Fisheries Centre The University of British Columbia Working Paper Series Working Paper #2015 - 59 Preliminary estimate of total Russian fisheries catches in the Barents Sea region (ICES subarea I) between 1950 and 2010 Boris Jovanović, Esther Divovich, Sarah Harper, Dirk Zeller and Daniel Pauly Year: 2015 Email: [email protected]This working paper is made available by the Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Fisheries Centre The University of British Columbia
Working Paper Series
Working Paper #2015 - 59
Preliminary estimate of total Russian fisheries catches in the Barents Sea region
(ICES subarea I) between 1950 and 2010
Boris Jovanović, Esther Divovich, Sarah Harper, Dirk Zeller and Daniel Pauly
With the exception of Atlantic salmon, records of subsistence and recreational fishing in the Barents Sea
region are limited. Subsistence fishing for Atlantic salmon was considered a privilege under the Tzar’s
Russia and records exist for every fish caught since the end of 16th century for ‘taxation’ purposes. Every
10th salmon caught in the subsistence fishery belonged to the Tzar and had to be given to the Tzar’s clerks
(Lajus et al. 2007). Based on the analysis of historical data from the 17th century to the beginning of the
20th century (Lajus et al. 2007), we identified a decreasing trend in this subsistence fishery. This
decreasing trend was prorated to the year 2010. Data on Russian recreational salmon fishing in the
Barents Sea were taken from the ICES Atlantic salmon working group report (ICES 2011c).
We assumed that subsistence fishing was negligible for any other species besides Atlantic salmon after
1950, based on the estimated five tonnes of subsistence catch of Atlantic cod in 1950 (Mokievsky 2001).
We set 1990 as the first year of recreational fishing, as this was the year recreational fishing opened to the
public and foreign tourists. Based on all available information, recreational fishing was not commonly
practiced before 1990. Considering the report of the ICES working group on recreational fishing (ICES
2010), and based on the recreational fishing of Atlantic cod by other countries in the region, we estimated
that Russia’s recreational catches account for 2-8% of the country’s total catch. As countries with low total
landings in ICES (2010) had a higher percentage of recreational fishing, and vice versa, we assumed a 2%
recreational catch for Russia since 1990. For the 1950-1998 period, 0.05-0.09% was added. After
consultation with Russian websites regarding the common recreational fishery targets, these estimates
were applied to navaga, polar cod, wolffishes, haddock, saithe and the other finfish category.
RESULTS
Total reconstructed catch averaged 411,000 t·year-1 in the 1950s and 1960s, peaking at 1.21 million t in
1977, declining to the minimum annual catch of 73,700 t in 1990, and then rebounding to approximately
360,000 t·year-1 in the 1990s and 2000s (Figure 2a). Total removals by the Russian fishing fleet in subarea
I of FAO 27 for the period 1950-2010 were estimated to be 27.5 million tonnes, which is 36% greater than
the total landings of 20,297,201 t presented officially by ICES for the same period. Unreported industrial
catch, their discards, subsistence catch, and recreational catch each contributed 7.6%, 18.3%, 0.03% and
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0.34%, respectively, to the total reconstructed catch. Since poaching began in 1975, catch from this activity
alone contributed an additional 1,300,000 tonnes of unreported catch from 1975-2010.
The total reconstructed catches were dominated by Atlantic cod, capelin, haddock, and Arctic cod with
approximately 44%, 28%, 8%, and 6% contribution to total catch, respectively (Figure 2b). Unreported
legal catches were dominated by redfish – over 281,000 t, followed by haddock with around 173,000 t.
Discards were dominated by capelin with nearly 2.1 million t, followed by Atlantic cod and redfish with 1.3
million t and 493,000 t, respectively. Combined, recreational and subsistence catches for Atlantic cod,
haddock, and Arctic cod accounted for 62,100 t, 18,700 t and 9,200 t, respectively.
DISCUSSION
This study suggests that during the period 1950-2010, the Russian fleet in the Barents Sea caught around
36% more fish than Russia reported to ICES, and hence to the global community. In comparison, a similar
reconstruction of marine catches for the Baltic Sea suggested that 30% more fish were caught than
reported by all of the countries in the Baltic Sea region (Zeller et al. 2011). While the Baltic Sea
reconstruction did not include a category for poaching, large-scale organized poaching does not exist in
the Baltic Sea, in contrast to the Russian Barents Sea fisheries. Thus, the 36% estimate of unaccounted
Russian catches in the Barents Sea is in accordance with other neighboring regions in the world, and it
does not seem to be an overstatement.
Globally, marine by-catch has been estimated at 40% of the total catch (Davies et al. 2009). In the case of
the Russian Federation and the Barents Sea, discards have been estimated at 25% (Davies et al. 2009).
This figure, low compared to the global trend, may be attributed to policies which discourage discarding in
the Barents Sea (Diamond and Beukers-Stewart 2009). The estimated Russian discard rate of this study is
24.97% for the Barents Sea region, which is corresponds closely to the above estimate of Davies and
colleagues.
Our estimates of unreported catch of Atlantic cod and haddock (21% and 26%, respectively) are in
accordance with the estimated unreported global catches for these species of between 18 and 38% of the
reported landings (Agnew et al. 2009). Expressed as a percentage of total catches of all species, poaching
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in the Barents Sea added 6.9% to the ICES baseline landings for the period 1950-2010, and around 12% for
the period 1975-2010. In this study, 1975 was assumed to be the first year of occurrence of substantial
poaching. This is similar to an estimate of unreported catch from poaching for the North-East Atlantic of
10% of the reported landings for the period 1980-2003 (Agnew et al. 2009).
Recreational and subsistence fisheries contributed only 0.4% to reconstructed catches for the period 1950-
2010. Recreational fishing in Russia is still in its infancy, as it was not readily practiced in the past;
however it is possible that this figure is higher, as data or information regarding recreational fishing is not
readily available. In Baltic Sea, the estimated unaccounted recreational removals was 3% (Zeller et al.
2011), while on the global scale the potential contribution of recreational fishing to the reported catch may
be up to 12% (Cook and Cowx 2004).
We hope that work such as the present may assist the Russian government and ICES, in improving catch
accounting practices in fisheries. Comprehensive and fully transparent accounting of total removals (not
only retained and landed catches) is required for a public resource such as fish. It is also highly relevant for
the process of moving towards managing fisheries in an ecosystem setting.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We acknowledge support from the Sea Around Us, which is funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts and the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation.
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Figure 1. Map of the Russian Barents Sea region, depicting ICES statistical areas as well as the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Russia. Note that the disputed areas have now been resolved through mutual agreements.
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0.0
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Figure 2. Total reconstructed catch for Russia in the Barents Sea (ICES Area I), 1950-2010, a) by sector, with reported ICES data overlaid as a line graph, and b) by major taxa. ‘Others’ represents 31 additional taxonomic categories.
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Appendix Table A1. FAO landings vs reconstructed catch (in tonnes) by sector for the EEZ of Russia Barents Sea, 1950-2010. Year FAO landings Reconstructed total catch Industrial Recreational Subsistence Discards