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First Records of Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth,
1852)(Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Punctidae) in the Hawaiian
Islands1
CARL C. CHRiSteNSeN2Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street,
Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-2704, USA; email: carl@bishop-
museum.org
NORiNe W. YeUNg & KeNNetH A. HAYeSCenter for Conservation
Research and Training, Pacific Biosciences Research Center,
University
of Hawai‘i, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 408, Honolulu, Hawai‘i
96822, USA; emails:[email protected]; [email protected]
We report the establishment of another globally invasive land
snail species in theHawaiian islands.
PunctidaeParalaoma servilis (Shuttleworth, 1852) New state
recordCowie et al. (1995) and Cowie (1997) reported the occurrence
on the island of Hawai‘iof an unidentified land snail tentatively
assigned to the genus Striatura (FamilyZonitidae). We now identify
this species as Paralaoma servilis (Shuttleworth, 1852)(Family
Punctidae) and report its occurrence also on the island of O‘ahu
(Fig. 1). the
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2011. Edited byNeal
L. Evenhuis & Lucius G. Eldredge. Bishop MuseumOccasional
Papers 112: 3–7 (2012)
1. Contribution No. 2012-004 to the Hawaii Biological Survey.2.
Research Associate, Department of Natural Sciences, Bishop Museum,
1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i
96817-2704, USA.
Figure 1. Live specimen of Paralaoma servilis collected in the
Wai‘anae Mountains on O‘ahu. Scalebar = 1 mm
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BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS: No. 112, 20124
Figure 2. Shells of Paralaoma servilis. Left side - specimen
collected on O‘ahu (275966); right side- specimen collected from
the native range in New Zealand (274825). images from top to
bottomshow views of aperture, umbilicus, apex, and scanning
electron micrograph of embryonic whorl.Scale bars = 0.5 mm (left
side) and 0.2 mm (right side) for SeM images
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shells of the Hawaiian specimens were compared with New Zealand
material. Preliminaryphylogenetic analysis revealed less than 3.8%
genetic distance (maximum likelihood cor-rected) at the 16S rDNA
mitochondrial gene between specimens collected on O‘ahu andin New
Zealand (Yeung & Hayes unpublished data). the apical sculpture
of P. servilis(Fig. 1 bottom left and right; see also Roth 1986)
consists of fine spiral threads, unlike thebroader spiral ridges of
Striatura as exemplified by S. exigua (Stimpson, 1850) and S.
mil-ium (Morse, 1859) (Solem 1977a, 1977b). Specimens in the Bishop
Museum collectiondemonstrate that the species has been present on
the island of Hawai‘i since at least 1935.
Paralaoma servilis has had a long and complex taxonomic history.
it was firstdescribed as Helix pusilla Lowe, 1831 (not H. pusilla
Vallot, 1801 or Fleming, 1828), basedon material from the Atlantic
island of Madeira; subsequently, descriptions appeared forHelix
servilis Shuttleworth, 1852, and Helix caputspinulae Reeve, 1852,
based on materialfrom the Canary islands and New Zealand,
respectively. Roth (1985, 1986, 1987) recog-nized the identity of
Lowe’s pusilla and the North American Punctum conspectum
(Bland,1865) with the New Zealand caputspinulae, and Falkner et al.
(2002) demonstrated thatShuttleworth’s servilis is the oldest
available name for this taxon. in addition to the locali-ties
mentioned above, the species is now widespread in Australia (e.g.,
Smith 1992) andSouth America (e.g., Hausdorf 2002) and is rapidly
expanding its range in europe and else-where (e.g., gittenberger et
al. 1980; guntrip 1986; Walbrink et al. 2001; griffiths
&Florens 2006). A multitude of synonyms, far too many to
consider here, have been erectedfor populations of P. servilis that
have become established in europe, North and SouthAmerica, and
elsewhere. However, notwithstanding its relatively early emigration
fromNew Zealand, it has as yet attained only a modest presence
elsewhere in Polynesia; Climo(1981) concluded that Paralaoma
raoulensis iredale, 1913, of the Kermadec islands, typespecies of
Paralaoma, is a synonym of P. servilis, and Kirch et al. (2009)
reported thespecies from easter island. Solem (1983) cited no
records from this region in his monographof Pacific island
Punctidae and Charopidae.
the status of Paralaoma servilis as indigenous to New Zealand is
demonstrated byits presence there in numerous sites of Holocene age
(Jones 1984; McFadgen 1997;Brooke 1999a, 1999b, 1999c, 2000; Brooke
& goulstone 1999). it has also been report-ed from sediments of
Pleistocene age from Queensland, Australia (Price & Webb
2006).Although New Zealand is more often a recipient of alien
nonmarine mollusks (Barker1999) than a source of such invaders, P.
servilis is not the only New Zealand snail to haveventured
overseas. Potamopyrgus antipodarum (gray, 1843), a freshwater
hydrobiid,invaded europe and Australia from New Zealand in the
nineteenth century and has recent-ly become established in North
America (Ponder 1988; Städler et al. 2005).
All collected material is deposited in the Bishop Museum (BPBM)
MalacologyCollection and numbers refer to BPBM Malacology
Collection numbers.
Material examined. HAWAiiAN iSLANDS: O‘AHU: Kahanahāiki,
Wahiawā, N21°32.459',W158°11.774', NWY, t.H. Durkan, D.t.B.
Ressler, D.R. Sischo, J.R. Kim, P.A. Curry, 4 Jun 2011(275966); Mt
Ka‘ala, Wahiawā, N21°30.786', W158°08.960' NWY, t.H Durkan, D.t.B.
Ressler, D.R.Sischo, J.R. Kim, P.A. Curry, 20 May 2011 (275967);
HAWAI‘I: Humu‘ula, 6400 ft, H.B. Baker, 9 Aug1935 (161707);
Kīlauea, Bird Park, H.B. Baker & C.M. Cooke, Jr., 11 Aug 1935
(161804); Pu‘uWa‘awa‘a, Hawai‘i, M. Anderson, D. Anderson, 26 Dec
1937, (171765, 171766); Pōhakuloa, Hawai‘i,R.H. Cowie, g.M.
Nishida, 10 Mar 1992 (275968); NeW ZeALAND: Chicken island, F.J.
Brook(274825).
HBS Records for 2011 — Part I: Animals 5
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AcknowledgmentsWe thank all the people named in the lists of
material examined for help with collecting,and the landowners for
permitting access. We especially thank Fred Brook for compara-tive
material from New Zealand, torsten Durkan for assistance with
collections on O‘ahu,and Vincent Costello and the personnel of the
O‘ahu Army Natural Resources Program forlogistical support and
access to U.S. Army land. Regina Kawamoto helped us withdepositing
specimens in the Bishop Museum. We also extend our appreciation to
DylanRessler for photographic assistance and to tina Carvalho of
the University of Hawaii’sBiological electron Microscopy Facility
in the Pacific Biosciences Research Center. thiswork was supported
by a National Science Foundation grant (DeB-1120906) to
K.A.Hayes.
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