Fire Protection in Non-Residential Buildings Non-Residential Buildings Scott Lockyear, PE Program Education Credit Information Wood Products Council via Canadian Wood Council and the Wood Solutions Fair is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request. This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product Questions related to specific dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation. Learning Objectives 1. Develop understanding of fire rated assemblies and fire protection 2. Develop understanding of how fire protection can effect building size Presentation Overview – Basic Principles of Fire Protection • When are exterior fire rated walls needed? • When are interior rated assemblies required? • When are interior rated assemblies required? • Resources for rated floor and wall assemblies. • Draft Stopping • Fire Blocking • When are Sprinklers Required Fi W ll • Fire Walls – How does fire protection effect building size • Open Frontage • Open Frontage • Sprinklers • Unlimited Building Size – Recap
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Fire Protection inNon-Residential BuildingsNon-Residential Buildings
Scott Lockyear, PE
Program Education Credit Information
Wood Products Council via Canadian Wood Council and the Wood Solutions Fair is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completiong y pof this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professionalThis program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professionaleducation. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product Questions related to specificdealing in any material or product. Questions related to specificmaterials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Learning Objectives
1. Develop understanding of fire rated assemblies and fire protection
2. Develop understanding of how fire protection can effect building size
Presentation Overview– Basic Principles of Fire Protection
• When are exterior fire rated walls needed?• When are interior rated assemblies required?• When are interior rated assemblies required?• Resources for rated floor and wall assemblies.• Draft Stoppingpp g• Fire Blocking• When are Sprinklers Required
Fi W ll• Fire Walls– How does fire protection effect building size
• Open Frontage• Open Frontage• Sprinklers• Unlimited Building Size
– Recap
Basic Principles Exterior Rated Walls
– Basic assumption is that fires begin at the interior and rated wall assemblies are not required for the exterior
Fire
InteriorProtection on Inside of Building
Exterior
Building
Basic Principles Exterior Rated Walls
– When proximity to other buildings decreases fire protection is needed on the building exterior
Lot Line
Interior< 30’
Exterior
Fire Protection on Exterior When < 30’
Exterior Rated Assemblies
– Table 602 establishes requirements– For structures separated by 10’-30’ they are typically 0 or 1For structures separated by 10 30 they are typically 0 or 1
DISTANCE�=�X�(feet) CONSTRUCTION H 1,�M,�S�1 E,�F�2,�I,�R,�S�2,�Ub
X�<�5c All 3 2 15�<�X�<10 IA 3 2 1
Others 2 1 1Others 2 1 110�<�X�<�30 IA,�IB 2 1 1d
IIB,�VB 1 0 0Others 1 1 1d
X > 30 All 0 0 0X�>�30 All 0 0 0For�SI:�1�foot�=�304.8�mm.a.�Load�bearing�exterior�walls�shall�also�comply�with�the�fire�resistance�rating�requirements�of�Table�601.b.�For�special�requirements�for�Group�U�occupancies�see�Section�406.1.2c.�See�Section�705.1.1�for�party�walls.d. Open parking garages complying with Section 406 shall not be required to have a fire�resistance rating.e.�The�fire�resistance�rating�of�an�exterior�wall�is�determined�based�upon�the�fire�separation�distance�of�the�exterior�wall�and�the�story�in�which�the�wall�is�located.
– Walls and floor systems need to have resistance to fires that occur inside a structure. Level of protection is based on
lti l f tmultiple factors.
Fire
InteriorProtection on Inside of Building
Exterior
Building
Key Considerations
– Protected or Unprotected Structural Members• Are structural members potentially exposed to flames.
– Building Type I-V• Are the structural members considered Non-Combustible or
Combustible– Amount of Protection Provided
• Unrated gypsum walls and floors• One hour wall and floor assemblies• Two hour rated assemblies
Protected vs. Unprotected
• The 2006 IBC has category A and B or Protected and Unprotected, respectively.
• What makes wood protected or Type A?
• Fire rated gypsum sheathing on walls and floor/ceilingson walls and floor/ceilings
• Unprotected buildings, type B would be exposedB, would be exposedmembers that do not fall under Type IV Heavyyp yTimber Construction.
Protected Wood Construction
• Typical structures include offices, and schools.Walls and ceilings are gypsum drywall with aWalls and ceilings are gypsum drywall with arated assembly.
SchoolsOffices
Schools
Unprotected Wood Construction
• Often restaurants and warehouses do not have structural membersstructural memberscovered in drywall.
WarehousesWarehousesRestaurants
Building Types
• The 2006 IBC allows for five types of construction.construction.
• Types I and II are generally non-combustible materials such as concrete.
• Types III-V are generally combustible such as wood.
• Generally the less combustible the larger square footage and number of stories allowed.
Rated Interior Assemblies
– Given a building type we can determine the level of protection neededprotection needed.
– Except in Group F-1, H, M and S-1 occupancies Fi t ti f t t l b h ll t b– Fire protection of structural members shall not berequired, where every part of the roof construction is 20 feet or more above any floor immediately below.20 feet or more above any floor immediately below.
Type I and II Construction & Wood
– Examples where FRT wood may be utilized;
N b i t i llFIRE�RESISTANCE�RATING�REQUI
• Non-bearing exterior wallswhere no fire rating is req’d.
• Non-bearing partitions where the fire rating is 2
2"�x�4"��wood�studs�24"�on�center�with�5/8"�Type�X�gypsum�wallboarde�applied�vertically�or�horizontally�nailed�with�6d�coolern�or�wallboardn nails at 7" on center with end
• IBC 703.3 allows engineering analysisg g ybased on a comparison of building element designs having fire-resistance ratings as g g gdetermined by the test procedures set forth in ASTM E 119.
Component Additive Method
• Included in Chapter 7 of IBC• Also in DCA 4 available at www awc org• Also in DCA 4 available at www.awc.org.
• Example:• ½” Gypsum will
id 15 i tprovide 15 minutes of resistance.
Wood Structural Members
• In addition to sheathing structural members have resistance to fire.resistance to fire.
Sample 1 Component Additive Analysis
• Assume a 1 hour rated wall is required.• A 2x4 stud wall has 20 minutes of resistanceA 2x4 stud wall has 20 minutes of resistance• 5/8” Type X has a capacity of 40 minutes• Note: Fire is assumedNote: Fire is assumed
to be from one side ofthe wall.
Sample 2 Component Additive Analysis
• Assume a 1 hour rated wall is required.• A 2x4 stud wall has 20 minutes of resistance• A 2x4 stud wall has 20 minutes of resistance• A single layer of ½” is insufficient• Adding an additional• Adding an additional
layer of 1/2” Type Xwill give a one hourwill give a one hourwall.
• 20+15+25=60 min.
Sample 3 Component Additive Analysis
• Assume a 1 hour rated wall is required.q
• In lieu of the single ½” layer mineral wool batt yinsulation may be utilized.
Presentation Overview– Basic Principles of Fire Protection
• When are exterior fire rated walls needed• When are interior rated assemblies required?• When are interior rated assemblies required?• Resources for rated floor and wall assemblies.• Fire Blockingg• Draft Stopping• When are Sprinklers Required
Fi W ll• Fire Walls– How does fire protection effect building size
• Open Frontage• Open Frontage• Sprinklers
– Heavy Timber Constructiony– Recap
Fire Blocking – Where is it needed?
• 717.2 of the IBC requires that in combustibleconstruction fireblocking shall be installed to cutconstruction, fireblocking shall be installed to cutoff concealed draft openings (both vertical and horizontal) and shall form an effective barrier )between floors, between a top story and a roof orattic space.
• Fire blocking will slow the spread of not only smoke but flames.
• Further detail is provided in the IBC e.g. architectural trim & double stud walls.
Fire Blocking
• Some areas that will be discussed include:• Concealed wall spaces• Stairs• Stairs• Connections between floors and walls.
Fire Blocking – Concealed wall spaces
• Fireblocking shall be provided in concealed spaces of stud walls and partitions, including furred spaces, and parallel rows of studs or staggered studs as follows:staggered studs, as follows:
• Vertically at the ceiling and floor levels. • Horizontally at intervals not exceeding 10 feetHorizontally at intervals not exceeding 10 feet
Vertically at the ceiling and floor levels
FIRE BLOCKING AT FLOOR/CEILINGSPACES
Rated Floor Ceiling
Rated Wall
FIRE BLOCKING AT VERTICAL SPACES
Rated Wall
Fireblocking - Multi Story
• Typically 2x plates act as fireblock atact as fireblock atfloor/ceiling interface and provide 10’ break.
Fire Blocking – Concealed Spaces
• For balloon framed walls vertical firewalls vertical fireblocking is required in addition to horizontal fire blocking to resist fire intrusion intofire intrusion intothe floor or wall cavitycavity
Concealed wall spaces
• At dropped ceilings fire bl ki i dblocking requiredhorizontallybetween studsbetween studs
Concealed wall spaces
Concealed wall spaces
• Where penetrationsoccur a fire stop i i dis required;
• Plumbing, electrical HVACelectrical, HVAC
Ceilings and Openings in Floors
• Fire stop providedFire stop providedat masonry fireplace projectingp p j gthrough floor.
Fire Blocking - Stairs
• Fire blocking is required at top andrequired at top andbottom of stairs.
Typical Fire Blocking
• Nominal 2” Lumber (1-1/2” actual width)• 2 layers nominal 1 x lumber• 2 layers nominal 1 x lumber• 23/32” Wood Structural Panels or ¾”
Particleboard lapped at seamsParticleboard lapped at seams• ½” gypsum• Mineral Wool or Fiberglass Insulation• Mineral Wool or Fiberglass Insulation• Other (some engineered rim boards)
Draft Stopping – Where is it needed?
• In combustible construction, draftstopping shall be installed to subdivide floor/ceiling assemblies in theinstalled to subdivide floor/ceiling assemblies in thelocations prescribed in Sections 717.3.2 through 717.3.3.
• Draftstopping is intended to restrict the flow of air.
Draft Stopping – 1000sf limit
• Draftstopping shall be installed so that horizontal floor areas do not exceed 1,000 square feet.floor areas do not exceed 1,000 square feet.
• Draftstopping in attics shall limit concealed spaces to 3,000sf or less.spaces to 3,000sf or less.
• In groups R-1 and R-2 tenant and sleeping area separations are typically required.p yp y q
Draft Stopping – What can be used?
• 717.3.1 Draftstopping materials shall not be less than;than;
• 0.5-inch (12.7 mm) gypsum board, • 0.375-inch (9.5 mm) wood structural panel, • 0.375-inch (9.5 mm) particleboard, • 1-inch (25-mm) nominal lumber, • cement fiberboard, batts or blankets of mineral wool or
glass fiber, or other approved materials adequately supported.supported.
Sprinkler Requirements
• The 2006 IBC in many instances will require sprinklers although it typically will not require asprinklers although it typically will not require agiven type of building to have sprinklers.
• Be aware of local and state requirements!q• When structures increase in size the IBC may
require automatic sprinklers. Provisions are in section 903.
Sprinkler Requirements
• [F] 903.2.2 Group E.• An automatic sprinklerAn automatic sprinkler
system shall be provided for Group E occupancies asoccupancies asfollows:
• Throughout all Groupg pE fire areas greater than 20,000 square feetfeet.
Fire Walls
• While the code does not explicitly require fire walls in some cases it may be utilized to expandwalls in some cases it may be utilized to expandthe allowed size of a building.
• Section 705.3 requires that fire walls shall be of qany approved noncombustible materials.
• Exception: Buildings of Type V construction.
• Common example is in multi familyis in multi-family
Fire Walls
• Depending on the Group type the rating for fire walls shall be impacted.walls shall be impacted.
• In many cases 2 hour walls are acceptable for Type V construction with untreated wood.yp
F�2,�S�2,�R�3,�R�4 2W ll h ll b l h 2 h fi i d ha.�Walls�shall�be�not�less�than�2�hour�fire�resistance�rated�where�
separating buildings of Type II or V construction.
Fire Walls – SF Increase Example
– Assume an 18,000 sf building is desired.– In type VB construction the maximum square– In type VB construction the maximum square
footage is 9,000sf.– Adding a 2 hour rated fire wall separating theAdding a 2 hour rated fire wall separating the
structure would allow 18,000sf.
M Si T VB M Si T VB /fi ll
9,000sf
Max Size Type VB Max Size Type VB w/firewall
9,000sf 9,000sf9,000sf 9,000sf 9,000sf
Fire Walls - Openings
• Per IBC 705.8 each opening through a fire wall shall not exceed 120sf. The aggregate width ofshall not exceed 120sf. The aggregate width ofopenings at any floor level shall not exceed 25 percent of the length of the wall.
• Exceptions:• Openings are not permitted in party walls constructed
in accordance with Section 705.1.1.• Openings shall not be limited to 120 square feet
where both buildings are equipped throughout with anwhere both buildings are equipped throughout with anautomatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
Fire Walls
• Example of allowable openings.• Maximum total opening length = 12.5’Maximum total opening length 12.5• If we had an 8’ tall opening the maximum
opening size would be 100sf < 120sf.p g
12.5’ Protected Opening
10’
p g
50’
Presentation Overview– Basic Principles of Fire Protection
• When are exterior fire rated walls needed• When are interior rated assemblies required?• When are interior rated assemblies required?• Resources for rated floor and wall assemblies.• Draft Stoppingpp g• Fire Blocking• When are Sprinklers Required
Fi W ll• Fire Walls– How does fire protection effect building size
• Open Frontage• Open Frontage• Sprinklers
– Recapp
Fire Provisions and Building Size
• Building codes allow the size of a structure to increase based on its level of non combustibilityincrease based on its level of non combustibilityand overall fire resistance
• Types I and II are considered non-combustibleyp• Type I often allows for an unlimited building size• Type II, III, IV and V will have varying degree of size
allowed based on:• Protected vs. Unprotected• Proximity to Other BuildingsProximity to Other Buildings• Use of Sprinklers
Building Size Example I
• Assume an office building is desired – Group BTYPE�OF�CONSTRUCTION
TYPE�I TYPE�II TYPE�III TYPE�IV TYPE�V
A B A B A B HT A B
HGT�(S)
For Type I 11 stories/UL sf is allowed
GROUP HGT�(feet) UL 160 65 55 65 55 65 50 40
B
S UL 11 5 4 5 4 5 3 2
A UL UL 37,500 23,000 28,500 19,000 36,000 18,000 9,000
• For Type I 11 stories/UL sf is allowed.• For Type II 4 stories/23,000sf is allowed.
F T III 4 t i /19 000 f i ll d• For Type III 4 stories/19,000sf is allowed.• For Type IV 5 stories/36,000sf is allowed.• For Type V 2 stories/9000sf is allowed.
Building Size Example I
• For wood frame construction why choose type B unprotected construction?unprotected construction?
• Going to protected (A) construction load bearing interior walls, floors and roofs would need to be one h t d i t f t Vhour rated in most cases for type V.
• Benefit of going to protected construction is an increase in number of stories and square footageincrease in number of stories and square footage
TYPE�IVA B A B A B HT A B
TYPE�II TYPE�III TYPE�VTYPE�OF�CONSTRUCTION
TYPE�IA B A B A B HT A B
HGT�(S)HGT�(feet) UL 160 65 55 65 55 65 50 40
S UL 11 5 4 5 4 5 3 2A UL UL 37 500 23 000 28 500 19 000 36 000 18 000 9 000B
GROUP
A UL UL 37,500 23,000 28,500 19,000 36,000 18,000 9,000B
Frontage Increase
• Allowable size of building may increase where open frontage is provided.
Frontage Increase
• If = [F / P – 0.25] W / 30• F = Building perimeter that fronts on a public way or g p p y
open space having 20 feet open minimum width (feet).
• P = Perimeter of entire building (feet).• W = Width of public way or open space (feet) in
accordance with Section 506.2.1. 0
30’
15’
30’ > 30’> 30’
> 25’
Frontage Increase
I [F / P 0 25] W / 3040’
15’
30’
• If = [F / P – 0.25] W / 30• For a 100’ x 60’ building
• If = [220’ / 320’ – 0.25] 27.7/ 30 = 0.40• A = {A + [A x I ] + [A x I ] } (Equation 5 1)• Aa = {At + [At x If] + [At x Is] } (Equation 5-1)
Automatic Sprinkler System Increase
The area limitation in Table 503 is permitted to be increased by an additional
• 200 percent (Is = 2) for buildings with more than one story above grade planemore than one story above grade plane
• 300 percent (Is = 3) for buildings with no more than one story above grade plane.y g p
• These increases are permitted in addition to the height and story increases in accordance with Sectionincreases in accordance with Section504.2.
– Exceptions for Group H – High Hazard
Total Frontage & Sprinkler Increase
• For a multi-story unprotected office building; type IIIB construction:
• Tabulated area At is 19,000sf • Aa = {At + [At x If] + [At x Is] } (Equation 5-1)• Aa = {19,000 + [19,000 x 0.75] + [ 19,000 x 2] } • Aa = 71,250sf/story
• For type IIIA the same building would be:• Aa = {28,500 + [28,500 x 0.75] + [28,500 x 2] }
A 106 000 f/ t• Aa = 106,000sf/story
Total Frontage & Sprinkler Increase
• Height and Area Calculator at www.awc.org
Height Increase
• No height increase is allowed for open frontage• Height increases are allowed for automatic• Height increases are allowed for automatic
sprinklers.• 20’ Increase• One story increase
• Group R occupanciesp p• Can use NFPA 13R• Cannot exceed 4 stories or 60’
• Exceptions often occur for High Hazard Group and I-2
Height Increase
• How tall can a wood framed structure be?
• For type IIIA Group B the tabulated
i i 5maximum is 5stories.F t VA th• For type VA thetabulated maximum is 3 storiesis 3 stories.
• With sprinklers a 4 story wood framed building is allowed.
Common Examples Building Height
• For a 5 story sprinklered building;• Using type IIIA; B, F-2, H-3, I-1, M, R, S-2.Using type IIIA; B, F 2, H 3, I 1, M, R, S 2.• Offices, Assisted Living, Mercantile, and Residential
Common Examples Building Height
• For a 4 story sprinklered building;• Using type IIIA; A, E, F-1, H-5, I-4.Using type IIIA; A, E, F 1, H 5, I 4.• Examples include assembly areas, and schools.
Buildings – Unlimited Size
• Section 507 allows for some buildings to be unlimited in size.unlimited in size.
• Unlimited one story F-2 and S-2 unsprinklered are allowed if a 60’ buffer is provided.p
> 60’
> 60’> 60’
> 60’
Buildings – Unlimited Size
• 306.3 F-2 Industrial uses that involve the fabrication or manufacturing offabrication or manufacturing ofnoncombustible materials with no significant fire hazard:significant fire hazard:• Brick and masonry, Ceramic products,