Fiscal Policy and Disaster Risk Financing Integrating disaster risks in fiscal risk assessment and management Olivier Mahul Program Coordinator Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance Program, FCMNB and GFDRR World Bank Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Review Workshop September 10-12, 2012 Bangkok, Thailand
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Fiscal Policy and Disaster Risk Financing Integrating disaster risks in fiscal risk assessment and management Olivier Mahul Program Coordinator Disaster.
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Fiscal Policy and Disaster Risk FinancingIntegrating disaster risks in fiscal risk assessment and management
Olivier MahulProgram CoordinatorDisaster Risk Financing and Insurance Program, FCMNB and GFDRRWorld Bank
Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Review WorkshopSeptember 10-12, 2012Bangkok, Thailand
Economic impact of natural disasters in Asia Pacific
Probable Maximum Loss, as % of national GDP
ASEAN Member StatesAnnual Average Loss, as % of national GDP
Pacific Island Countries
Source: WB (2012) Source: PCRAFI (2011)
Including disaster risks into fiscal risk management
• Sources of fiscal risks– Commodity risk management (e.g., oil
price hedging)– Currency risk management– Market risk in debt management
• Management of contingent liabilities– Infrastructure projects (public-private
partnerships)– Legal actions– State guarantees– Natural disaster risks
• Explicit vs implicit contingent liability of natural disasters– Government owned assets– Low income housing– Small and medium enterprises
Colombia – Fiscal disaster risk assessment
World Bank estimates based on MHCP (2011) and ERN (2011).
AELUS$490
mil
Contingent Liability COP $ Millions US$ Millions % of GDPAnnual Expected Liability
Infrastructure Projects 57,460 26 0.01
Legal Actions 40,812,000 18,642 7.46
Public Credit Operations 122,000 56 0.02
Natural Disasters 691,798 490 0.20
Natural Disasters Probable Maximum Loss
PML 100-yr 6,383,804 2,976 1.19
PML 250-yr 9,669,843 4,417 1.77
PML 500-yr 12,380,114 5,655 2.26
• In 2011, GoC assessed its contingent liability to natural disasters, based on potential losses to public assets and private dwellings of low-income populations
• 2011 National budget ≈ US$ 80 billion; GDP ≈ US$471 billion
• Limitations: Fiscal shocks highly variable, do not capture indirect losses, disasters require immediate liquidity
100-yr PMLUS$3 bil
Source: WB DRFI Program (2011)
World Bank Disaster Risk Management Framework
Financial resilience to disasters
Based on financial disaster risk assessment and modeling
Sovereign Disaster Risk
Financing
Assessment of contingent
liability
Post-disaster budget response
capacity
Catastrophe Risk Market
Development
Insurance of public
infrastructure
Property catastrophe risk
insurance
Agricultural insurance
Disaster microinsurance
World Bank DRFI Framework
Three-tiered risk layering approach
Matching the funding needs over time
Instruments Indicative Cost (multiplier)
Disbursement (months)
Amount of funds available
Donor support (relief) 0-1 1-6 Uncertain
Donor support (recovery & reconstruction) 0-2 4-9 Uncertain
Budget contingencies 1-2 0-9 Small
Reserves 1-2 0-1 Small
Budget reallocations 1-2 0-1 Small
Contingent debt facility (e.g., CAT DDO) 1-2 0-1 Medium
Domestic credit (bond issue) 1-2 3-9 Medium
External credit (e.g. emergency loans, bond issue) 1-2 3-6 Large
Parametric insurance 2 & up 1-2 Large
ART (e.g., CAT bonds, weather derivatives) 2 & up 1-2 Large
Costs and benefits of financial instruments
Understanding Risk for Better (Fiscal) Decision Making
Weather and Climate Informationand Decision-Support Systems