Fingerprint Classification- Loop Patterns

FBI MISSION STATEMENTFBI MISSION STATEMENT

The mission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners.

The mission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners.

CJIS MISSION STATEMENTCJIS MISSION STATEMENT

Reduce terrorist and criminal activities by maximizing the ability to provide timely and relevant criminal justice information to the FBI and to qualified law enforcement, criminal justice, civilian, academic, employment, and licensing agencies concerning individuals, stolen property, criminal organizations and activities, and other law enforcement related data.

Reduce terrorist and criminal activities by maximizing the ability to provide timely and relevant criminal justice information to the FBI and to qualified law enforcement, criminal justice, civilian, academic, employment, and licensing agencies concerning individuals, stolen property, criminal organizations and activities, and other law enforcement related data.

CJIS DIVISIONCJIS DIVISION

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FINGERPRINT PATTERN RECOGNITION

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FINGERPRINT PATTERN RECOGNITION

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Federal Bureau of InvestigationUnited States Department of Justice

Federal Bureau of InvestigationUnited States Department of Justice

Illustrations of Various Fingerprint Patterns

Illustrations of Various Fingerprint Patterns

The presence or existence of whorls in finger impressionsis used as the basis for the determination of the chief or the primary classification.Each whorl appearing in an or all of the ten fingers has a certain arbitrary or fixed value. The addition of the values represented by such whorls and the indication of the total value is known as the primary classification. Illustrations of the whorl types which are shown on the right of this chart. Illustrations of the other types are shown on the left.

The presence or existence of whorls in finger impressionsis used as the basis for the determination of the chief or the primary classification.Each whorl appearing in an or all of the ten fingers has a certain arbitrary or fixed value. The addition of the values represented by such whorls and the indication of the total value is known as the primary classification. Illustrations of the whorl types which are shown on the right of this chart. Illustrations of the other types are shown on the left.

PLAIN ARCHPLAIN ARCH

TENTED ARCHTENTED ARCH

RADIAL LOOPRADIAL LOOP

ULNAR LOOPULNAR LOOP

PLAIN WHORLPLAIN WHORL

CENTRAL POCKETCENTRAL POCKET

DOUBLE LOOPDOUBLE LOOP

ACCIDENTALACCIDENTAL

FINGERPRINT PATTERN FREQUENCY

FINGERPRINT PATTERN FREQUENCY

Loops65%

Whorls30%

Arches5%

LOOPLOOP

Definition: A LOOP is that type of pattern in which one or more ridges enter upon either side, recurve, touch or pass an

imaginary line between delta and core and pass out or tend to pass out upon the same side the ridge entered.

Definition: A LOOP is that type of pattern in which one or more ridges enter upon either side, recurve, touch or pass an

imaginary line between delta and core and pass out or tend to pass out upon the same side the ridge entered.

FLOW OF RIDGESFLOW OF RIDGES

ULNAR LOOP ULNAR LOOP RADIAL LOOP ULNAR LOOP ULNAR LOOP RADIAL LOOP

THE ABOVE PATTERNS SHOW THE DIRECTION RIDGES FLOW IF LOCATED IN THE RIGHT HAND.

THE ABOVE PATTERNS SHOW THE DIRECTION RIDGES FLOW IF LOCATED IN THE RIGHT HAND.

RADIAL LOOP ULNAR LOOP RADIAL LOOPRADIAL LOOP ULNAR LOOP RADIAL LOOP

FLOW OF RIDGESFLOW OF RIDGES

THE ABOVE PATTERNS SHOW THE DIRECTION RIDGES FLOW IF LOCATED IN THE RIGHT HAND.

THE ABOVE PATTERNS SHOW THE DIRECTION RIDGES FLOW IF LOCATED IN THE RIGHT HAND.

1. Sufficient Recurve2. Delta3. Ridge Count - Across a looping ridge

1. Sufficient Recurve2. Delta3. Ridge Count - Across a looping ridge

THREE BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A LOOPTHREE BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A LOOP

3 COUNT LOOP3 COUNT LOOP

CORE

SUFFICIENTRECURVE

DELTA

SUFFICIENT RECURVESUFFICIENT RECURVE

A SUFFICIENT RECURVE consists of the space between the shoulders of a loop free of any appendages which abutupon it at a right angle on the outside of the recurve.

A SUFFICIENT RECURVE consists of the space between the shoulders of a loop free of any appendages which abutupon it at a right angle on the outside of the recurve.

1.2. 3. 4. 5.

6.

8.7.

S S

S

S

S

S

S S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

Shoulders

SUFFICIENT RECURVESUFFICIENT RECURVE

THE SHOULDERS OF A LOOP are the points at which the recurving ridge definitely turns

inward or curves.

THE SHOULDERS OF A LOOP are the points at which the recurving ridge definitely turns

inward or curves.

S S

SS S

S

9.10. 11.

APPENDAGEAttachment or Connection

APPENDAGEAttachment or Connection

An appendage striking the outside of the recurve at a right angle will spoil that recurve.

An appendage striking the outside of the recurve at a right angle will spoil that recurve.

LOOP PATTERN AREALOOP PATTERN AREA

PATTERN AREA includes the CORE, DELTA, and RIDGES which are used in the classification of a loop.

PATTERN AREA includes the CORE, DELTA, and RIDGES which are used in the classification of a loop.

T

T

PATTERNAREA

TYPELINESTYPELINES

T

T

T

T

Definition: The two innermost ridges that are parallel and surround or tend to surround the pattern area.

Definition: The two innermost ridges that are parallel and surround or tend to surround the pattern area.

TT

TT

TYPELINESTYPELINES

DELTADELTA

THE DELTA IS THAT POINT ON A RIDGE AT OR NEAREST THE POINT OF DIVERGENCE OF TWO TYPELINES, AND LOCATED AT OR DIRECTLY IN FRONT OF THE POINT OF

DIVERGENCE.

THE DELTA IS THAT POINT ON A RIDGE AT OR NEAREST THE POINT OF DIVERGENCE OF TWO TYPELINES, AND LOCATED AT OR DIRECTLY IN FRONT OF THE POINT OF

DIVERGENCE.

Area to be considered in front of the point of divergence of two typelines.Area to be considered in front of the point of divergence of two typelines.

DOT

BIFURCATION

MEETINGOF TWORIDGES

SHORTRIDGE

RECURVINGRIDGE

ENDINGRIDGE

DELTASDELTAS

CORECORE

THE APPROXIMATE CENTER OF THE PATTERNPLACED UPON OR WITHIN THE INNERMOST SUFFICIENT

RECURVE.

LOCATED ON THE SHOULDERS OF THE INNERMOST LOOP FARTHEST FROM THE DELTA.

THE APPROXIMATE CENTER OF THE PATTERNPLACED UPON OR WITHIN THE INNERMOST SUFFICIENT

RECURVE.

LOCATED ON THE SHOULDERS OF THE INNERMOST LOOP FARTHEST FROM THE DELTA.

CORE CORE CORE CORE

LOCATED ON THE SPIKE OR ROD IN THE CENTER OF THE INNERMOST RECURVE,

PROVIDED THE SPIKE OR ROD RISES AS HIGH AS THE SHOULDERS.

LOCATED ON THE SPIKE OR ROD IN THE CENTER OF THE INNERMOST RECURVE,

PROVIDED THE SPIKE OR ROD RISES AS HIGH AS THE SHOULDERS.

CORE CORE CORE CORE

CORECORE

RIDGE COUNTINGRIDGE COUNTING

1 - Count 2 - Counts 3 - Counts 1 - Count 2 - Counts 3 - Counts

1 1 2 21 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 11 2 2 2 2 1

04 - COUNTS04 - COUNTS

CC

DD

04

RIDGE COUNTINGRIDGE COUNTING

C

D

02

RIDGE COUNTINGRIDGE COUNTING

02 - COUNTS02 - COUNTS

C

D

RIDGE COUNTINGRIDGE COUNTING

17 - COUNTS17 - COUNTS

DC

D

03C

03

D

C

D

02

C

D

03C

D

01

D

C02

D

C

D

C

03 02

C

D

04C

D

02

C

D

01

C

D

01

D

C

D

C

D

C

D

C

D

C

D

02 02 01

01 01 TTC

LOOPLOOP

12 COUNTS12 COUNTS

CC

DD

CCDD

LOOPLOOP

06 COUNTS06 COUNTS

DD

CC

LOOPLOOP

02 COUNTS02 COUNTS

CC

DD

LOOPLOOP

07 COUNTS07 COUNTS

DD

CC

LOOPLOOP

16 COUNTS16 COUNTS

CC

DD

LOOPLOOP

23 COUNTS23 COUNTS

DD

CCLOOPLOOP

14 COUNTS14 COUNTS

DD

CC

LOOPLOOP

02 COUNTS02 COUNTS

DD

CC

LOOPLOOP

13 COUNTS13 COUNTS

DD

CC

LOOPLOOP

10 COUNTS10 COUNTS

DD

CC

LOOPLOOP

17 COUNTS17 COUNTS

DD

CC

LOOPLOOP

10 COUNTS10 COUNTS

DD

CC

LOOPLOOP

15 COUNTS15 COUNTS

DD

CC

LOOPLOOP

14 COUNTS14 COUNTS

DD

CC

LOOPLOOP

05 COUNTS05 COUNTS

DD

CC

LOOPLOOP

15 COUNTS15 COUNTS

DD

CC

LOOPLOOP

22 COUNTS22 COUNTS

DD

CC

LOOPLOOP

03 COUNTS03 COUNTS

DD

CC

LOOPLOOP

14 COUNTS14 COUNTS

DD

CC

LOOPLOOP

10 COUNTSJoin the two loops as one.

10 COUNTSJoin the two loops as one.

ULNAR LOOPULNAR LOOPUlnar Loops flow toward the little finger.Ulnar Loops flow toward the little finger.

03 01 02 03 03

0303 02 03 02

The direction of flow applies to the finger on the hand, not as they appear on the fingerprint card.

The direction of flow applies to the finger on the hand, not as they appear on the fingerprint card.

RADIAL LOOPRADIAL LOOP Radial Loops flow toward the thumb. Radial Loops flow toward the thumb.

03 52 03 53 01

55 01 53 01 01

The direction of flow applies to the fingers on the hand, not as they appear on the fingerprint card.

The direction of flow applies to the fingers on the hand, not as they appear on the fingerprint card.

NOTE:NOTE:

RADIUSRIGHT HAND

ULNA

When a loop enters and exits from the THUMB side of the hand, the pattern will always be a “Radial Loop.”

When a loop enters and exits from the PINKY finger, the pattern will always be an “Ulnar Loop.” There are NO exceptions to this rule!

When a loop enters and exits from the THUMB side of the hand, the pattern will always be a “Radial Loop.”

When a loop enters and exits from the PINKY finger, the pattern will always be an “Ulnar Loop.” There are NO exceptions to this rule!

LOOP FREQUENCYLOOP FREQUENCY

ULNAR94%

RADIAL6%

Questions?Questions?