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FISIOLOGI
SISTEM
RESPIRASI
Carolin
IndraNovyan
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Function of the
Respiratory System• Gas exchanges (O2 & CO2)
between the bloo an externalen!ironment
• "xchange of gasses ta#es placewithin the lungs in the al!eoli(onlysite of gas exchange$ otherstructures passageways
• %assageways to the lungs purify$warm$ an humiify the incomingair
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Organs of the Respiratory
system
• ose
• %harynx
•
'arynx• rachea
• ronchi
•
'ungs *al!eoli
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Figure +,-2
.pper Respiratory ract
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/natomy of the asal
Ca!ity• Olfactory receptors locate in mucosa on
the superior surface
• he rest of the ca!ity is line with
respiratory mucosa
moistens air$ trapsincoming foreign particles
• 'ateral walls ha!e pro0ections calleconchae
F1 3 4 surface area3 4 air turbulence within the nasal ca!ity)
• he nasal ca!ity is separate from the oralca!ity by palate
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%aranasal Sinuses
• Frontal bone
• Sphenoi bone
• "thmoi bone
• 5axillary bone
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Function of the sinuses
• 'ighten the s#ull
• /ct as resonance chambers forspeech
• %rouce mucus that rains into thenasal ca!ity
%/R//S/' S6.S"S
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%harynx (hroat)
• 5uscular passage from nasalca!ity to larynx
• hree regions of the pharynx
• asopharynx
• Oropharynx
• 'aryngopharynx
• he oropharynx an
laryngopharynx are commonpassageways for air an foo
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Figure +,-2
.pper Respiratory ract
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'arynx• Routes air an foo into proper channels
• %lays a role in speech
•
5ae of eight rigi hyaline cartilages an a spoon3shape flap of elastic cartilage(epiglottis)
Structure of the Larynx• hyroi cartilage
• "piglottis
• 7ocal Cor
• Glottis
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rachea
• Connects larynx with bronchi
• 'ine with ciliate mucosa
•eat continuously in the oppositeirection of incoming air
•"xpel mucus loae with ust an otherebris away from lungs
• 8alls are reinforce with C3shapehyaline cartilage
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%rimary ronchi
•Forme by i!ision of the trachea
•"nters the lung at the hilus
•Right bronchus is wier$ shorter$an straighter than left
•ronchi subi!ie into smaller
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'ungs
• Occupy most of the thoracic ca!ity
• /pex is near the cla!icle (superiorportion)
•ase rests on the iaphragm (inferiorportion)
•"ach lung is i!ie into lobes byfissures
•'eft lung * two lobes
•Right lung * three lobes
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'ungs
Figure
+,-9b
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Co!erings of the 'ungs
• %ulmonary (!isceral) pleuraco!ers the lung surface
• %arietal pleura lines the wallsof the thoracic ca!ity
•
%leural flui fills the areabetween layers of pleura toallow gliing
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Respiratory ree :i!isions
• %rimary bronchi
•
Seconary bronchi• ertiary bronchi
• ronchioli
• erminal bronchioli
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ronchioles
Figure
+,-;a
• Smallest branches
of the bronchi• /ll but the smallest
branches ha!ereinforcing cartilage
• erminalbronchioles en inal!eoli
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Respiratory
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/l!eoli
•Structure of al!eoli• /l!eolar uct
• /l!eolar sac
• /l!eolus
•Gas exchange
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Respiratory 5embrane
(/ir3loo arrier)
•
hin s=uamous epithelial layerlining al!eolar walls
• %ulmonary capillaries co!er
external surfaces of al!eoli
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Respiratory 5embrane
(/ir3loo arrier)
Figure
+,->
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Gas "xchange
• Gas crosses the respiratory membrane byiffusion
•Oxygen enters the bloo
•Carbon ioxie enters the al!eoli
• 5acrophages a protection
• Surfactant coats gas3expose al!eolarsurfaces
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"!ents of Respiration
• %ulmonary !entilation * mo!ing air in an out ofthe lungs
• "xternal respiration * gas exchange between
pulmonary bloo an al!eoli
• Respiratory gas transport * transport of oxygenan carbon ioxie !ia the bloostream
• 6nternal respiration * gas exchange betweenbloo an tissue cells in systemic capillaries
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Mekanisme Pernapasan
Inhalasi (proses aktif)→ udara masuk Gas berpindah dari tempat yang
bertekanan tinggi ke tempat yang
bertekanan rendah Selama inspirasi → diafragma
terdorong ke bawah dan paru-paru
mengembang Pada waktu paru-paru mengembang, volume meningkat → tekanan dlmparu-paru menurun
ekanan dalam paru lebih rendah
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Respirasi
"espirasi eksternal → pertukaran %&dan '%& antara permukaan respirasidan darah
"espirasi internal → pertukaran %&dan '%& antara darah dan sel-seltubuh
"espirasi seluler → proses dimanasel-sel menggunakan %& untukmemproduksi P
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Respirasi Eksternal
Pertukaran %& dan '%& antara
alveolus dan darah ekanan parsial %& lebih tinggi
dalam alveolus daripada dalamdarah → %& berdifusi ke dalam darah
ekanan parsial '%& lebih tinggi
dalam darah daripada dalamalveolus → '%& bergerak masuk ke
alveolus pada arah yang berlawanan
dan diekshalasikan ke luar
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Respirasi Internal
Pertukaran %& dan '%& antara darah
dan *aringan ekanan %& lebih tinggi dalam darah
daripada dalam *aringan → %& keluarke dalam *aringan
ekanan '%& lebih tinggi dalam
*aringan daripada dalam darah →'%& berdifusi dgn arah berlawanan
ke dalam darah
'%& merupakan produk buangan
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Kontrol Pernapasan
Pernapasan diatur oleh pusatpernapasan dalam medulla otak
+edulla merangsang otot-ototpernapasan
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Kontrol Pernapasan
aktor yang palingpenting yangmempengaruhi pusatpernapasan adalah '%&
Peningkatan '%& arteri→ meningkatkankeasaman 'S
Peningkatan keasaman
'S dideteksi olehsensor p dimedulla +edulla meningkatkan
ke.epatan dankedalaman respirasi
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Pertukaran Gas
tmos/r bumi terdiri dari 012 3 dan &42%&
Paru-paru sehat mempunyai 566 *uta
alveolus b dapat mengikat 7 molekul %& 8ang ter*adi pada udara yang kita hirupGS I39!: !;9!:
%& &6042 47
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LUNG VOLUMES
ial 7olume (7)
he amount of air that mo!es into lungs
with each inspiration or the amount that
mo!es out with each expiration;?? ml
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LUNG VOLUMES
6nspiratory Reser!e 7olume (6R7)
he air inspire with a maximal inspiratory
effort
,??? ml
"xpiratory Reser!e 7olume ("R7)
he !olume expelle by an acti!eexpiratory effort after passi!e expiration
+2?? ml
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RESIDUAL VOLUME
Resiual 7olume (R7)
he air left in the lungs after a maximal
!oluntary expiratory effort
(a!oiing collaps of the lungs)
+2?? ml @ FRC * "R7
Functional resiual capacity (FRC)he !olume of gas present in the lung at
en expiration uring tial breathing-
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LUNG CAPACITY
otal lung capacity ('C) is the !olume
of gas in the lungs after maximal
inspiration$ or the sum of all !olume
compartments-
otal 'ung Capacity
7 A 6R7 A "R7 A R7 ;B?? ml
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LUNG CAPACITY
6nspiratory Capacity
6R7 A 7 ,;?? ml
Functional Resiual Capacity"R7 A R7 29?? ml
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VITAL CAPACITY
7ital Capacity he largest amount of air that can be expire after a maximal
inspiratory effort$ (fre=uently measure as an inex ofpulmonary function)
9?? ml 7ital capacity (7C) is the !olume change at the mouth
between the positions of full inspiration an complete
expiration-
Gi!es useful information about the strength of respiratorymuscles an other aspects of pulmonary function-
Force 7ital Capacity (F7C) 5aximal inspiration followe by
maximal exhale as fast as possible
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VITAL CAPACITY
he measurement may be mae in one of the following ways
+- 6nspiratory !ital capacity (67C) the measurement is
performe in a relaxe manner$ without unue haste or
eliberately holing bac#$ from a position of full expiration
to full inspiration-
2- "xpiratory !ital capacity ("7C) the measurement is
performe in a relaxe manner$ without unue haste or
eliberately holing bac#$ starting from a position of full
inspiration to full expiration-
,- Force !ital capacity (F7C) the !olume of gas which isexhale uring a force expiration starting from a position
of full inspiration an ening at complete expiration-
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Respiratory !olumes as isplaye by a spirometer- 7olumes shown are those of
a typical ault male
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RESPIRATORY DEAD
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RESPIRATORY DEAD
SPACE Respiratory ea space
he space in the conucting Done of airways
occupie by gas that oes not exchange with
bloo in the pulmonary !essels-
6t plays no role in remo!ing CO2 from the boy or
aing O2-
6mportant in humiification of inspire gas an in
temperature conser!ation-
7olume can be estimate as + ml1lb boy weight-
For an a!arage ? #g man$ 7: @ ? x 2$2 x + E
+;? ml