First Aid Chapter 10 & 11 Bone, Joint and Muscle Injuries Splinting the Extremities.

First AidFirst Aid

Chapter 10 & 11Bone, Joint and Muscle Injuries

Splinting the Extremities

FracturesFractures

Fracture and broken bone are the same.

2 categories of fx:

Closed : Simple

Open: Compound

FracturesFractures

Closed : Simple

Skin is intact.

No wound near the fracture

FracturesFracturesOpen: CompoundSkin is damaged or broken. Bone may protrude through skin

Fractures: What to Look ForFractures: What to Look For

May be difficult to tell if bone is

fractured

When in doubt, tx as fx

Use DOTS

Fractures: DOTSFractures: DOTS

Deformity

Open wound

Tenderness

Swelling

Not always obvious. Compare

Fractures: Additional S&SFractures: Additional S&S

Loss of Use

Grating Sensation

Hx of injury

May or may not occur

Can be felt or heardwhen ends of bones rub together

Victim may have heard or felt bone snap

Fractures: What To DoFractures: What To Do

Check and treat ABCsTx for shockGently remove clothing covering injured siteLAF

Fractures: What To DoFractures: What To Do

LAF:

Look

And

Feel

Look at injured site.Swelling? Brusiing? Damaged skin?

Gently press, feel for deformity, tenderness

Fractures: What To DoFractures: What To Do

Check circulation, nerves:Arm: Radial pulseLeg: Post tib pulseSensation: squeeze fingers, toesMovement: Wiggle fingers, toes

Fractures: What To DoFractures: What To Do

RICE

Rest

Ice

Compress

Elevate

With Ace bandage. Wrap toward the heart

Injuries heal faster with rest.

For 20 - 30 minutes q 2 - 3 hours for first 24 - 48 hours

After stabilized

RICE: Do NotRICE: Do Not

Apply ice for more than 20-30 minutes at a timeApply heat until after 48 - 72 hours.

Fractures: What To DoFractures: What To Do

Stabilize with splintStabilize: limit movement Reduces pain Prevents damage to

muscles,nerves and blood vessels Reduces bleeding

and swelling

Types of SplintsTypes of Splints

ImprovisedFolded newspaper, piece of wood,

another body part

Commercially prepared

SplintsSplintsStabilize before moving

Splint in position found

Cover wounds before applying splint

SplintsSplintsCheck pulses, if no pulse: try to straighten extremity to restore blood flow.

Stabilize above and below injury

SplintsSplintsUse cravats if possible

Tie firmly but not too tight

Check pulse after each cravat is tied

Leave fingers or toes exposed

SplintsSplintsRICE after splint is applied

SMA immediately if no pulse in injured extremity

Joint Injuries: DislocationJoint Injuries: Dislocation

Joint comes apart.

Bone ends no longer in contact

S&S similar to fx

Joint Injuries: DislocationJoint Injuries: Dislocation

What To Do:Check circulation, sensation, movementRICESplintDo not try to reduce SMA for reduction

Joint Injuries: SprainJoint Injuries: Sprain

Injury to joint ligamentsViolent stretching or twistingSS similar to fx

What to Do:

RICE

Muscle Injuries: StrainMuscle Injuries: Strain

Muscle pull

Muscle stretched beyond normal ROM

Muscle Injuries: StrainMuscle Injuries: Strain

Sharp painTendernessIndentation or bump that can be felt or seenWeakness or loss of function of injured partStiffness and pain with movement

What to Do:

RICE

ContusionsContusions

Bruises

Swelling, Pain Tenderness

Black and blue marks

What to Do:

RICE

CrampsCramps

Muscle in uncontrolled spasm.

Severe pain

Cramps: What To DoCramps: What To Do

Have victim gently stretch muscle or

Relax muscle by applying pressure to it or

Apply Ice or

Pinch upper lip hard (accu-pressure) or

Drink commercial sports drink

Cramps: Do NotCramps: Do Not

Give salt tablets

Massage or rub affected muscle (causes more pain and does not relieve cramping)

Blood Under NailBlood Under Nail

Painful

Ice

Elevate

Relieve pressure Apply dressing to absorb blood and protect nail

Relieve Pressure: Use paper clip Heat with lighterPress against nail

until it melts thruVery little pressure

is needed

Ring StrangulationRing Strangulation

Lubricate finger with grease, oil, butterImmerse finger in cold water or apply iceWind thread around finger toward ringHave ring cut offInsert finger into partially blown up balloon for about 15 minutes

Learning Activities 10Learning Activities 10

1. 1. For a suspected fx, check For a suspected fx, check blood flow and nervesblood flow and nerves. .

Yes

Fractures

Learning Activities 10Learning Activities 10

2. 2. Apply cold on a suspected Apply cold on a suspected fxfx. .

Yes

Fractures

Learning Activities 10Learning Activities 10

3. 3. A splint can stabilize a fxA splint can stabilize a fx. .

Yes

Fractures

Learning Activities 10Learning Activities 10ScenerioScenerio: : falls off 10 foot ladder. Pain in left falls off 10 foot ladder. Pain in left

leg. Find deformity, tenderness, leg. Find deformity, tenderness,

swelling. What to do?swelling. What to do?

Check and tx ABCs

Tx for shock

Check blood flow and nerves

Splint, RICE

Learning Activities 10Learning Activities 10

1. 1. RICE represents tx for RICE represents tx for sprains and sprains and dislocationsdislocations. .

Yes

Dislocation and Sprains

Learning Activities 10Learning Activities 10

2. 2. Place ice directly on Place ice directly on skinskin. .

No

Dislocation and Sprains

Learning Activities 10Learning Activities 10

3. 3. Appling heat too soon Appling heat too soon to an injury is a to an injury is a common mistakecommon mistake. .

Yes

Dislocation and Sprains

Learning Activities 10Learning Activities 10

4. 4. An ACE bandage, when An ACE bandage, when used correctly can help used correctly can help control swellingcontrol swelling. .

Yes

Dislocation and Sprains

Learning Activities 10Learning Activities 10

RICE

Scenario: Limping and in pain. Twisted ankle. What to do?

Learning Activities 10Learning Activities 10

1.1. Give salt tablets for cramps.

No

Muscle Injuries

Learning Activities 10Learning Activities 10

2.2. Apply heat initially to muscle injury.

No

Muscle Injuries

Learning Activities 10Learning Activities 10

3.3. An elastic bandage, if used correctly, can help limit swelling.

Yes

Muscle Injuries

Learning Activities 10Learning Activities 10

RICE

Scenario: Bat hits player on thigh. Tenderness and swelling. What to do?

First Aid KitsFirst Aid KitsItem Quantity

Cravats 3

Ace bandage 1

Paper clip 1

String 1 (dental floss or thread)