First Encounters of the Violent Kind: Henry Hudson's Third Voyage

First Encounters of the Violent Kind:Henry Hudson’s Third Voyage1

David Steven Cohen

Abstract: This paper was originally delivered in 2009 at conference atthe College of Staten Island of the State University of New York commemorating the tri-centennial of Hudson’s Third Voyage in 1609. Despite the fact that most of the celebrations took place in Manhattan, the paper shows that Hudson didn’t make landfall there. Rather he first sailed into Raritan Bay and sent exploratory parties on the shores of what is today Staten Island, New York, and Monmouth County, New Jersey, as well as through the Narrows and into the AchterKill (Newark Bay, today). There was a violent confrontation with the native Lenape Indians in which one of Hudson’s men was killed. They then proceeded up the North River (the Hudson River, today) to just below Albany. There Hudson himself went ashore to meet with a native Mohican sachem. On the voyage back there are additional confrontations.

There was also division among Hudson’s crew. Hudson himself was an Englishman, but he was working for the Dutch East India Company in an attempt to find a northwestern route to the Indies. Half of Hudson’s crew were English, half Dutch, and the two didn’t get along. On Hudson’s fourth and final voyage, his crew mutinied in Hudson’s Bay, Canada, and set him adrift in a small boat. He was never heard of again.

The first encounter between Hudson and Native Americans went into oraltradition among the Delaware Indians (the name by which the Lenape became known). Two centuries after Hudson’s third voyage, the Moravianmissionary John Heckewelder collected an account from a Delaware Indian in the Ohio Country (what is today the State of Ohio). The Delaware first thought that the strange-looking vessel carried manitos(i.e., gods), but instead that Hudson introduced them to alcohol and that the Dutch later returned to take their land from them.

On September 4, 1609, a two-masted Dutch yacht under the command of an English captain named Hendry Hudson sailed into Raritan Bay. 2 This was the third of four voyages Hudson made over a four-year period. The first two, in 1607 and 1608, were made for the English Muscovy Company, which was involved in a northern trade by sea with Russia. His 1607 voyage according toHudson’s journal was “to discover a passage by the North Pole to Japan and China.” Hudson’s son, John Hudson, and John Colman were members of the crew on his 1607 voyage We know from Hudson’s journal the names of the crew on this voyage, all of whom were English. The voyage was not successful, and Hudson hadto turn back. Both Hudson’s son and Robert Juet of Limehouse, England, were on the 1608 voyage, which met with similar lack of success.3 Juet was the first mate on the second voyage. Hudson later described Juet as a man “filled with mean tempers.”4 Rather than going by way of the North Pole on his second voyage Hudson was to proceed along the northern coast of Russia past theisland of Nova Zembla (known today as Novaya Zemlya) in the Russian Arctic.

The Muscovy Company refused Hudson’s request to try a third time. At this point, Hudson was approached by the Dutch East India Company “to search for a passage by the North, around the

North side of Nova Zembla,” according to the agreement Hudson signed with the company. The agreement was later amended to say:“But he was farther [sic] ordered by his instructions to think ofdiscovering no other route or passage except around the north andnorth-east above Nova Zembla; with this additional proviso that, if it could not be accomplished at that time, another route wouldbe subject of consideration for another voyage.”5 We know from a 1610 account by Emanuel Van Meteren, who was the Dutch consul in London responsible for the Dutch East India Company learning about Hudson’s previous voyages, that on his 1609 voyage Hudson had a crew of eighteen or twenty men “partly English, partly Dutch.”6

The name Half Moon was a reference to a silver medal in the shape of a crescent, worn by the so-called “Sea Beggars.” The terms “Sea Beggars” was a references to the supporters on sea of the Dutch Rebellion against Spanish rule. When the Dutch noblemen petitioned the Spanish governor in Brussels, Margaret, Duchess of Parma (the half-sister of King Philip II of Spain), against Spanish taxation, one of her advisors referred to them as“these Beggars.” The term then became a rallying cry of the Dutch Rebellion. The crescent was a symbol of Islam, and the motto on the medal translates to “Better Turk than Pope.” This

was a reference to the 1571 Battle of Lepanto in which Philip II helped defeat the Turks.

They departed from Amsterdam on March 25, 1609. Following his instructions, Hudson headed the Half Moon toward Nova Zembla in the Barents Sea, northeast of the Scandinavian peninsular. But, according to Van Meteren, they again found the sea full of ice, and a quarrel broke out among the crew about what to do next. Hudson proposed two alternatives. Either they could proceed to the coast of American to explore a possible passage at40 degrees latitude suggested by Hudson’s friend, Captain John Smith, the governor of Virginia. The other alternative was to explore the possible passage through Davis’s Straits, the body ofwater that separates Greenland from Baffin Island, named for the English explorer John Davis, who explored it in 1587.7

So, contrary to his specific orders that he return to Amsterdam before undertaking any other route, Hudson stopped at the Faroe Islands off the northern coast of Great Britain to takeon water and then proceeded to explore a northwest passage to theOrient. However, rather than turning northwest towards Davis’s Straits, he continued southwest towards Newfoundland and the coast of North America. On July 18th they found what Juet described as “a very good harbor” at 44 degrees, 10 minute (whichwould have put them at Penobscot Bay in Maine), where they stopped to repair their foremast that had been damaged at sea.8

There they had their first encounter with the Indians on July 19th. Juet described it as follows: “The people comming aboord shewed vs great friendship, but we could not trust them.” The next day they had a second encounter with the Indians. “Then wee spied two French Shallops of the Countrey people come into theHarbour, but they offered vs no wrong, seeing we stood vpon guard. They brought many Beauer skinnes and other fine Furres, which they would haue changed for redde Gownes.” The Indians were especially struck by so-called red duffels, which is the Dutch word for a coarse woolen cloth, as in our present-day term duffel bag. They had previously traded with the French, according to Juet. “For the French trade with them for red Cassockes, Kniues, Hatchets, Copper, Kettles, Treuits, Beades, and other trifles.”9

On the 23rd of July the mast was completed, and the next daythey repaired their sails and fished. That night, writes Juet, “We kept good watch for feare of being betrayed by the people, and perceiued where they layd their Shallops.” The following day Hudson’s crew launched an unprovoked attack on the Indians. Juet wrote about it as follows: “In the morning we manned our Scute with foure Muskets, and sixe men, and tooke one of their Shallops and put it aboord. Then we manned our Boate & Scute withtwelve men and Muskets, and two stone pieces or Muderers and drave the Sauages from their Houses, and took the Spoyl of them, as they would haue done of us.”10 Clearly, Juet and members of the crew distrusted the Indians, but we have no clue whether he had any reason for his distrust. It is of note that Juet uses the word “savages” to describe the Indians. This is derived fromthe French word sauvage. The Dutch used the term wilden to describe the Indians.

But did Hudson share this distrust? Van Meteren has a different read on the event, probably based on Hudson’s. “[T]he crew behaved badly toward the people of the country, taking theirproperty by force, out of which there arose quarrels among themselves. The English fearing that between the two they would be outnumbered and worsted, were afraid to pursue the matter

further.”11 This is an additional indication that it was the Dutch members of the crew who behaved badly. Why else would Van Meteren say the English feared being caught between “the two,” presumably between the Dutch and the Indians?

At this point they decided to sail south to explore the route suggested by John Smith. On route they anchor on August 3rd at Cape Cod, where they sent some men ashore. They allowed several Indians to come aboard to eat and drink with them withoutany conflict. They then proceeded southwest to the coast of Virginia, where they arrived on August 18th.. Some scholars speculated that Hudson was planning to visit John Smith in Jamestown, but changed his mind because he was sailing under a Dutch flag. However, William “Chip” Reynolds, the captain of theHalf Moon replica, thinks that Hudson was merely sailing to a point known on the maps he had consulted in order to systematically explore the coast north of that point.

On August 26, 1609, Juet writes that the Half Moon first approached what is today known as Delaware Bay. They found the bay too shallow to navigate and decided to proceed further to the north. On September 2nd, off the coast of New Jersey, Juet made the following entry: “We saw a great Fire, but could not seethe Land, . . . Then the Sunne rose, and we steered away North againe, and saw Land from the West by North, to the North-west byNorth, all like broken Ilands.” They continued further to the northeast, and he wrote:

we came to a great Lake of water, as wee could judge itto be, being drowned Land, which made it rise like Ilands, which was in length ten leagues. The mouth of the Lake hath many shoalds and the Sea breaketh upon them as it is cast out of the mouth of it. And from that Lake or Bay, the Land lyeth North by East, and we had a great streame out of the Bay…. At fiue o'clock we Anchored being little winde . . . This night I foundthe land to haul the compass 8 degrees. For to the Northward off vs we saw high Hills. . . . This is very good land to fall in with, and a pleasant land to see.12

The “great lake of water” or “bay” he describes was probably Barnegat Bay, “the great streame out of the Bay” probably Barnegat Inlet, and “high Hills” to the north were most likely the Atlantic Highlands.

The next day, Juet made the following entry in his journal:

At three of the clocke in the after-noone, wee came to three great Riuers. So we stood along the Northernmost, thinking to haue gone into it, but we found it to have a very shoald barre before it, oot water. Then we cast about to the southward, . . .and anchored. So we sent in our boat to sound, . . . and

returned in an hour and a half. So wee weighed and wentin, . . . the height is 40 degrees 30 minutes.13

You might note that Juet only gives the latitude in his journal. This is because navigators were unable to accurately compute longitude until the invention of the chronometer a century later.However, it is possible to plot their location by combining the latitude of 40 degrees, 30 minutes with Juet’s description of what they saw. It is at what we call today the Outer Harbor of New York. The three rivers that Juet saw were the Narrows (that is, the entrance to New York’s Inner Harbor to the north) and theentrances to Jamaica Bay to the east and Raritan Bay to the west.

They decided to anchor in Raritan Bay, where they had theirfirst encounter with the Indians of this region, presumably from Staten Island. “This day the people of the Countrey came aboord of vs, seeming very glad of our coming, and brought greene Tabacco, and gaue vs of it for Knives and Beads. They goe in Deere skins loose, well dressed. They have yellow Copper. They

desire Cloathes, and are very ciuill.”14 Note that this encounter was totally peaceful.

The next day they sent out a party to explore the southern shore of the bay. This would have placed them at Atlantic Highlands in Monmouth County, New Jersey. There they had anotherencounter Native Americans.

Our men went on Land there, and saw great store of Men,Women and Children, who gaue them Tabacco at their coming on Land. So they went up into the Woods, and sawgreat store of very goodly Oakes, and some Currants. For one of them came aboord and brought some dryed, andgaue me some, which were sweet and good. This day many of the people came aboord, some in Mantles of Feathers,and some in Skins of diuers sorts of good Furres. Some women also came to vs with hemp. They had red Copper Tabacco pipes, and other things of Copper they did weare about their neckes. At night they went on Land againe, so we rode very quiet, but durst not trust them.15

Again, Juet says they didn’t trust the Indians, but he gives not reason for this. If anything, the rest of the above account indicates good relations between the Indians and the crew.

On September 6th Hudson sent a party to explore the Upper Harbor. In the words of Juet: “[I]n the morning … our Master sent John Colman, with foure other men in our Boate ouer to the North side to sound the other Riuer, being four leagues from vs. They found … a very good riding for Ships; and a narrow Rivur to the Westward between two Ilands.”16 The “good riding for Ships”would have been the Upper Harbor. The “narrow River to the Westward between two Ilands” would have been the Kill Van Kull between the north shore of Staten Island and the south shore of Bayonne in Hudson County, New Jersey. Juet continued: “So they went in two leagues and saw an open Sea, and returned.” The “open sea” would have been what we call today Newark Bay. Juet provided little detail about the subsequent attack:

. . . and as they came backe, they were set vpon by twoCanoes, the one hauing twelue, the other fourteene men.The night came on and it began to rayne so that their Match went out; and they had one man slaine in the fight which was an English-man, named John Colman, with anarrow shot into his throat, and two more hurt. It grew so darke that they could not find the ship that night, but laboured too and fro on their Oares. They had so great a streame that their grapnell would not hold them.17

The advance party returned the next day with the body of Colman, whom they buried presumably near Sandy Hook. They then took defensive measures. “Then we hoisted in our Boate and raised herside with waste boords for defence of our men. So we rode still all night, hauing good regard to our Watch.”18

On September 8th another party of Native Americans came aboard to trade. Hudson was suspicious of them after what has happened with Colman, but they seemed not to know about attack two days earlier. “The people came aboord vs, and brought Tabacco and Indian Wheat, to exchange for Kniues and Beades, and offered vs no violence. So we sitting vp our Boate did marke them, to see if they would make any shoew of Death of our man; which they did not.”19 The next day, there was another encounterwith Native Americans, this time with armed warriors.

In the morning, two great Canoes came aboord full of men; the one with their Bowes and Arrows, and the otherin sheow of buying of kniues to betray vs; but we perceived their intent. We took two of them to haue kept them and put red Coats on them and would not suffer the other to come neere us. So they went on Land, and two others came aboord in a Canoe; we tooke the one and let the other goe; but hee which wee had taken, got vp and leapt over-boord. Then we weighed andwent off into the channel of the River, and Anchored there all night.20

On September 11th , according to Juet: “[W]ee weighed and went into the riuer.” This was what they named the Mauritius River in honor of Prince Maurice of Orange, the son the William the Silent. It was later known as the North River as opposed to the South River (which the English called the Delaware). We knowit as the Hudson. “Then wee Anchored and saw that it was a very good Harbour for all windes, and rode all night,” continued Juet.This would have been at we know today as the Tappan Zee. There another contact with the Indians took place. “The people of the Countrey came aboord of vs, making shoew of loue, and gave us Tobacco and Indian wheat, and departed for that night; but we durst not trust them.”21 Note the contradiction here that the Indians demonstrated “love” towards the crew, but still Juet didn’t trust them.

The Half Moon then proceeded further up the river, and there were other more friendly contacts with the Indians known as the Mahicans. Hudson himself described this encounter, which was quoted in 1624 by Johan de Laet of Leiden, one of the directors of the Dutch West India Company.

I sailed to the shore in one of their canoes, with an old man, who was the chief of a tribe, consisting offorty men and seventeen women; these I saw in a house well constructed of oak bark, and circular in shape, sothat it had the appearance of being well built, with anarched roof. … On our coming into the house, two mats were spread out to sit upon, and immediately some food was served in well made red wooden bowls; two men were also dispatched at once with bows and arrows in quest of game, who soon brought in a pair of pigeons which they had shot. They likewise killed a fat dog, and skinned it in great haste, with shells which they had got out of the water. They supposed that I would remain with them for the night, but I returned in a short time on board the ship. … The Natives are a very good people, for when they saw I would not remain, theysupposed that I was afraid of their bows, and taking the arrows, they broke them in pieces, and threw them into the fire.22

Note here that Hudson described the Mahicans as “a very good people” who took pains to make Hudson feel safe. There seems to be a difference of opinion between Hudson and Juet here.

On September 19 the Half Moon proceeded to the vicinity of Albany, where it remained for several days, while a smaller boat was sent out to explore the river further north. Here Juet described another encounter.

[O]ur Master and his mate determined to trie some of the chiefe men of the Countrey, whether they had anytreacherie in them. So they took them down into the Cabbin, and gave them so much Wine and Aqua vita, that they were all merrie: and one of them had his wife withthem, which sate so modestly, as any of our Countrey women would doe in a strange place. In the end one of them was drunke, which had beene, aboord of our ship all the time that we had beene there:and that was strange to them, for they could not tell how to take it. The Canoes and folke went all on shoare … So he slept all night quietly.23

Hudson then concluded that the river was not the Northwest Passage, and the Half Moon began its voyage back down the river. There were several more encounters with the Indians, most of which were peaceful. However, on the first of October asthey anchored off what is today Stony Point, a group of “people of the mountaynes” boarded the Half Moon to trade furs for trinkets. When they departed one Indian brought his canoe aroundto the stern of the Half Moon and climbed up the rudder to Juet’s cabin and stole a pillow, two shirts, and two bandoliers. The mate shot the thief in the chest, killing him. The other Indiansbegan to flee, and some of the crew of the Half Moon launched a boat to retrieve the stolen items. When one of the Indians swam towards their boat in an attempt to overturn it, the ship’s cook cut off one of the Indian’s hands, whereupon he drowned.

The next day, two canoes of warriors armed with bows and arrows attacked the Half Moon. They were no match to the muskets of the crew, and “two or three of them” were killed. Then a large force of a hundred warriors shot at them from a point of land, but Juet shot “a falcon” (a small canon) at them, killing two. Yet another canoe with nine or ten Indians approached, and again Juet shot his falcon, killing one of them, while the crew of the Half Moon killed “three or four more of them” with their muskets.

After this incident, Hudson ordered the Halve Maen out to seato Europe. However, rather than returning directly to Amsterdam,he first stopped in November at Dartmouth, England. Upon his arrival Hudson contacted his employers in the Netherlands, proposing that they re-supply the ship and set out again the following March to find the Northwest Passage. “He also,” writesVan Meteren, “wanted six or seven of his crew exchanged for others and the number raised to twenty.” This could have meant that he wanted some of the Dutch crew members to be replaced by English crew members. It took a while for his message to reach the Netherlands, but when it did, the directors of the Dutch EastIndia Company instructed Hudson to return immediately to the Netherlands. “But when this was done,” writes Van Meteren, “Skipper Henry Hutsen and the other Englishmen of the ship were commanded by the government [of England] not the leave, but to serve their own country.”24

Hudson made one more voyage this time with funds from two English companies: the Virginia Company and the British East India Company. He departed in1610 in a ship named Discovery. This time he took the northern route around Greenland, along the northern shore of Labrador, and through what is today known as Hudson Strait into what is known as Hudson Bay. Again, they wereconfronted by ice and were forced to spend the winter of 1610-11 on the shore of James Bay. In the spring, Hudson wanted to continue his search for the Northwest Passage, and again his crewmutinied. This time Hudson, his teenage son, and several loyal crew members were set adrift and never heard from again.25

Robert Juet participate in the mutiny on Hudson’s fourth voyage that resulted in Hudson’s death. That crew was all English, and Juet was the first mate. However, Hudson removed him from that position in the words of Abacuk Prickett, a “passenger” who kept a journal of the last voyage, “to revive oldmatters.” Clearly, Hudson thought of Juet as a troublemaker, butthe mutiny was not initiated by Juet. It was started, according to Prickett, by a young man named Henry Greene, whom Hudson brought abroad without pay because he could read and write. While Juet had no use for Greene, he did go along with the mutiny. As fate would have it, Greene was killed later by Indians, and Juet died of starvation on the return trip.26

Two centuries after Hudson’s third voyage, a Moravian missionary named John Heckewelder collected an account of Hudson’s encounter with the Indians from Delaware Indians then living in the Ohio Country. He heard this account directly from a Delaware Indian and tried to relate it “as much as possible in their own language.”

As great many years ago, when men with a white skin had never yet been seen in this land, some Indianswho were out a fishing, at a place where the sea widens, espied at a great distance something remarkablylarge floating on the water, and such as they had neverseen before. These Indians immediately returning to

the shore, apprised their countrymen of what they had observed, and pressed them to go out with them and discover what it might be. They hurried out together, and saw with astonishment the phenomenon which now appeared to their sight, but could not agree upon what it was; some believed it to be an uncommonly large fishor animal, while others were of the opinion it must be a very big house floating on the sea.27

At first, the Lenape didn’t know what to make of the strange object approaching them by sea.

At length the spectators concluded that this wonderful object was moving towards the land, and that it must be an animal or something else that had life init; it would therefore be proper to inform all the Indians on the inhabited islands of what they had seen,and put them on their guard. Accordingly they sent offa number of runners and watermen to carry the news to their scattered chiefs, that they might send off in every direction for the warriors, with a message that they should come on immediately. These arriving in numbers, and having themselves viewed the strange appearance, and observing that it was actually moving towards the entrance of the river or bay; concluded it to be a remarkably large house in which the Mannitto

(the Great or Supreme Being) himself was present, and that he probably was coming to visit them.28

Like the crew of the Half Moon, they were initially distrustful, thinking that it may have intended harm. But they concluded it was carried a Mannitto or god.

By this time the chiefs were assembled at York island, and deliberating in what manner in which they should receive their Mannitto on his arrival. Every measure was taken to be well provided with plenty of meat for a sacrifice. … Distracted between hope and fear, they were at a loss what to do; a dance, however,commenced in great confusion. While in this situation, fresh runners arrive declaring it to be a large house of various colours, and crowded with living creatures.29

There is a striking similarity between the replica of the Half Moon and this legendary description. According to Dr. Andrew Hendricks of Lumberton, North Carolina, whose idea it was to create the replica, the modern Half Moon was based on pictures of seventeenth-century Dutch vessels, not this Indian legend.

Other Indians came back with the information that the “house” was full of “human beings, of a different colour from that of the Indians, and dressed differently from them; that in particular one of them was dressed entirely in red, who must be the Mannitto himself.” Notice here the reference to the red duffel so valued by the Lenape. The narrative then proceeds to describe in terms similar to Hudson’s own of his shore visit withthe Indians in the Upper Hudson Valley.

The house, some say, large canoe, at last stops, and a canoe of a smaller size comes on shore with the red man, and some others in it; some stay with the canoe to guard it. The chiefs and wise men, assembled in council, form themselves into a large circle, towardwhich the man in red clothes approaches with to others.

He salutes them with a friendly countenance, and they return the salute after their manner.30

The accounts goes on to describe how “an unknown substance” was poured into a cup and given to the “supposed Mannitto” who took adrink of it and handed to the Indian chief standing next to him. However, the chief only smelled the contents and handed it to thechief standing next to him, and so on, until one of the warriors stood up and said that it was not appropriate for the chiefs not to drink from the cup given them by the Mannitto:

He then took the glass, and bidding the assembly a solemn farewell, at once drank up its whole contents.… He soon began to stagger, and at last fell prostrate on the ground. His companions now bemoan his fate, he falls into a sound sleep, and they think he has expired. He wakes again, jumps up and declares, that he has enjoyed the most delicious sensations, and that he never before felt himself so happy as after he had drunk the cup. He asks for more, his wish is granted; the whole assemby then imitate him, an all become intoxicated.31

After this “general intoxication” the whites returned to their vessel, and “the man with the red clothes” later returned with gifts of beads, axes, hoes, and stockings.

The Dutch made them understand that they would not stayhere, that they would return home again, but would pay them another visit the next year, when they would bringthem more presents, and stay with them awhile; but as they could not live without eating, they should want a little land of them to sow seeds, in order to raise herbs and vegetables to put into their broth.32

The next season the whites returned, as they had said.

As the whites became daily more familiar with the Indians, they at last proposed to stay with them, and

asked only for so much ground for a garden spot as, they said, the hide of a bullock would cover or encompass, which hide was spread before them. The Indians readily granted this apparently reasonable request; but the whites then took a knife, and beginning at one end of the hide, cut it up to a long rope, no thicker than a child’s finger, so that by the time the whole was cut up, it made a great heap; they then took the rope at one end, and drew it gently along, carefully avoiding its breaking. It was drawn out into a circular form, and being closed at its ends,encompassed a large piece of ground. The Indians were surprised at the superior wit of the whites, but did not wish to contend with them about a little land, as they had still enough themselves. The white and red men lived contentedly together for a long time, though the former from time to time asked for more land, whichwas readily obtained, and thus they gradually proceededhigher up the Mahicannittuck [the land of the Mahicans], until the Indians began to believe that theywould soon want all their country, which in the end proved true.33

This part of the legend sounds suspiciously like the fraudulent Walking Purchase of 1737, in which some Delaware Indian sachems agreed to confirm a disputed deed of 1686 in which William Penn allegedly purchased title to a tract of land that a person could walk in a day and a half. When it came time to test the distance, James Logan, chief justice of Pennsylvania’s Supreme Court, who happened to have invested in the Durham ironworks within the boundaries of disputed land, enlisted three young woodsmen who were paced by horses carrying provisions. The Delaware Indians never forgot how they were cheated out of this land.34

What are we to make of these two accounts of the first encounter between Dutch and Native Americans? Both accounts begin with distrust and suspicion. The Indians, however, came tothe conclusion that these strange beings must be Mannittos (or gods). What the Indians remembered about this encounters was that the Dutch introduced them to alcohol and then cheated them out of their land. The Dutch had a different memory of the encounter in written record, rather an oral tradition. To the Dutch, the Indians were wilden or uncivilized. From the Dutch perspective these first encounters were both violent and peaceful, distrustful yet commercial. It might be said that thisduality would characterize the relationship of the Dutch and the Indians throughout the existence of New Netherland.

1 For an Youtube interview with the author, see “Headlines in History: Celebrating Henry Hudson’s Voyage,” College of Staten Island, State University of New York,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mwq3a9LeFb0 2 Historian John T. Cunningham was the first to plot the location of Hudson’s arrival as being at Raritan Bay in his introduction to a version of Juet’s Journal published by the New Jersey Historical Society. Robert Juet, Juet’s Journal: The Voyage of the Half Moon from 4 April to 7 November 1609. Introduction by John T. Cunningham. Collections of the New Jersey Historical Society, vol. 12 (Newark: New Jersey Historical Society, 1959).

3 Milton W. Hamilton, Henry Hudson and the Dutch in New York (Albany: University of the State of New York, 1964), pp.10-15.

4 Corey Sandler, Henry Hudson: Dreams and Obsession: The Tragic Legacy of the New World’s Least Understood Explorer (New York: Citadel Press, 2007), p. 109.

5 Ibid., pp. 16-17.

6 Emamuel Van Meteren, “On Hudson’s Voyage, 1610” in Narratives of New Netherland, 1609-1664, J. Franklin Jameson, ed. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1909), pp. 6-7.

7 Ibid.

8 Robert Juet, “Juet’s Journal of Hudson’s 1609 Voyage, from the 1625of Purchas His Pilgrims,” transcribed by Brea Barthel for the New Netherland Museum and its replica ship the Half Moon, p. 586.http://www.halfmoon.mus.ny.us/Juets-journal.pdf

9 Ibid.

10 Ibid., p. 586.

11 Van Meteren, op. cit., p. 7.

12 Juet, op.cit, p. 591.

13 Ibid.

14 Juet, op. cit., p. 592.

15 Ibid.

16 Ibid.

17 Ibid.

18 Ibid.

19 Ibid.

20 Ibid.

21 Ibid.

22 Johan de Laet, “From the ‘New World,’ 1625, 1630, 1633, 1640.” In Jameson, op. cit., p. 49.

23 Juet, op. cit., p. 593.

24 Ibid., p. 8.

25 Sandler, op. cit., pp. 255-293.

26 Ibid., pp. 255-293.

27 John Heckewelder, History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and their Neighboring States (Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1876), p. 71.

28 Ibid., p. 71-72.

29 Ibid.

30 Ibid., p. 73.

31 Ibid., p. 74.

32 Ibid.

33 Ibid., p. 75.

34 Anthony F. C. Wallace, King of the Delawares: Teedyuscung, 1700-1763 (1949; Reprint, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1990), pp. 18-30.