Fire Fighting 1

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PREVENTION AND CONTROLSERVICES


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Fire System

Generally they can be classified into two categories:

Fire Protection System are used to alert people that a small

fire or some overheating has occurred, and that there is adanger of fire happening soon.

Smoke detectors, and heat detectors ,the fire alarm panels,sub-control panels, bells, break-glass can be grouped into thisarea.

Fire Fighting System

The fire fighting system will be used when a big fire hasalready started. There is a need to extinguish it. Sprinklersystems, and hose reel systems are some of the systems used


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Fire prevention

Fire prevention :minimizing ignitionsources, as well aseducating the occupants

and operators of thefacility,

ship or structureconcerning operation and

maintenance of fire-relatedsystems for correctfunction,

and emergency procedures

including notification for


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Active fire protection

Active fire protection, can include manual orautomatic fire detection and fire suppression.

Categories of Active Fire Protection

Fire detection

Sprinkler systems

Fire suppression

All AFP systems are required to be installed and

maintained in accordance with strict guidelines inorder to maintain compliance with the local building


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Passive fire protection

Passive fire protection, which includescompartmentalization of the overall building through

the use of fire-resistance rated walls and floors.

Examples

Fire-resistance rated walls,Firewalls,

Fireproofing cladding,

Closures, etc.


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There are mainly two types of PFP

Vermiculite fire protection, the structural steel membersare covered with vermiculite materials, mostly a very thick

layer. this is a cheaper options as compared to an intumescentone, but is very crude and aesthetically unpleasant. Moreover

if the environment is corrosive in nature, then vermiculiteoption is not an advisable option, as there are possibility of

water seeping into.

Intumescent fire proofing is a layer of paint which isapplied along with the coating system on the structural steel

members. The thickness of this intumescent coating isdependent on the steel section used.


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Fireproofing

Fireproofing, a passive fire protection measure, refers tothe act of making materials or structures more resistant to

fire, or to those materials themselves, or the act of applyingsuch materials

Fireproofing methods:

Inorganic methods

Gypsum plasters

Cementations plasters

Fibrous plasters

New materials based on organic chemistry are gainingSpray gypsum based

plaster fireproofing being


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Fire Doors, Exit Doors,Solid Core Doors and

Sliding Fire DoorsFire Doors, Exit Doors, Solid Core

Doors and Sliding Fire Doors

may be automatically operatedby heat activated mechanismsor smoke detectors.

The securing of fire doors mustbe such that persons leaving an

area


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SPRINKLER SYSTEMSAPPLICATION AND DESIGN

Water sprinklers provide an automatic spray dedicated to thearea of fire outbreak. Sprinkler heads have temperaturesensitive elements that respond immediately to heat,

discharging the contents of the water main to which they areattached.

The specification of a sprinkler

system will depend on the

purpose intended for a building,


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Pipework Distribution toSprinklers

The arrangement of pipework willdepend on the building shape and

layout, the position of the riserpipe and the number of sprinkler

heads required.

Working


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DRENCHERS

A drencher fire control system provides a discharge ofwater over roofs, walls and windows to prevent fire

spreading from or to adjacent buildings.

Drencher systems provide the necessary

curtain of water for protection against

internal and external exposure to fire.

Drencher systems are used to separate

one risk from the other in case of a fire,


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A room should be provided for storing the tank andthe pumps. Suitable locations should be allowed at

ground level for installing the drencher valves anddrencher inlets (i.e., quick coupling for receivingwater boosted from fire engines).

Types ofdrenchers

An example ofapplication is in

theatres,where the drenchers

may be fitted abovethe proscenium arch

at thestage side to protect

the safety curtain.


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Fire Hose Reels

Fire Hose Reels are located to provide a reasonablyaccessible and controlled supply of water to combata fire risk.

The length of a full extended fire hose is 36 meterswith a diameter of 19mm (outside diameter).

A control nozzle attached to the hose enables theoperator to control the direction and flow of water

to the fire.

Various types of reels are

available to meet your


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The hose most distant fromthe source of water shouldbe capable of discharging

0.4 l/s at a 6 m distancefrom the nozzle.

The tank must have a

minimum volume of waterof 1.6 m3. A 50 mm i.d.supply pipe is adequate forbuildings up to 15 m heightand a 65 mm i.d. pipe will

be sufficient for buildingsgreater than this.


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SystemsThe majority of gas extinguishing systems have

been eitherhalon 1301 or carbon dioxide .

Halon Substitutes

Halons are electrically

nonconductive and safe touse where personnel remainin an area of gas discharge.

They are also more effectivethan carbon dioxide, beingfive times the density of air,whilst carbon dioxide is only

one-and-a half times.


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Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide is an alternative to halon as a dry gasextinguisher. It has been used as an extinguishing

agent for a considerable time, particularly in portableextinguishers.

As the gas is dry and non-

conductive it is ideal for

containing fires from electricalequipment, in addition to

textiles, machinery, petroleum

and oil fires.


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re armsAutomatic fire detection and alarm systems are either

installed throughout all areas of a building, installed onlyfor the protection of escape routes, installed within those

parts of the escape routes comprising circulation areasand circulation spaces (such as corridors and stairways)

Fire detection and alarm systems maycontain:

. system control unit

. primary (mains) electrical supply

. secondary (battery or capacitor stand-by)power supply. An emergency generator

could also be used. alarm activation devices manual orautomatic

. alarm indication devices audible and/orvisual

. remote indication on a buildin monitorin


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Preferred location of detectors:

. Over 300 mm from light fittings.

. Min. one per storey.

. Loft conversions, with alarm linked to operate others and beoperated by others in the dwelling.

. Circulation spaces between bedrooms.

. Circulation spaces < 7.5 m from doors to habitable rooms.

. Kitchens (with regard to heat/smoke producing appliances).

. Living rooms.


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SMOKE, FIRE AND HEATDETECTORS

A smoke alarm senses smoke and can alert you to a fire togive you time to escape. The alarm can be wired into thehousehold electrical mains (with a battery back-up), or be

battery operated only. Wired-in alarms can be more reliable inthe longer term.

There are two main types of smoke alarms for your home;photoelectric and ionisation. While both types of alarms areeffective for detecting flaming fires, the photoeletric smokealarm is more effective for detecting smoke from smoulderingfires.

Many homes have an ionisation type

of alarm installed, however fire

authorities recommend that photo-


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If smoke enters the unit, particlesattach to the ions slowing their

movement.

This reduction in current flowactuates an electronic relay circuit tooperate an alarm

A light beam projects onto a light

trap into which it is absorbed. Whensmoke enters the detector, some ofthe light beam is deflected upwardsonto a photo-electric cell.

This light energises the cell to

produce an electric current whichactivates the alarm relay.


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Security bySmokeDetectors


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Radiation Fire Detectors

In addition to producing hot gases, fire also releases radiantenergy in the form of visible light, infra-red and ultra-violet

radiation.

Radiant energy travels

in waves from the fire.


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Fire Dampers

In everyday service, the damper allows a through flow of airfor ventilation or equalization of pressure on either side ofthe doorway.

Damper units are slim line and are available with an overall

thickness of only 35mm or 44mm allowing them to beincorporated within conventional 35mm and 45mm nominalfire door leaves.


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Smoke Extraction andVentilation

Automatic fire ventilation is designed to remove heat, smokeand toxic gases from single-storey buildings. In large factoriesand shopping malls, the additional volume of air entering thebuilding by fire venting is insignificant relative to the benefitsof creating clear visibility.


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Smoke and Fire Ventilators

Ventilator area can be taken as the perimeteroccupied by hazardous material, multiplied by theventilation factor.

This approximates 1.3% of the floor area.


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Portable FireExtinguishers

A portable fire extinguishermust contain the type of fireextinguishing agent suitablefor the fire it is required toextinguish.

It must also be clearlyidentifiable by colour codingfor its intended purpose.


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Example:

Carbon dioxide extinguishercarbon dioxide is pressurizedas a liquid inside a cylinder.

Striking a knob at the top ofthe cylinder pierces a disc torelease the carbon dioxidewhich converts to a gas as itdepressurizes through the

extinguisher nozzle.


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Evacuation Systems for High-RiseBuildings

In the event of fire, the buildingmanager or the chief engineershould have the assignedauthority to order evacuation ofa given floor or several floors ofthe building.

Additional floors may beevacuated at the direction of thelocal fire department.

Floors to be evacuated (The

construction of the building willbe an important factor whenconsidering the direction of theevacuation and also todetermine the number of floors

to be evacuated from theinvolved area.)


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REFRENCES

[Architecture Ebook] Building ServicesHandbook.pdf

Wikipedia.org

Evacuation Systems for High-Rise Buildings.pdf Fire_Equipment_Manufacturers'_Association.htm

Google images


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Thanks

you

Fire Fighting 1

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