compound Stimuli threshold

(vol. %)

sweet acid

D-glucose 1.17 acetic 0.011

D-fructose 0.24 lactic 0.020

saccharose 0.36 citric 0.015

salty bitter

sodium chloride 0.175 limonin 0.0006

umami quinine 0.001

Glu (Na-H) 0.012 caffeine 0.014

saccharide stimuli threshold

(vol. %)

threshold of

recognition

(vol. %)

D-glucose 1.17 1.63

D-fructose 0.24 0.94

saccharose 0.36 0.81

Page 37: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

SWEET COMPOUNDS according to origin

natural

synthetic, identical with natural

modified natural and synthetic

according to importance in nutrition (energy value)

nutrients (source of energy)

non-nutrients (they are not source of energy)

according to possibility to influence the blood sugar level

contraindicated to diabetes

without any influence

according to influence on caries

cariogenic

non-cariogenic

Page 38: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

Sweetness

Saccharides

standard = 10% solution of saccharose

artificial sweeteners – taste quality

compound Sweetness compound Sweetness

D-glucose 0.4-0.8 D-galactose 0.3-0.6

D-fructose 0.9-1.8 maltose 0.3-0.6

saccharose 1.0 lactose 0.2-0.6

Page 39: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

natural sweet compounds

Compound Sweetness sructure occurrence

phylloducin 200-800 isocoumarin Hydrangea opuloides

glycyrrhizin 50 saponins Glycyrrhiza glabra

hernandulcin 1250 aromatic ketone Lippia dulcis

monellin 1500-3000 protein Dioscorcophyllum

comminsii

osladin 3000 steroidal glycoside Polypodium vulgare

stevioside 100-300 steroidal glycoside Stevia rebaudiana

thaumatin (thalin) 2000-3000 protein Thaumatococcus daniellii

Page 40: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

OCH3

OH

OH O

O

fyllodulcin

glycyrrhizin

CH3

CH3

H3C

CH3HOO

H

hernandulcin

-neohesperidosa

-L-rhamnosa

-D-glukosa

-L-rhamnosa

O O

CH3

O

OH

OH

OH

H3C

-D-glukosa

H3CCH2

CH3C

O

OR

H

H

O

O

OH

OH

HOCH2

HO

osladin

steviosid

CH3H3C

CH3 CH3

CH3

CH3HOOC

O

CH3

HO

O

OH

COOH

O

OCOOH

OH

OH

O

HO

O O

CH3

OH OH

HO

O

CH2OH

OH

HO

H3C

O

O

CH3

CH3 R = -soforosa

(-D-Glcp-(1 2)--D-Glcp

phylloducin

stevioside

Page 41: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

synthetic compounds

Compound Sweetness (sucrose = 1)

Cyclamates 30-35

Aspartane 200

Saccharin 300-350

Neohesperidin dihydrochalcon 1100-1500

Acesulfame K 200

Dulcin 110-250

Page 42: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

NH SO3-

Na+

N

O

O

OCH3

NH3+

O

O

H

N

S

OO

O

-Na

+

OCH2CH3

NH C NH2

O

N S

O

CH3

O

OO

K+

-

-neohesperidosa OH

OH

OOH

OCH3

O

cyklamát

aspartam

sacharin acesulfam K

neohesperidindihydrochalkon

dulcin

neohesperidin dihydrochalcone

saccharin acesulfame K

aspartame

cyclamic salt

Page 43: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

List of currenst EU approved sweeteners and their E-codes

E code

E420 Sorbitol and sorbitol syrup

E421 Mannitol

E950 Acesulfame K

E951 Aspartame

E952 Cyclamic acid and its Na and Ca salts

E953 Isomalt

E954 Saccharin and its Na and Ca salts

E955 Sucralose

E957 Thaumatin

E959 Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone

E960 Steviol glycoside

E961 Neotame

E962 Salt of aspartane-acesulfame

E965 Maltitol and maltitol syrup

E966 Laktitol

E967 Xylitol

E968 Erythritol

Page 44: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

SALTY COMPOUNDS

Inorganic salts, mostly NaCl

some salts of organic acids

taste quality, further attributes (bitter, metallic)

food classification

with very low content 0.4 g/kg Na ~ 1 g/kg NaCl

milk, fruits, vegetables

with low content 0.4-1.2 g/kg Na

meat, poultry, fish

with high content 1.2-4.0 g/kg Na

bread, some bakery products, pickled vegetables

with very high content 4.0 g/kg Na

some meat and fish products, olive, salty condiments

Page 45: Flavour-active compounds - vscht.cz Flavour-active compounds.pdf · Flavour-active compounds sensory quality organoleptic properties ... -dodecalactone n = 7 butter aroma C H 3 C

ACIDIC COMPOUNDS non-dissociated carboxylic acids

aliphatic monocarboxylic volatile aroma, taste,

aliphatic dicarboxylic non-volatile taste

aliphatic hydroxy acids non-volatile taste

alicyclic non volatile taste

aromatic some non-volatile aroma, taste

mineral acids, H3O+ (pH)

taste quality, further attributes (fruity)

food classification

very sour pH 4,0 fruits

little sour pH 4,0-6,5 vegetables (fruits),cereals

neutral pH 6,5 meat, milk, egg

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pH

1. Vinegar 8% 2,53

2. 100% juice from sicilian citron - Lemon d´or 2,57

3. Coca Cola 2,87

4. Grapefruite nectar 50% 3,16

5. Sour cabbage 3,59

6. Pickled cucumber 3,80

7. Yogurt 4,12

8. Tomato juice100% 4,30

9. Mineral water Vincentka 6,75

10. Milk 6,86

11. Mineral water Magnesia 8,05

12. Egg – white 8,70

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Lemon citric acid 4.0-4.4%

Grapefruit citric acid 1.2-2.1%

Tomato citric acid 0.9-2.0%

Vinegar acetic acid 8.0%

Pickled cucumber acetic acid 1.0%

Sour cabbage lactic acid 2.0%

Yogurt lactic acid 1.0%

Coca Cola phosphoric acid 0.08%

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fruits citric, malic, quinic, ascorbic

vegetables citric, malic, oxalic

meat lactic

milk (vegetables) fermented products lactic

apple unripe quinic

apple ripe, pulp malic

apple ripe, skin citric, malic

aliphatic monocarboxylic acids

formic side product of fermentation, degradation of saccharides, preservative compound

acetic acetic acid fermentation (Acetobacter), vinegar preservative compound

propionic propionic acid fermentation (Propionibacterium) preservative compound

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aliphatic dicarboxylic acids

oxalic metabolisms, antinutritive compound

succinic metabolisms

fumaric, (E)-but-2-enic metabolisms

content in carrot

Oxalic 0-0,06%

Succinic 0,002-0,013%

Fumaric 0,0005-0,0008%

Quinic 0,004-0,006%

Malic 0,4-5,2%

Citric 0,034-0,093%

HC

CH

COOH

HOOC

COOH

COOH

COOH

CH2

CH2

COOH

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aliphatic hydroxyacids

lactic milk fermented products (Lactobacillus and others), meat

D-(-)-lactic L-(+)-lactic

(R)-2-hydroxypropionic (S)-2-hydroxypropanic

milk fermented products 0.5-1.0%

Sour cabbage 1.5-2.5%

sour olive 0.8-1.2%

meat 0.2-0.8%

Food Content of oxalic acid in % Orange 0.004 Tomato 0.010 Spinach 0.54-0.98 Rhubarb 0.23-0.96 Tea 0.65-0.70

COOH

C

CH3

H OH

COOH

C

CH3

HHO

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L-malic acid fruits, vegetables, additives (acidulant)

tartaric acid fruits, vegetables, additives (acidulant)

L-tartaric, (2R,3R)-tartaric, L-threaric D-tartaric

grapy acid (racemic mixture, racemate, K-H salts = tartar),

mesotartaric (erythraric)

citric acid fruits, vegetables, additives (acidulant)

COOH

C HHO

CH2

COOH

COOH

C

C

OHH

HO H

COOH

COOH

C

C

HHO

H OH

COOH

CH2

C

CH2

COOHHO

COOH

COOH

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Content of main acid in fruit (%)

alicyclic acids

L-quinic fruits, vegetables (free, depsides)

Fruit Malic Citric Tartaric Apple 0.2-1.3 0.0075-0.01 - Orange 0.06-0.2 0.56-0.98 - Lemon 0.17-0.30 4.0-4.4 - Grapes 0.7-1.5 0.03-0.1 0.4-1.4

3

COOH

OH

OH

OHOH

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aromatic acids

fruits, vegetables, cereals, (free, esters, glycosides)

seeds germination inhibition, antibacterial properties

sensory properties (phenols, non-enzymatic browning reactions)

benzoic acid, cinnamic acid and derivatives

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benzoic cinnamic

4-OH p-hydroxybenzoic p-cumaric

3,4-diOH protocatechuic caffeic

4-OH, 3-MeO vanillic ferulic

4-OH, 3,5-diMeO syringic sinapic

3,4,5-triOH gallic

benzoic, p-hydroxybenzoic food preservative

caffeic substrate oxidoreductases

vanillic component of alkaloids

gallic component of tannins

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apple, potato, coffee chlorogenic = caffeic + quinic

dates dactylipheric = caffeic+ shikimic

melilotosid (glykosid)

vakcinin (ester)

HO

CH2

OH

OH

OH

O

O

chlorogenová kyselina (3-depsid)

COOHHO

CH2OH

OH

OH

O

3

COOH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

OH

OH

šikimová kyselinaShikimic acid

Chlorogenic acid

Melilotoside

Vaccinin

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BITTER COMPOUNDS

primary compounds

characteristic compounds of plants

secondary compounds

formation during processing and storage

(reaction products, metabolites of microorganisms)

additives

alkaloids

quinine (true alkaloids, quinolinic alkaloids),

tonic water

caffeine (protoalkaloids, purine alkaloids)

coffee, tee, cocoa, guarana, cola drinks

mate - prepared by steeping dried leaves of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), "national infusion" in Argentina

Ilex

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mg/kg quinine caffeine

nonalcoholic beverages 75 250

spirits 300

fruits

grapefruits (bitter oranges)

flavonoids (flavanones)

naringin = naringenin (R = H) + neohesperidose, α-L-Rha-(1→2)-β-D-Glc neohesperidin = hesperetin (R = CH3) + neohesperidose sweet neohesperidin dihydrochalcon

H2C

H

N

HO C

H3CO

N

N

N

N

N

CH3

O

CH3

O

CH3

neohesperidosa

OH

O

O

HO

OH

ORneohesperidose

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olive

phenols

vegetables

lettuce, endive, chicory (lactucin)

terpenes

spices and other plant materials

wormwood (absinthin)

terpenes

O

OCH3

O

H

H3C

O OCH2OH

OH

OH

HO

O O

HO

HO

O

OH

oleuropein demethyloleuropein

H2O (NaOH)

produktyproducts

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lactucin absinthin

hops

derivatives phloroglucinol (1,3,5-benzenetriols)

bitter acids (18% dry matter)

α-bitter acids (homologues humulone)

β- bitter acids (homologues lupulone)

beer

isobitter acids

iso-α-bitter acids (isohumulone)

iso-β- bitter acids (isolupulone)

OCH2

O

CH3

OH

HH

H

HOCH2

O H3C OH

O

O

H3C

H H

H

CH3

H

CH3

OH

H

HH3C

O

O

H H

CH3

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ADSTRINGENT COMPOUNDS

perception = protein interaction of saliva with polyphenolic compounds → denaturation

(loss of protective role)

tannins

hydrolysed polymers of gallic acid esters

additives, little in food

condensed polymers of flavan-3-ols (3,4-diols)

food (fruits, wine)

hydrolysed tannins

gallotannins

gallic acid m-digallic acid (depside)

O

O

HO

HO

HO

HO OH

COOH

HO

HO

HO

COOH

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ellagotannins

hexahydroxybiphenylic acid (C-C dimer) ellagic acid (lactone)

gallotannins

Chinese tannin

mixture of galloylesters and m-digalloylesters D-glucose

elimination of turbidity caused by proteins (vinegar, beer, wine)

Ellagotannins

corilagin

cranberries leaves

O

O

HO

HO

OH

OH

O

O

HO

HO OH

OH

OHHOHOOC

COOH

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condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins, flavolans)

dimers and higher oligomers (2-10 unites)

flavan-3-ols (catechins)

flavan-3,4-diols (leucoanthocyanidines)

monomers do not have the properties of tannins

oxidised oligomers are coloured

afzelechins (R1 = R2 = H) p-hydroxybenzoic leucopelargonidin

catechins (R1 = H, R2 = OH) protocatechuic leucocyanidin

gallocatechins (R1 = R2 = OH gallic leucodelphinidin

O

R

OH

R

OH

OH

HO

1

2

**

O

R

OH

R

OH

OH

HO

1

2

OH

oxidaceoxidation

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Examples

fruit and wine tannins

tea tannins

non-enzymatic browning reaction

type A (C-4→C-8, C-2→O → C-8) type B (C-4 → C-6) type B (C-4 → C-8)

3

2

4

7

8

4

1 2 3

1 2 3

8

R ,R ,R

OHO

R ,R ,RO

OH

OH

HO

R

HO OH

4

6

1 2 3

1 2 3

1 2

1 2 3

O

OH

OH

HO

R

HO

OH

OH

O

R ,R ,R

R ,R ,R

R ,R ,RO

OH

HO

R

OH

O

OH

O

R ,R ,R

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PUNGENT SUBSTANCES

primary compounds

characteristic components of plants

secondary compounds

enzymatic reactions

Alkaloids

true alkaloids: piperine (black pepper)

protoalkaloids: capsaicin (bell pepper, chilli)

O

O

O

N

CH3O

HO

NH O

O

CH3

CH3

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phenols

eugenol (clove)

gingerol (ginger)

H3CO

HO

CH2

H3CO

HO

OHO

CH3

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isothiocyanates

allylisothiocyanate (mustard, horse radish)

formation

CH2

N C S

O

OH

OH

CH2OH

HO

S C

N O SO3-

CH2 CH CH2sinigrin

CH2 CH CH2 N C S

allylisothiokyanát

CH2 CH CH2 C N

allylkyanid

myrosinasamyrosinase

allyl isothiocyanate allyl thiocyanate