Finding shared laws: Ladders Philosophy 152 Philosophy of Social Science Week 10 Winter 2011
Jan 14, 2016
Finding shared laws: Ladders
Philosophy 152 Philosophy of Social Science
Week 10 Winter 2011
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RecallTheory Claim 2.1: The facts relevant for predicting ‘T will contribute positively to the production of O in S’ include
There is a causal law that holds in S from implementation till time of outcome in which T figures as a cause of O.
Help in finding shared laws:
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Straight sturdy ladders
So you can climb up and down across levels of abstraction without mishap.
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Ensuring right ladders to right places
The same isn’t always the same.
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• There may be a set of laws that –enable X to cause Y in the study–may be shared with the target.
Yet in the target they do not connect X and Y.
• Because what counts as a realization of a given factor in the study need not do so in the target.
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The abstract and the concrete• Laws that hold relatively widely generally involve
abstract features.• Abstract features are always instantiated in more concrete ones.• A GE Lessing fable:
A marten eats the grouse. A fox throttles the marten; the tooth of the
wolf, the fox.The weaker are always prey to the stronger.
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What counts as a straight line?
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What counts in the circs as a lever?
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Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project vs the Tamil Nadu INP
Bangladesh
Tamil Nadu
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Candidate shared principles, Bangladesh and Tamil Nadu
1. Better nutritional knowledge in mothers plus food supplied by the project for supplemental feeding improves children’s nutrition.
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Candidate shared principles, Bangladesh and Tamil Nadu
1. Better nutritional knowledge in mothers plus food supplied by the project for supplemental feeding improves children’s nutrition.
2. Better nutritional knowledge in mothers plus supplemental feeding of children improves children’s nutrition.
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Principle more likely to be shared3. Better nutritional knowledge results in better
children’s nutrition in those whoa. provide the child with supplemental feeding,b. control what food is procured,c. control how food gets dispensed andd. hold the child’s interests as central in
performing 2. and 3.
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Broken ladders• In Bangladesh
– Food supplied ≠ supplementary food.
– Being a mother ≠ the features in b.&c.
• There is a shared principle at a higher level of abstraction.
• But there were no ladders to reach it from programme features in Bangladesh.
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BINP shows…
1. The same isn’t always the same2. This limits the usefulness of it-works-
somewhere claims.But1’. In different contexts very different things can
be the same.2.’ It-works-somewhere claims can support policy
predictions far away and very different from the study populations that warrant them.
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Finding and warranting shared laws
• These can be at high levels of abstraction – so hunt there.
• Warrant– Is the law really shared?– Does T in a successful study really instantiate a
cause in the abstract shared law?– Does the policy really instantiate a cause in the
abstract shared law in your situation?
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Those in controlof food purchase and distribution
Mothers ???
Tamil Nadu Anywhere else
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Child welfare example
• Being pushed to go to parenting classes can mean different things in different cultural groups.
• It could be– A learning experience– A humiliation
With opposite outcomes.• This can lead both to accepting policies that won’t work
for you or rejecting those that will, depending on which is study and which is target population.
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Pressure to comply
Compliance Humiliation
Aggression
Pressure toattendclasses
Attendanceatclasses
Violencetowardschild
Mind the gap
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In situation S, X causes U cause V causes W…causes Y because
• X and U constitute more abstract features X1 and U1 in S.
• U and V constitute more abstract features U2 and V2 in S.
• And so forth.• Note the new subscripts.• X causes Y by law in S but the laws that allow it to
do so don’t join up.
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Simplified pencil-sharpener: Open window (A) and fly kite (B). String (C) lifts small door (D) allowing moths (E) to escape and eat red flannel shirt (F). As weight of shirt becomes less, shoe (G) steps on switch (H) which heats electric iron (I) and burns hole in pants (J). Smoke (K) enters hole in tree (L), smoking out opossum (M) which jumps into basket (N), pulling rope (O) and lifting cage (P), allowing woodpecker (Q) to chew wood from pencil (R), exposing lead. Emergency knife (S) is always handy in case opossum or the woodpecker gets sick and can't work.
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Pulling one end of pulley
Raising ofweight at other end
Breaching of a closed container
Releasing ofcontainer contents
Flying the kite Opening of a door
Releasing of moths
Mind the gap
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Lesson
The road from ‘It works somewhere’ to ‘It will work for us’ requires a lot of scrambling up and down.
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Review – relevance
• Two kind of facts directly relevant to predicting ‘T will contribute to O in S’.
1. Production of O in S is governed by a law L in which T appears as a cause of O.
2. All the factors necessary under L to support T in producing a contribution to O obtain in S.
Other facts are relevant – indirectly – if they are relevant to establishing either of these facts.
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Review – role of RCTs
• A positive outcome in an RCT in situation/population X is directly relevant to ‘X is governed by a law, say L, in which T causes O.’
• This can be indirectly relevant to ‘S is governed by a law in which T causes O’ conditional on the fact ‘X and S share L.’– Conditionally relevant on A relevant iff A holds.– Presumably we’d like good reason before we assume this.
• RCTs are not relevant to ‘All the supporting factors required by L for T to contribute to O obtain in S.’
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It’s a long and tortuousroad from it-works-somewhere to
it-will-work-for-us
In Sum…
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And…
The road is shaky and needs reliable support all the way along.
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To consider…If you want to get there,
maybe ‘it works
somewhere’ may not be the best starting point.