first aid

Volunteer Marine Rescue

TDM MF1007B

Apply First Aid

Fractures

Head Injuries

Spinal Injuries

Sprains & Strains

Foreign Bodies

Eye Injuries

Session 3

The human body has a strong skeleton made up

of many bones which support the muscles and

tissues of the body.

And bones that can be seen and felt beneath the skin provide landmarks for locating part of the

body.

Some of the skeleton with their names in the areas of the body are

shown in the illustration.

CrackedBone

ChippedBone

BrokenBone

Fractures and Dislocations

Fracture Dislocation

- Open -Bone protrudes through skin or wound leading to

site of the fracture.

- Closed -Bone remains within

the skin.No wound leading to site of the fracture.

Fractures and Dislocations

Complicated -May involvebody organsand tissue.

Fractures and Dislocations

A fracture means a broken Bone.

They can be caused by:

•Direct Force

•Indirect Force

•Abnormal Muscular Contraction

• Signs– Swelling– Discolouration– Deformity– Shortening– Abnormal mobility

• Symptoms– Pain– Loss of power– Tenderness– Crepitus

Fractures and Dislocations

Fractures and Dislocations

Effects of a fracture

Bleeding

Pain

Shock

FracturesGeneral Management

• D.R.S.A.B.C.D• Control Bleeding• Rest and reassure• Handle gently• Support or immobilise

• Apply traction to an open fracture.• Give anything to eat or drink.• Force or straighten fractured joints.

Do Not

Blood Loss with Fractures

Fractures and Dislocations

Pelvis (largest loss) 3,000 mls. 60%

Rib (closed trauma) 200 – 3000 mls. 5 - 60%

Femur 500 – 2000 mls. 10 - 40%

Tibia / Fibula 500 – 1000 mls. 10 - 20%

Humerous 500 – 1000 mls. 10 - 20%

Ulna / Radius 500 mls. 10%

Unconscious Victim withObvious Limb Fractures

• Lateral (side) position

• Keeping an open airway takes precedence over all fractures including suspected spinal injuries

Fractures and Dislocations

Splints

Dislocations

A dislocation occurs when extreme force is put on a ligament, allowing the ends of two connected bones to separate.

Ligaments are flexible bands of fibrous tissue that connect various bones and cartilage.

Ligaments also bind the bones in a joint together. Stress on joint ligaments can lead to dislocation of the joint. The hip and

shoulder joints, for example, are called "ball and socket" joints. Extreme force on the ligaments in these joints can cause the

head of the bone (ball) to partially or completely come out of the socket.

What is a dislocation?

Dislocations

Severe pain, unable to move and appears deformed

Prevent movement at the site.Place in a comfortable position.

Prevent Pain.Apply Ice.

Prevent Bleeding.Seek medical aid.

Do Not replace into position.

DislocationsSigns and Symptoms

General Management

Sprains and Strains

SprainThe stretching and tearing of ligaments and other soft tissue structures at a joint

StrainThe stretching and tearing of muscles

and tendons

• Compression

• Elevation

• Rest

• Ice

Then refer the patient to

medical help

- General Care

Sprains and Strains

How does Ice work?

An injury damages blood vessels, causing bleeding in the injured area.

Injury irritates nerve endings causing pain.

• Applying Ice:–constricts blood vessels, slowing down

bleeding that causes the injury to swell. Cold deadens nerve endings and relieves pain.

Types of Skull Fracture

Head Injuries

Mechanism of Head Injuries

Direction of Impact

A temporary impairment of brain

function, usually without

permanent damage to the brain

Concussion

- Brain Shaking -

ConcussionSigns & Symptoms

• Brief or extended periods of unconsciousness• Double vision• Confusion• Loss of short memory (what actually happened).• Headache• Nausea and vomiting• Numbness (tingling and weakness in arms and legs)• Lack of co-ordination (stumbling).

Cerebral Compression

This may be caused by trauma to the head, or by a blood clot

formed within the skull

Cerebral compression is a condition which occurs when pressure within the

brain increases

Cerebral Compression

Signs and Symptoms

• Diminishing conscious state.• Noisy or irregular breathing.• Slow but full and bounding pulse.• Weakness in one side of the body.• Unequal pupils.• Flushed face.• Fever.

Spinal InjuriesMay be caused by

Vehicle Accidents.

Heavy fall onto buttocks.

Surfing accidents.

Diving into shallow water.

Skiing accidents.

Incorrect lifting.

Spinal InjuriesSymptoms and Signs

Severe back Pain.

Lower limb numbness.

Loss of power in limbs.

Loss of sensation.

Care for Head & Spinal Injuries

Spinal Injuries

Maintain an open airway.

Minimise movement of Head & Spine.

Monitor A.B.C.

Control any Bleeding.

Maintain Body Temperature.

If unconscious , carefully place in lateral position.

SlingsHorizontal Triangular Bandage

Arm Horizontal Across the Chest

Point of Sling toInjured Shoulder

Tie off on the Injured Side.

SlingsElevated Triangular Bandage

Arm Elevated to Opposite Shoulder.

Tie off on the uninjured Side.

Point of Sling toInjured Shoulder

SlingsFractured Collar Bone

Elevated Sling

Tie Broad Bandage Across the ChestWith Plenty of Packing Under the Arm

SlingsFractured Ribs

Broad Bandage Across the Chest

Elevated Sling

With Plenty of Packing Under the Arm

SlingsCollar and Cuff

Form the Cuff

Tie on the Injured Side.

SlingsFractured Humerus

Collar & Cuff (elevated)

Two Narrow BandagesBelow & Above the Fracture

Eye InjuriesInjuries to the eye can involve the bone and soft tissue

surrounding the eye, or the eyeball itself.

Blunt objects such as a cricket bat or a golf ball may injure the eye area or a smaller object mat penetrate the eyeball.

Eye injuries can also be caused by heat, smoke, welding flash or chemicals which burn.

Any eye injury should be treated as serious.

Injuries which penetrate the eyeball or cause the eyeball to be removed from the socket are very serious and can cause

blindness.

Types of Eye Injuries

Types of Eye Injuries

Foreign Bodies

Superficial

Wash thoroughly

(if unsuccessful, Pad both eyes.

Seek medical aid.

Embedded / Penetrating

Lie flat.

Pad both eyes.

Reassure the person.

Seek medical aid.

Eye InjuriesSymptoms and Signs of Eye Injuries

PAINREDNESSWATERING

May indicate surface or internal bleeding.

BLEEDINGIMPARED VISION

May indicate internal injury.

REMEMBER: History may be more relevant than symptoms and signs

Eye Injuries

Irrigating the Eye

Hold eyelids apart.

Gently Flush with water for 20 Minutes.

Seek Medical Aid.

Eye Injuries

Care for Eye Injuries

Padding both Eyes

Paper Cup used as protection for an eye injury.

This method is used for penetrating wounds.

Eye Injuries

REMEMBER

Never Touch the Window of the Eye

Slings

Time for a little more practice.