Firestopping & Compartmentation - New England Building ... · Passive Protection = independent from other systems A Balanced Approach N 8 E B O E A – O c t o b e r 2 0 1 2 People.

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People. Property. Protected.

Firestopping & Compartmentation

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FIT Level 2 Certified

Designated Responsible Individual (DRI)

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Inspections/Consulting• Firestopping• Fire/Smoke Barriers• Barrier Remediation• SOC surveys• Project Management• Quality Control/Assurance• Installation Training• Codes• Plan/spec review

Inspections/Repairs• Fire/Smoke Dampers• Door/Hardware

Vetted Contractors• Firestop Installation• Firestop Remediation• Barrier Remediation

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ASTM 2174/2393 Inspection StandardsFully divested from & not a competitor of:

Manufacturer, distributor, installer

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People. Property. Protected. 6

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Life Safety

Triangle

Suppression

Compartmentation

Detection

Active Protection = requires other systems to operatePassive Protection = independent from other systems

A Balanced Approach

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Passive Fire Protection Components

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Compartmentation = containment of flame, heat, smoke, toxic gas

Fire resistive assemblies = F-rating of 1 to 4 hoursFire WallsFire Barriers – 1 to 4 hoursSmoke Barriers – 1 hourSmoke Partitions – no rating

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Compartmentation starts with the Assembly

Concrete

GWB

CMU

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Wood frame

Pre-cast planks

Concrete / Metal DeckHollow core planks

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Where ratings come from

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Post burn & temperature rise

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Hose stream = structural integrity

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Pass ALL tests, get a UL #

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Only LISTED designs are useable

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All passive components are tested similarly

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Why do we need all of this testing?

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Neutral

Plane

High Pressure

1200+ F

115+ psi

Low Pressure

Air Flow Air Flow

CorridorRoom

Room Room

Fire Zones are NOT gentle.

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Sprinklers suppress flames, NOT smoke

75%

Source: Hall, Jr. John R. NFPA Fire Analysis & Research, Quincy, MA. “Burns, Toxic Gases, and other Hazards”.

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Smoke can kill almost immediatelyOver 100 toxins gasses, aerosol or attached to soot.

Carbon Monoxide

Hydrogen Cyanide

Phosgene

Hydrogen Chloride

Acrolein

Sulphur

Nitrogen Dioxide…

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Carbon Monoxide = Hypoxia = death

Headache

DizzinessCollapse

Out of breathNausea

Unconsciousness

Signs of too much alcohol consumption or Carbon Monoxide poisoning?

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max exposure – 8 hours

max exposure – 1 hour

Life threatening in 3 hours

Death within 2 hours

Death within 1 hour

Death in 1-3 minutes

Immediate Detriment to Life & Health

9 ppm

400 ppm

35 ppm

800 ppm

1200 ppm

1600 ppm

12800 ppm

10000 ppm

1500 ppm

40000 ppm

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Smoke Does Not Always Rise

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Visibility

• 50% of survivors could not see more than 12 feet.

• Walking speed drops

• Men 3.5 to 1.7 mph

• Women 3.2 to 1.6 mph

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Top of Wall joint = 5/8” high x 20 feet longHallway - 100’ long, 10’ wide, 8’ high

Hallway will fill with smoke in 4-5 minutes

SpeedSmoke & toxic gases travel up to 420 ft. /minute at temperatures of 1500 degrees or more.

155in2

235in2

Properly firestopped = 594 minutes

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75

115

135

285

450

1550

1800

1050

1300

Movement Intolerable

Two minutes have passed

5 minutes

10 minutes

30 minutes

2 hours

Ambient Temperature

Fiberglass insulation melts 3

413o PVC Melts 2

1220o Aluminum melts 4

Fo

1. Moritz & Henriques2. SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 1st Ed.

Table 1-12.1. Pg. 1-166.3. Owens Corning SSL I or II Fiberglas Insulation specification

sheet.4. NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 18th Ed. Table 4-16A. Pg 4-

183.

462 Fire Fighters face masks melt

925 Structural steel begins to distort

1st degree burns develop

3rd degree burns develop

Thermal Injuries

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15%

25%

60%

…of victims are outside the room of origin Source: NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 18th Ed. Table 1-1P. Pg. 1-15.

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Curtain WallEdge of

SlabJoint

Expansion Joint

Sprinklers

Fire Doors

Barrier Joints

Block-Outs

Cable Trays

HVAC Ducts

Stub-Outs

Insulated Pipe

Top of WallJoint

De-Rating = Loss of Compartmentation

Through Penetrations

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Cross Corridor Barrier (XCB)High Challenge location

½” annular space around each penetrationDoes not include top of wall joint

70 sq. in..

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What happens whencompartmentation is not

established or is lost?

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On November 21, 1980 a fire occurred at the MGM Grand Hotel on the 1st floor in the casino

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• Sprinklers activated on the 26th floor.

• 785 people injured

• 84 people died.

• 67 victims on the 16th

floor or higher.

The flames never left the first floor

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Greenwood Manor – Hartford CT

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Photos: Bob Duval - NFPA

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People. Property. Protected.38

February 2003 - 16 deaths

Photos: Bob Duval - NFPA

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2nd floor mechanical room fire contained to room of origin

Credit: Associated Press

NYC - 2008

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$19,000,000.00

Repair, clean up and lost revenue

Credit: Associated Press

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Code Requirements

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IBC 2009

• Sections 712.3.1.2 & 712.4.1.2: • “Through-penetrations shall be protected by an

approved penetration firestop system installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E814…

•Sections 712.3.2 & 712.4.2 : Membrane Penetrations•Section 712.1: Fire Resistive Joint Systems•Section 712.4: Exterior Wall Assemblies

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Listed SystemsWhat are they and where do they come from?

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Listed Systems start with the manufacturers.

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Through-Penetration Test

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Through-Penetration Test

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ASTM E-814 Time Temperature Curve

Melting Points (approximate)

PVC plastic pipe = 413 °F 1

Fiberglass insulation = 1050 °F2

Aluminum = 1220 °F 3

Sources:

1. SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 1st Ed. Table 1-12.1. Pg. 1-166.

2. Owens Corning SSL I or II Fiberglas Insulation specification sheet.

3. NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 18th Ed. Table 4-16A. Pg4-183.

450 @ 2 mins

1050 @ 6 mins

1220 @ 9 mins

1510 @ 25 mins

2080 @ 5 hrs

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What Failure Looks Like

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Post Burn Test

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Hose Stream Test

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Hose Stream Failure

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… then submit to Third Party Testing Labs for testing and Listing

American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)

E814 – Through penetrations

E1966 - Joints

Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL)

1429 – Through penetrations

2079 - Joints

Labs Test the Systems to Exact Standards

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ASTM E 814 / UL 1479 Test Standards forThrough Penetration Firestop Systems

F-RatingThe duration of time in which flames must not pass through the system

T-RatingThe time it takes for the non-fire side to reach 400ºF

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• L-Rating (currently optional)• Amount of air leakage through the system

at ambient and 400°F • Measured in CFM/sq. ft. The lower the

number, the better.

• W-rating (currently optional) • the ability of a system to restrict the flow

of water• Class 1-rated systems resist a 3 foot water

column for 72 hours

ASTM E 814 / UL 1479 Test Standards forThrough Penetration Firestop Systems

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There are 3parts to a

ListedFirestopSystem

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1st Part of a Listed System:

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Wood frame

Pre-cast planks

Concrete / Metal DeckHollow core planks

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2nd Part of a Listed Firestop System:

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3rd Part of a Listed System:

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Listed System, Listed System, Listed System…

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• Specific Listed Systems categories for:– Walls– Floors– Floor/Wall combos

• Each category has subsets for:– Blank openings– Metallic pipe– Non metallic pipes– Insulated metallic pipe– Cables– Duct work– Multiple penetrants

• Joints have separate categories for:– 6 different joint types– Static vs. dynamic joint movement potential

Over 10,000 Listed Systems most with UL

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So, what is the F-rating of the firestop material?

ZERO!Only Listed Systems have ratings.

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Firestopping vs Fireblocking

• Fireblocking is done inside the stud and joists cavities of wood frame buildings. (Type V)

• Products are NOT tested to ASTM E814 firestop standards• Tested to ASTM E136 “Non-combustibility” test• No UL Systems are involved.• Fireblock products CANNOT be used in firestop applications

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66NEB

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Through Penetrations Basics

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Annular Space (AS)

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1. Centered 2. Off-Centered

3. Point Contact4. Continuous Point

Contact

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Measure Annular Space Carefully

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Installs must meet Annular Space limits

3” pipe, 6” opening 1 ½” annular space

2” pipe, 6” opening 2” annular space

UL System CAJ-1380Annular space = 0” to 1 7/8”

4” pipe, 6” opening 1” annular space

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Check all parameters carefully

Max

Diameter?

6. Max total area of opening3. Min/max distance to edge of opening

1. Type of penetrants allowed.

4. Min/max distance between penetrants

5. Max dimension of opening

EMT

Cast Iron

EMT

2. Max size penetrants allowed.7. Must be framed out??

People. Property. Protected

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Sealant depth & location

5/8” called for in Listed System

1/4” installed in the field

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Sealant depth & location

5/8” depth called for in most Listed Systems

¼” commonly installed… …or worse

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Pen

etra

ting

Item

Sealant ToolingFailed Sealant

Footprint

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Sealant Tooling

Pen

etra

ting

Item

Sealant MUST be tooled to get the proper coverage!

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Bead at Point

Contact

Proper Installation

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Current Realities

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Inspection failure – GC’s & subs self installed

81%

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Drywall Mud & Tape

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• Tape and Mud will not withstand the effects of fire.

• Depending on fire conditions, the tape & mud may burn away leaving an unsealed opening.

“Fire taping”

Mud & Tape vs. Firestopping

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Courtesy Firestop Institute LLC

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What is hidden by drywall compound?

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What is hidden by drywall compound?

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Red over white ain’t right!

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Red over white ain’t right!

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Not on the wall…

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… in the wall!

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Hodge Podge

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No scab patching

• Not to Code• Not rated• Not Listed• Cannot be

approved

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Surface mount technology??

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Must Have Good AS

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Watch out for “smear attacks”…

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…and what is behind them.

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Pipe shields do!

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Have to look up top

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Partial Installations

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High Noon Syndrome

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Spaghetti Style Firestop

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Non-compliant Materials

Any material NOT called for

in the Listed System

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Any Expanding Foam

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Yagottabekiddinme!

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Extend the wall through the flutes

36

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111NEB

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Enforcement = change for the better

111People. Property. Protected

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… hope this does not happen

112People. Property. Protected

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IBC 2012 code changes

• 1705.16 - Third party firestop inspections mandated for:• Risk Category III - Buildings and other structures

that represent a substantial hazard to human life in the event of failure.

• Hospitals• Public Assembly• Most schools• Some Nursing Homes, SNF, etc• Jails & detention centers

• Risk Category IV • Fire, rescue and police • Designated earthquake, hurricane or other

emergency shelters. • High Rises = 75 ft or more taller

MUST be conducted in accordance with ASTM 2174 and 2393

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Components

2174 & 2393

Truly Qualified

No Conflict of

Interest

Accepted by AHJ

Inspection Protocols

Final Reports

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Qualified

Be acceptable to the AHJ and:

1. Minimum 2 years experience in construction field inspections

2. Education, credentials & experience acceptable to the Authorizing Authority (AA)

OR1. Meet criteria in ASTM Practice E699

for agencies involved in quality assurance;• Translates to being AC291

accredited

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117NEB

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People. Property. Protected. 117People. Property. Protected

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No Conflict of Interest

• “… shall be independent of, and divested from,…”

• “… shall not be a competitor of…”• Installer• Contractor• Manufacturer• Supplier

• FSC’s and reps cannot inspect.

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Inspector Conflict of Interest Affidavit

Apply for AcceptanceFirestop Inspector Statement

of Qualifications

Submitted before bidding

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Inspection Protocol #1

• Randomly observe 10% of each type of penetration firestop being installed per ten thousand sq. ft.

• Randomly observe 5% of total lineal feet of each type of joint firestop being installed.

…or

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Destructive Testing


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Through Penetrations• Minimum 2% but not <1 of

each type.• Each UL System & EJ.• Per 10,000 sq ft.

• One wrong? Do one more…up to 10% of total.

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131NEB

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132NEB

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Joints• One sample of each type

for every 500 LF• One wrong = one more…• 10% failure, inspection

stops.

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Reporting

Executive Summary

% of deficiencies per type

Within 1 day

Total as % of all penetrations

Type & quantity of each

1 page per…

Deficiencies

Chronologically

Within 2 days

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Inspection or Inspection?

135NEB

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Questions???

Please complete evaluations

Wayne Barrow603-769-4108

[email protected]

Firestopping & Compartmentation - New England Building ... · Passive Protection = independent from other systems A Balanced Approach N 8 E B O E A – O c t o b e r 2 0 1 2 People.

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