Fire prevention and control services

7/29/2019 Fire prevention and control services

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Erman Nordin


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FIRE SAFETY

MANAGEMENT

SISTEM

PROTEKSI

AKTIF

SISTEM

PROTEKSI

PASIF

FITUR SISTEM

PROTEKSI

KEBAKARAN

BERKELANJUTAN

Air daur ulang untuk

hidran / pemadam

kebakaran

Teknologi kabut air

untuk pengganti halon

Memakai bahan

pemadam dengan ODP

/ GWP0

Bahan daur ulang

untuk

kompartemenisasi

Bahan penghambatapi

Bahan-bahan insulasi

termal dan akustik

yang aman terhadap

bahaya kebakaran Pemeriksaan & pemeliharaane

Latihan kebakaran & evakuasi

Menyusun fire emergency plan

Duplikasi files & data penting lainnya

Manning system


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REAL FIRE

ARSON FIRE

COMPARTMENT

FIRE

Peat fire

OPEN FIRE

Forest fire

Industrial fire

Perumahan

Perkantoran

Perhotelan / apartmen

Pusat Perbelanjaan

Rumah sakit

Bangunan industri

Oil & gases

Coal / cement

Textile / cotton

Electrical power

Aviasi / penerbangan

Building fire

- mostly cellulosic fires- The danger of flashover

or back draft

- mostly hydrocarbon fires

- danger of explosion, bleve

- Smoke cloud / awan asap

- Underground fires (nat.deep seat)

Ada unsur kesengajaan

3. TIPOLOGI

KEBAKARAN DI

Suprapto (2004)


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The Strategy of Preventing a Fire

A fire must have three things to ignite and maintain

combustion:

Fuel

Heat

Oxygen

The basic strategy of fire prevention is to control or isolate

sources of fuel and heat in order to prevent combustion.

If all three are not present in sufficient quantities afire will not ignite or a fire will not be able to

sustain combustion

3 unsur utama penyebab kebakaran


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TOTAL FIRE SAFETY

SISTEM AKTIF ENERGIZED SYSTEM SISTEM PASIF BUILT-IN SYSTEM FIRE SAFETY MANAGEMENT HUMAN SYSTEM

Sistem proteksi aktif Sistem proteksi pasif

Fire safety management


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Compartmentalization in structures, such as land-

based buildings, traffic tunnels, ships, aerospace vehicles,or submarines, is the fundamental basis and aim ofpassive fire

protection.

The idea is to divide a structure into "fire compartments," which

may contain single or multiple rooms, for the purpose of limiting

the spread of fire, smoke and flue gases, in order to enable the

three goals offire protection:

-life safety

-property protection

-continuity of operations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building


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Ubbl Bahagian VII 162. Pintu Api Dalam Dinding Petak Dan Dinding Pengasing

(1) Pintu-pintu api daripada tempoh ketahanan api yang berpatutan

hendaklah disediakan.

(2) Ruang buka dalam dinding petak dan dinding pengasing hendaklah

dilindungi dengan suatu pintu api yang mempunyai TKA mengikut kehendak-

kehendak bagi dinding itu yang dinyatakan dalam Jadual Kesembilan Undang-

Undang Kecil ini.

(3) Ruang buka dalam struktur pelindung hendaklah dilindungi dengan

pintu api yang mempunyai TKA tidak kurang daripada setengah daripada

kehendak bagi dinding sekeliling yang dinyatakan dalam Jadual KesembilanUndang-Undang Kecil ini tetapi dalam mana-mana hal tidak kurang daripada

setengah jam.

(4) Ruang buka dalam dinding sekat yang mengepungi suatu koridor atau

ruang terlindung hendaklah dilindungi dengan pintu api yang mempunyai TKAselama setengah jam.

(5) Pintu-pintu api termasuk bingkai hendaklah dibina mengikut

spesifikasi yang boleh ditunjukkan sebagai memenuhi kehendak-kehendak TKA

yang relevan apabila diuji mengikut seksyen 3 PB 476: 1951.


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Dinding petakdinding pangsa dan lantai petak masing-masing ertinya sesuatu dinding dan

sesuatu lantai yang mematuhi undang-undang kecil 148, dan yang diadakan

sedemikian bagi maksud undang-undang kecil 136 untuk membahagikan

sesuatu bangunan kepada petak-petak bagi apa-apa maksud berhubungandengan undang-undang kecil 213 atau 147;

147:(1)Sesuatu dinding pengasing, lain daripada dinding yang mengasingkan

bangunan yang tidak dibahagikan kepada petak dalam had-had saiz yang

ditandakan dengan huruf "x" dalam Bahagian I Jadual Kesembilan Undang-Undang Kecil ini, hendaklah dibina keseluruhannya daripada bahan tak boleh

terbakar, tidak termasuk sesuatu permukaan kemas sesuatu dinding yang

mematuhi kehendak-kehendak Undang-Undang Kecil ini dan kehendak TKA

bagi dinding itu hendaklah diperolehi tanpa bantuan daripada bahan tak

boleh terbakar itu.

(2)Sesuatu rasuk atau tiang yang menjadi sebahagian daripada, dan sesuatu

struktur yang menanggung, suatu dinding pengasing yang dikehendaki dibina

daripada bahan tak boleh terbakar hendaklah sendirinya mematuhi

kehendak-kehendak perenggan (1) mengenai hal tak boleh terbakar.


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quiz

Below are the purpose of compartment wall inbuilding(CLO1)?

a. To prevent fire and smoke transmission

b. To prevent smoke and heat transmission

c. To isolate high risk area

d. To integrate risk between rooms

Answer=d


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quiz

Below are the functions of the fire doorexcept:(CLO2)?

a. To delay the spread of the fire from the 1

area to anotherb. To form a barrier to fire spread

c. To provide a mean of escape

d. To spread the water form fire engine

Answer=b


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quiz

Below are the 3 main objective in fireprevention system in building except:(CLO2)?

a. User safety protection

b. Asset protection

c. Building operation

d. High cost operation

Answer=d


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quiz

Ubbl 1984 states that the party wal shall be(CLO3)?

a. Not less than 100 thick

b. Not less than 150 thick

c. Not less than 200 thick

d. Not more than 150 thick

Answer=c


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quiz


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quiz

The design of the emergency lane must

facilitate the movement for the fire brigadevehicle. The route of fire engine vehicles

should be provide with the width _____

(CLO3)

a. 2m

b. 4m

c. 5md. 6m

Answer=d


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quiz


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quizTable show the class of fire with source of

combustion substance. Which of the

following is not true about the class of fire?(CLO1)

Answer=c

answer Class of fire Source of combustion substance

a Class A fires Fire involving organic solids like paper, wood, etc

b Class B fires Fire involving flammable liquids

c Class C fires Fire involving electricity

d Class D fires Fire involving metals


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Additional Fire Protection Measures

Increased Alarm andDetection (up to 15%)

Greater Ceiling Heights(up to 30%)


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Tindakan mengawal api merebak

Pembuangan bahan api

- Pembuangan bahan api boleh dilakukan bagi mengelak kebakaran kecil. Jika

kebakaran kecil ini disebabkan oleh gas, ia boleh dipadamkan dengan

menutup injap utama salur gas tersebut.- Pengasingan bahan api daripada unsur oksigen dan haba juga menghalang

kemarakan api.

Cth: -mencurahkan pasir ke dalam tin yang terbakar.

-Mengasingkan minyak sedang terbakar dengan

mencurahkan air sabun ke atasnya.


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vd

jenis pemadam kebakaran jenis mudah alih yang

sering terdapat dalam bangunan


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Sistem bantuan kebakaran dalam bangunan

Pengesan kebakaran

-penting untuk bangunan tidak berpenghuni-alat utk memberitahu dan mengesan tentang berlakunya kebakaran seperti mengesan asap, haba dapa

sprinkler yang akan menyebabkan bebuli pecah lalu mengeluarkan air secara automatik.

Memadam api

-mengawal dengan membuang salah satu unsur penyebab kebakaran

-jika kebakaran disebabkan oleh bahan binaan seperti kayu, maka kayu mestilah

dialihkan sejauh mungkin dari kawasan kebakaran

Jalan pelepasan api

menyediakan laluan kepada penghuni untuk turun dan keluar dari bangunandengan selamat.

-menyediakan lampu pada jalan keluar untuk elak panik.

Kawalan struktur

Mengikut spesifikasi yang ditetapkan oleh jabatan bomba dalam pelan bangunan


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Cement grouting (not spray paint)Specialist work, xpaint, coloured ,

St t


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Structure

There are a number of ways fire canspread through a building and effectingadjacent buildings:

Conduction

Convection

Radiation


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Length?


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Installation in building

The installing of the wet

riser system is almost same

with dry riser system.

The different between this

system is wet riser have own

to supply water compare to

dry riser have no tank at the

installation.


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DISADVANTAGE OF WET RISER


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This type of system requires that water be

provided and pressurized up to each hose

cabinet at all times

accidental water damage may occur risk of leaking pipe

high maintainance

Need to control the pressure. The pressures aremonitored at the pump room to control the

pumps.

DISADVANTAGE OF WET RISER

SYSTEM

UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW


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Part VIIIFIRE ALARM, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT, & FIRE

FIGHTING ACESS

By Law;

231. Installation and Testing of Wet Rising System.

(1) Wet rising system should be provided in every building in

which the topmost floor is more than 30.5m above fire appliance

access level.

(2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting

access lobby.

(3) Wet risers shall be minimum 152.4mm diameter and shall

be hydrostatically tested at pressure 50% above the workingpressure required and not less than 14 bars for at least 24 hours.


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Bahagian VIII 231. Pemasangan Dan Ujian Sistem Pancur Basah

(1) Sistem pancur basah hendaklah disediakan dalam tiap-tiap

bangunan yang mana tingkat paling tingginya adalah lebih daripada30.5 meter di atas paras akses perkakas bomba.

(2) Suatu sambungan hos hendaklah disediakan dalam tiap-tiap

ruang akses menentang kebakaran.

(3) Pancur basah hendaklah mempunyai diameter 152.4 meter

pada minimumnya dan hendaklah diuji secara hidrostatik padatekanan 50% lebih tinggi daripada tekanan kerja yang dikehendaki

dan tidak kurang daripada 14 bar selama sekurang-kurangnya dua

puluh empat jam.



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(4) Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5mminstantaneous coupling fitted with a hose nit less than 38.1mm

diameter equipped with an approved typed cradle and a

variable fog nozzle.

(5) A wet riser shall be provided in every staircase whichextends from the ground floor level to the roof and shall be

equipped with a three-way 63.5mm outlet above the roof line.

(6) Each stage of wet riser shall not exceed 61m , unless

expressly permitted by D.G.F.S. but in no case exceeding

70.15m.


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(4) Tiap-tiap alir keluar pancur basah hendaklah

mengandungi kupling segera 63.5 milimeter yang

standard dipasang dengan hos yang diameternya tidakkurang daripada 38.1 milimeter dilengkapkan dengan

suatu penakung daripada jenis yang diluluskan dan

suatu muncung kabus yang boleh berubah.

(5) Suatu pancur basah hendaklah disediakan di

tiap-tiap tangga yang melanjut daripada paras tingkatbawah ke bumbung dan hendaklah dilengkapkan

dengan alir keluar 63.5 milimeter tiga hala di bahagian

atas garisan bumbung itu.

(6) Setiap peringkat pancur basah itu hendaklah

tidak melebihi 61 meter, melainkan dibenarkan dengan

nyata oleh K.P.P.B. tetapi dalam mana-mana hal tidak

melebihi 70.15 meter.



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By Law;232. Wet or Dry Rising System for Building Under

Construction.(1) Where either dry or wet riser is required, at least one riser

shall be installed when the building under construction has reacheda height of above the level of the fire brigade pumping inlet with

connections there to located adjacent to a useable staircase.(2) Such riser shall be extended as construction progresses to

within two floors of the topmost floor under construction and wherethe designed height of the building requires the installation of a wetriser system fire pumps, water storage tanks and water mainconnections shall be provided to serve the riser.


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Bahagian VIII 232. Sistem Pancur Basah Atau Kering Bagi

Bangunan Yang Sedang Dibina

(1) Jika sama ada sistem pancur basah atau kering dikehendaki,

sekurang-kurangnya satu pancur hendaklah dipasang apabila bangunan yang

sedang dibina itu telah sampai setinggi 18.3 meter di atas paras alir masuk

pam bomba dengan sambungannya ditempatkan bersempadanan dengan

tangga yang boleh digunakan.

(2) Pancur itu hendaklah dilanjutkan mengikut kemajuan binaan hinggake takat dua tingkat daripada tingkat paling tinggi yang sedang dibina dan jika

tinggi yang dirancangkan bagi bangunan itu menghendaki pemasangan sistem

pancur basah, maka pam bomba, tangki storan air, dan sambungan sesalur air

hendaklah disediakan bagi kegunaan pancur itu.



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By Law;

248. Marking on Wet Riser, etc.

(1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes

and fittings shall be painted red.

(2) All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire

installations and extinguishers shall be clearly identified to the

satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified.


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Bahagian VIII 248. Tanda Pada Pancur

Basah, dll

(1) Pancur basah, pancur kering,

semburan dan pemasangan paip bomba dan

pasangan-pasangan bomba lain hendaklah

dicat merah.(2) Semua kabinet dan kawasan ceruk

dalam dinding bagi penempatan

pemasangan bomba dan pemadam api

hendaklah ditunjukkan dengan jelassehingga memuaskan Pihak Berkuasa

Bomba.


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MENCARI BAHAN ALTERNATIF YANG SE-


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MENCARI BAHAN ALTERNATIF YANG SE

KOMPATIBEL DENGAN HALON

AlternatiF untuk fixed systems : FM-

200, AF-11e, NAFS-III, IG-541,

Water-mist, Hi-Fog, CO2 systems

Alternatif untuk pemadamtabung / APAR : Dry

chemical, CO2, triodide,

halotron, solfaklam

Acuan : NFPA-2001, Clean agent extinguishing systems


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quiz Installed in high risk area or room such ass


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Installed in high risk area or room such ass

switch room and generator room.

Works automatically by producing a type ofgas that helps to reduce fire.

The statement above (CLO1)?

a. Smoke detector

b. Halon system

c. Wet riser

d. Dry riser

Answer=b


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WHAT IS SPRINKLER??

DEFINITION


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DEFINITIONA FIRE SPRINKLER is the part of a fire sprinkler

system that discharges water when the effects of afire have been detected, such as when apredetermined temperature has been reached.

Is an active fire protection measure

The system operates automatically without humanintervention.

Used in factories and large commercial buildings,home and small building systems are now availableat a cost-effective price.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system


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T i l di


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Typical diagram


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ADVANTAGES AND

DISADVANTAGES


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ADVANTAGES

Immediate identification and control of a developing fire:

-Sprinkler systems respond at all times.

- Control is generally instantaneous.

Immediate alert:

-automatic sprinkler systems will notifyoccupants and emergency response personnelof the developing fire.

Reduced heat and smoke damage:-Significantly less heat and smoke will begenerated when the fire is extinguished at anearly stage.


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Enhanced life safety:

-Staff, visitors and fire fighters will be subject to less danger

when fire growth is checked.

Design flexibility:

-Greater utilization of exhibition and assembly spaces is usually

a benefit.

Decreased insurance expenditure:

-Sprinkler controlled fires are less damaging than fires in non-sprinkle red buildings.

-Insurance underwriters will usually offer reduced premiums in

sprinkler protected properties which can save a large amount

of capital.

DISADVANTAGES


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DISADVANTAGES

Wind may distort the sprinkling pattern.

Water must be clean and free from sand.

Power requirement is high.


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Sprinklers


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the leading light in fire safety design


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Factors Influencing System Design


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Smoke Buoyancy

Wind Conditions

Stack EffectExpansion

StackEffect

Buoyancy

Smoke Buoyancy


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Smoke will rise due to having a lowerdensity than the surrounding air.

Smoke on hitting a horizontal barrierwill induce lateral travel.

Smoke moving away will reduce in

temperature and entrain cool air.

Therefore buoyancy of the smoke willgenerally decrease the further fromthe source it travels.

Stack Effect


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With a low ambient temperaturethere is often an upward movementof air within a building.

The air within a building has abuoyant force because it is warmer

and less dense than the outside air.

This buoyant force causes air to risewithin any shaft of the building.


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Smoke Control


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Why Smoke Control?


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The purpose of Smoke control will fall into one ofthe following categories:

Life Safety

Property Protection

Protection of goods

Compliance with Building Regulation


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Allow occupants to escape and maintain a clear breathablelayer at floor level, whilst evacuation is in progress

Maintenance of this clear layer will aid fire fighters

Reduce the build up of heat and toxic gases which can lead toflashover by allowing to pass to the atmosphere - Protect thebuilding structure from heat


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Special Fire Protection

With the incorporation of additional fire protection


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Reduced Fire Protection (Structure)

Increased Unprotected Areas of External Facade

Smoke Control

Increased Detection

Management Controls

With the incorporation of additional fire protectionmeasures into a building it could enable a relaxation in

other areas!

Sprinklers

Extending Travel Distances

Time based approach - ASET


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Available

Safe

Egress

Time

Time

Fire

Growth

Available Time

Alarm

UntenableConditions

Ignition

Detection

People

React

Travel time

Time Based Escape Strategy


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Benefits

Extending the travel distance

Reduced numbers of escaperoutes

Utilising more floor area

An appropriate designsolution

ANALISIS FLASHOVER


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Pertumbuhan kebakaran dalam

ruang

Fenomena flashover

Tg = 500o

-600o

C, fluks ke lantai 20kW/m2

Flashover di bangunan tokoKurva suhu-waktu

Means of Escape


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Means of Escape based on Distance

Time base analysis to escape

Distance


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18m where escape isin one direction

45m where escape isin more than onedirection

Direct Travel Distances

Indirect Travel Distances

Risk Assessment


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Risk = Frequency x Consequence

Frequency = number of fires in a given period

Consequence = the damage caused by the fire

Fire Growth Rate


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Category Fire GrowthRate

Examples Fire Growth RateParameter kJ/m3

1 Slow Banking Hall, limitedcombustible materials

0.0029

2 Medium Stacked cardboardboxes, wooden pallets

0.012

3 Fast Baled thermoplastic chip,stacked plastic products

0.047

4 Ultra Fast Flammable liquids, foam 0.188

Risk Profiles

Occupancy Characteristics Fire Growth rate Risk Profile


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Occupancy Characteristics Fire Growth rate Risk Profile

A A Occupants who are awake

and familiar with the building

1 Slow A1

2 Medium A2

3 Fast A3

4 Ultra Fast A4

B Occupants who are awakeand unfamiliar with thebuilding

1 Slow B1

2 Medium B2

3 Fast B3

4 Ultra Fast B4

C Occupants who are likely tobe asleep

1 Slow C1

2 Medium C2

3 Fast C3

4 Ultra Fast C4

Common Examples Risk Profiles

Assembly Hall B2 Leisure Centre B2


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Assembly Hall

Office

Business Centre

Classroom

Shopping Mall

Exhibition Area

Factory Production Area

Club

Amusement Arcade

Bedrooms/ study bedroom

B2

A2

B2

A2

B2

B2/B3

A2/A3

B2

B2

Cii2

Leisure Centre

Workshop

Theatre

Storage & Warehouse

Shop Sales Area

Office (closed plan)

Plant Room

Kitchen

Meeting Room

Dinning Room

B2

A3

B2

A4

B3

B2

A4

A3

B2

B1

BS 9999 Travel Distances

Risk Profile Travel Distances


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Risk Profile Travel Distances

Two way travel One way travel

A1 65 26

A2 55 22

A3 45 18

A4 30 14

B1 60 24

B2 50 20B3 40 16

B4 Not Allowed Not Allowed

Ci1 27 13

Cii2 18 9

Ciii3 14 7

Achievable travel distances when minimum fire protection measures are installed

90 30

75 24

60 22

45 18

90 28

75 24

60 20

37 18

27 13

18 9

Additiona

l

General Housekeeping Guidelines


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Work areas, aisles, walkways, stairways, and equipmentshould be kept clear of loose materials, trash, scraps, etc.

Never block aisles, fire exits, emergency equipment, or alarm

pull stations with equipment or materials.

Avoid build up of combustible trash and waste such as paper,wood, cardboard, etc.

Keep use and storage of flammables and combustibles to a

minimum.

Clean up all spills such as grease, oil, or water immediately. Adelay could result in accidents.

Storage Guidelines


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All storage must be

at least 3 ft from

electrical panels. In

some emergency

situations it will benecessary to access

these panels

quickly.

Maintain at least a 3ftclearance from heating

surfaces, air ducts, heaters, and

lighting fixtures.

Storage of combustible

materials in mechanical rooms

is prohibited.

Improper Storage in

front of Electrical Panel

ImproperMechanical Room

Storage

Wind Effect


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Vents should be positioned so thatthey are not affected by externalwind conditions.

In determining natural ventilationof a building consideration is

required to its:

Building heightSurrounding terrainPrevailing wind

-ve

+ve

-ve

Choose either TRUE or FALSE

An automatic fire alarm system is

designed to detect the unwanted


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designed to detect the unwanted

presence of fire by monitoringenvironmental change associated

with combustion. (CLO2)

TRUE or FALSE

answer: T


Install a smoke detector in building


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is one of the passive designstrategies for fire protection.

(CLO2)

TRUE or FALSE

answer: F


Maximum travel distance for


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Maximum travel distance for

unsprinklered school hall is 60meters (CLO2)

TRUE or FALSE

answer: T


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Habis sudah

Fire prevention and control services

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