Find the cheapest test bank for your text book!testbankeasy.eu/sample/Test bank for Child Psychology, 3… · Web view91. In recent years, Freud's psychoanalytic theory has A. been

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11. Which of the following words best describes the focus of the study of human

development?

A. change

B. childhood

C. infancy

D. relationships

2. The modern era of studying children has a history of approximately____________.

A. 50 years

B. 100 years

C. 150 years

D. less than 25 years

3. The National Organization of Canadian Psychologists was formed __________ years

after the United States Association.

A. 26 years

B. 36 years

C. 46 years

D. 56 years

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4. James Baldwin published papers on such topics as handedness and imitation. His main subject/(s) was/(were)___________.

A. children from poor families

B. children from white middle class families

C. his son

D. his daughter

5. The Institute for Child Study in Toronto was initially headed by William Blatz. He

became known for a famous study in child development. This study was based on___________.

A. twin studies in the Toronto area

B. gender differences in Children

C. the Dionne quintuplets

D. the Dwyer family

6. The term used to describe the biological processes assumed to govern development

is

A. heredity.

B. predestination.

C. maturation.

D. nature.



7. When Tamika learns the first part of the multiplication table, she has shown development in a __________ process.

A. biological

B. cognitive

C. socioemotional

D. personality

8. Kwame got angry because Harry took his toy without asking, and he punched Harry

in the arm. kwame's response reflects the role of __________ processes in his development.

A. biological

B. cognitive

C. socioemotional

D. individualistic

9. A girl who is large for her age may not have many friends. This is an example of

interaction between which two types of development?

A. physical and cognitive

B. cognitive and psychosocial

C. personality and psychosocial

D. physical and psychosocial



10. The child who is best thought of as engaging in a cognitive process is the one who is

A. gripping his bottle.

B. wetting her pants.

C. learning to speak French.

D. expressing anger because her friend just told her that she could not be in his play.

11. In trying to understand influences on development, today developmental

psychologists focus on

A. the interplay between biology and environment.

B. the interplay between biology and nature.

C. the interplay between nurture and environment.

D. the interplay between predetermination and predestination.

12. If Arnold Gesell were alive today, he would most likely explain the phenomenon of

failure to thrive in terms of

A. a mother-infant bonding.

B. family dysfunction.

C. dietary factors.

D. physiological predisposition.



13. Psychologists who emphasize the importance of maturation in development would typically focus on which of the following to explain development?

A. good prenatal care

B. genetic strengths and defects

C. adequate amounts of nutritious foods

D. good educ



ational experiences

14. In your psychology course you are

discussing nature versus nurture issues in cognitive development. You support the role of maturation in speed of cognitive processing (i.e., _______ influences).

A. genetic

B. environmental

C. parental

D. generational



15. "It's no use putting her in a special educational program", Misha's dad explained patiently. "She just can't understand things very well. Her grandpa was the same way. We might as well get used to it now". Misha's dad seems to

A. view development as a discontinuous process.

B. hold a nurture view of development.

C. view devel



opment as a continuous process.

D. hold a "nature" view of development.



16. Nurture is to experience as nature is to

A. maturation.

B. edification.

C. learning.

D. the environment.



17. If one views development as a "dance" between a child and various others, one is inferring that the child

A. is passive in its development, quietly absorbing the different rhythms, movements, and beats.

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ects its own development, independent of all others.

C. plays an active role in her development, being both mod



ified and modifier.

D. has a predisposition for music and exhibits this in her behaviours with adults.



18. When development is viewed as consisting of a series of discrete, distinct steps, it is said to be

A. continuous.

B. discontinuous.

C. atypical.

D. active.



19. The continuity-discontinuity controversy involves the debate about whether development is

A. gradual or comes in distinct stages.

B. most influenced by experiences during infancy or those later in



life.

C. primarily influenced by biology or the environment.

D. influenced by all of the above.



20. The ability to engage in thoughtful reflectiveness seems to happen all of a sudden. But if one carefully examines it, this ability is actually based on an accumulation of experiences across many years. This explanation supports a ______ view of development.

A. nature

B. nurture

C. continuous

D. discontinuous



21. A tadpole becoming a frog is an example of

A. continuity in development.

B. nurture's role in development.

C. discontinuity in development.

D. developmental stab



ility.

22. Insects go through egg, larval, and adult

stages of development. These stages best illustrate which characteristic of development?

A. change

B. stability

C. instability

D. discontinuity



23. Which of the following statements best characterizes the view that development is a discontinuous process?

A. During adolescence, an individual moves from not being able to think abstractly about the world to



being able to do so.

B. Puberty is a gradual process, occurring over several years.

C. Even though extreme environmen



ts can depress development, basic growth tendencies are wired into human beings.

D. If infants experience negativ



e events in their lives, those experiences can be overcome by later, more positive experiences.



24. In order to resolve the issue concerning the importance of situational versus individual characteristics, many psychologists focus on

A. the interaction between the two.

B. the dominant characteristic.

C. the impact of gender.

D. manifestati



on of characteristics during critical or sensitive periods of development.



25. Research has demonstrated that one primary factor that buffers a child's response to a risk factor is

A. positive individual attributes.

B. genetic inheritance.

C. rate of growth.

D. general health.



26. Juanita's father has recently suffered a serious accident. Although Juanita is upset, she spends a lot of time with her grandparents, who are warm and sensitive in order to help her cope. Juanita's grandparents, who have a positive effect on Juanita's resilience, are an example of

A. cross generational influence.

B. a cohort effect.

C. a supportive family environment.

D. family ob



ligation.



27. Contemporary viewpoints of risk and resilience assert that

A. individual children often experience widely divergent pathways in development.

B. most children follow



a path of minimal risk.

C. risk factors are not affected by timing.

D. resilience is limited to cognitive coping ski



lls.



28. A number of factors characterize resilient children. Predict which one of the following is NOT likely to be a required factor present in a resilient child.

A. good intellectual functioning

B. comes from a large family

C. close relationship to a caring parent(s)

D. bond



s to prosocial adults outside the home

29. Conditions that increase the likelihood of a

negative outcome or result are called __________ factors.

A. aversive

B. plastic

C. adaptive

D. risk



30. Erin initially appeared to cope with her parents' divorce well. Later she exhibited problems with school and in her friendships. Which response to risk is this an example of?

A. coping factor

B. denial

C. aftershock

D. sleeper effect



31. In addition to helping organize and integrate existing information into a meaningful whole, developmental theories also

A. prove which issues are factual.

B. are unchanging, thereby serving as a standard for comparison pu



rposes.

C. are always global in nature as opposed to being concerned with specific areas of development.

D. lead to



testable predictions about behaviour.



32. Developmental theories, in addition to helping organize and integrate existing information into a meaningful whole, also


B. are always global in nature, as opposed to being concerned with



specific areas of development.

C. lead to testable predictions about behaviour.

D. are unchanging, thereby serving



as a standard for comparison purposes.



33. Which of the following statements does NOT describe the structural-organismic perspective of development of Freud and Piaget?

A. Objective reality is central in the child's development.

B. Development is based on biological proc



esses.

C. The stages that occur during development are universal.

D. Development is discontinuous.



34. In general, behavioural perspectives on development see the role of the child as being

A. an active participant.

B. passive in shaping his or her own development.

C. selective in choosing which stim



uli to associate.

D. unable to benefit from environmental consequences.



35. Which one of the following statements does NOT apply to learning perspectives of development?

A. Development is viewed as discontinuous.

B. The child is viewed as a passive participant in development.



C. The role of the environment is emphasized.

D. Observable behaviour is important to measure.



36. Jordan and his family recently returned home to St. John's from a vacation to Disney World. On the airplane ride home, Jordan became sick. Ever since, Jordan says he will never fly in an airplane again because they make him sick. Which theoretical perspective can best account for Jordan's feelings?

A. classical conditioning

B. operant conditioning

C. cognitive social learning theory

D. psychody



namic theory



37. Julia's mother is taking her to the dentist. The last time Julia had an appointment, she had two teeth pulled. Upon seeing her family dentist, Julia becomes fearful and begins to cry. Her behaviour is an example of

A. immature cognition.

B. negative punishment.

C. operant conditioning.

D. classical conditioning.





38. According to learning theorists, adults can reinforce aggression in children simply by

A. telling children to fight back.

B. ignoring the aggression.

C. paying attention to the aggression.

D. rewarding passi



ve children.



39. One of the children in your classroom is disruptive and loud. By praising good behaviour and ignoring disruptive behaviour, you hope to decrease the frequency of outbursts. Which theoretical perspective are you employing?

A. cognitive social learning theory

B. behavioural theory

C. psychodynamic theory

D. ecological theo



ry



40. Which is NOT a correct pairing?

A. Pavlov and classical conditioning

B. Bandura and cognitive social learning theory

C. Watson and informati



on processing

D. Skinner and operant conditioning



41. Behaviourism emphasizes the

A. relationship between internal thought and external behaviour.

B. scientific study of observable response



s and their environmental determinants.

C. importance of unconscious drives over conscious desires.

D. connection betw



een animal reflexes and human decision making.



42. One of the key assumptions binding classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive social learning theorists is that researchers should

A. use only animals in their studies.

B. refrain from attempting to determine the cause of behaviour.

C. assu



me that environmental factors play a major role in learning.

D. assume that people are basically good and



driven to self improvement.



43. According to Piaget, it is the different way of understanding the world that makes one stage more advanced than another; knowing more information does not make the child's thinking more advanced. This is an example of

A. quantitative development.

B. qualitative development.

C. psychosocial development.

D. psychosexual



development.

44. According to Piaget's organismic

perspective, children proceed through qualitatively different ways of organizing information. This view of development is

A. continuous.

B. discontinuous.

C. passive.

D. relational.



45. If a person's behaviour is viewed as active and self-determining, that person would be perceived as demonstrating the __________ model of behaviour.

A. naturalistic

B. mechanistic

C. organismic

D. maturationistic



46. Organismic theorists emphasize __________ change.

A. quantitative

B. behavioural

C. qualitative

D. none of the above



47. Most of the early pioneers in psychology, such as Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Jean Piaget, favored the __________ perspective on human development.

A. organismic

B. quantitative

C. mechanistic

D. behaviouristic



48. A major distinction between Piaget's developmental theory and the information processing approach is that

A. Piaget sees development as continuous whereas the information processing approach views develop



ment as occurring in distinct stages.

B. Piaget sees development as an active process whereas the information pr



ocessing view sees the organism as passive.

C. Piaget focused on perception whereas the information processin



g approach focuses on thinking and memory.

D. Piaget sees development as occurring in stages whereas the inf



ormation processing approach sees development as continuous.



49. Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus

A. is replaced by a cognitive schema.

B. can be ignored by the respondent.

C. is converted into a neutral resp



onse.

D. acquires the ability to produce a response originally produced by another stimulus.



50. One day, while swimming in the ocean, Frank is stung by a large jellyfish. The next day, he sees a bowl of quivering clear gelatin and is startled. Frank's behaviour is best explained by

A. cognitive principles.

B. ethological principles.

C. classical conditioning principles.

D. psychoanalytic principles.





51. As a Skinnerian, Dr. Brown's explanation for the aggressive behaviour exhibited by 10-year-old Ben would likely involve a(n)

A. discussion of Ben's unresolved love for his mother.

B. proposal that Ben's problem is due to a faulty thou



ght pattern.

C. argument that although Ben's behaviour is bad, human behaviour is basically good.

D. description of ho



w Ben's father has often rewarded his child's aggressive behaviour.



52. Classical conditioning is to __________ as operant conditioning is to __________.

A. Pavlov; Bandura

B. Pavlov; Skinner

C. Bandura; Skinner

D. Skinner; Pavlov



53. Nellie bangs her head against the wall repeatedly throughout the day. Skinner would say that the best way to fix this problem is to

A. explore experiences from Nellie's early childhood.

B. interview Nellie to determine her current level of co



gnitive functioning.

C. determine how Nellie's expectations have lead her to develop this behaviour.

D. identify the en



vironmental conditions that are maintaining this behaviour and change them.



54. "Development at all ages is the result of learning by reacting to the environment." Which kind of theorist would be likely to make this statement?

A. cognitive developmental

B. cognitive social learning

C. behaviourist

D. psychoanalytic



55. In ____________, a response continues to be made because it has been reinforced.



C. adaptation

D. accommodation



56. According to cognitive social learning theory, children imitate

A. automatically.

B. selectively.

C. all inclusively.

D. reflexively.



57. Yvonne is arguing with Thomas over a toy while Pat watches. The toy is one that Pat loves to play with. Yvonne pushes Thomas to the ground and runs off with the toy. According to Bandura's (1989) experiments with the bobo doll, Pat is likely to

A. give Yvonne any toy that she wants.

B. behave aggressively towards other children who are pl



aying with toys that Pat wants.

C. help Thomas to his feet.

D. retrieve the toy for Thomas.



58. Bandura asserts that four processes determine whether a child will learn from watching others. These processes are

A. attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

B. attention, observation, repetition, and reinforce



ment.

C. attention, observation, memory, and reinforcement.

D. observation, attention, memory, and motiva



tion.

59. Which factor is NOT key to cognitive social

learning theory?

A. behaviour

B. environment

C. classical conditioning

D. cognition



60. "Sit down, shut up, and respect your brother!" Mom shouted to Timmy. "Learn to talk instead of fighting!" According to Bandura, Timmy is likely to

A. sit down, shut up, and learn to respect his brother.

B. learn to yell to solve his problems.

C. keep on



talking and not respecting his brother.

D. sit down and shut up, but never respect his brother.



61. Bandura disagrees with Skinner's behaviouristic idea about the unimportance of

A. reinforcement.

B. punishment.

C. cognition.

D. environment.



62. __________ emphasizes the interaction between behaviour, the environment, and the person and/or cognition.

A. Behaviourism

B. Information processing theory

C. Psychosocial theory

D. Cognitive social learning theory



63. Cognitive social learning theory is an outgrowth of

A. Freudian theory.

B. behaviourism.

C. the cognitive perspective.

D. the information processing approach.



64. The principles of cognitive social learning theory were developed by

A. B. F. Skinner.

B. Carl Rogers.

C. John B. Watson.

D. Albert Bandura.



65. In discussing the nature of cognitive development, Piaget would describe a child as being a(n)

A. passive participant in the construction of thoughts.

B. active participant in the construction of thoughts.



C. passive participant whose experiences alone determine intellectual development.

D. active participant whose expe



riences alone determine intellectual development



66. Dynamic systems theory emphasizes that developmental changes result from

A. influence exerted from adults to children.

B. growth of the nervous system.

C. maturation of the ego-iden



tity.

D. the coordination of elements of a complex, integrated system.



67. According to dynamic systems theory, the principle of dynamism involves

A. large systems.

B. the whole being more than the sum of its parts.

C. the number of individuals in a



system.

D. the interrelatedness of the parts of the system.



68. Vygotsky proposed that child development is

A. due to genetic components of a culture.

B. a product of social interaction.

C. a product of formal educati



on.

D. a product of assimilation and accommodation.



69. According to Vygotsky, higher order cognitive functions are influenced by

A. one's memory.

B. the child being able to solve problems independently.

C. interactions with those persons



more skilled than the child.

D. cultural invariants.



70. In Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, "mediators" are

A. tools such as language which assist the child in developing cognitively.

B. adults who teach children to lear



n.C. pe

er tutors.

D. adults who break down problems into simpler components.



71. Vygotsky portrayed the child's development as inseparable from

A. social activities.

B. cultural activities.

C. both social and cultural activities.




72. Theorists who employ computer analogies and flowcharts to explain development are operating from which theoretical perspective?

A. behavioural

B. organismic

C. cognitive

D. information processing



73. Information processing theory emphasizes

A. the relationship between cognition and personality.

B. cognitive processes related to the nervous syste



m.C. co

gnitive processes that occur between the input of a stimulus and the response to that stimulus.

D. the



effects of rewards on cognitive processes.



74. An information processing theorist would be most interested in

A. inherited characteristics.

B. maturation-based crises.

C. reasoning and problem solving.

D. qualitative diffe



rences between groups of children.

75. What was one of the most important factors

contributing to the information processing theory?

A. the computer

B. the Internet

C. television

D. video games



76. Dr. Chen believes that thinking is defined as how individuals perceive, encode, represent, store, and retrieve information. Dr. Chen would be considered a(n) _____ theorist.

A. psychoanalytic

B. psychosocial

C. sociocultural




77. Because Freud saw development proceeding through a series of stages, his theory is

A. continuous.

B. discontinuous.

C. psychodynamic.

D. biologically based.



78. By identifying the oral stage of development, Freud was acknowledging that

A. infants spend most of the first year teething.

B. the mother-infant relationship is primarily base



d upon nursing and feeding.

C. infants spend much time engaged in oral activity which is both nutritive and non-nu



tritive.

D. most cultures recognize that a well fed baby is a happy baby.



79. At dinner one night, your 4-year-old announces that she knows the difference between boys and girls. When you ask her what it is, she proudly states that girls sit when they go potty and boys stand and that she knows this because she was able to see into the boys' bathroom at preschool today. Based upon this information, you conclude that your daughter is in the

A. oral stage of development.

B. anal stage of development.

C. phallic stage of developmen



t.D. ge

nital stage of development.



80. The phallic stage of development is characterized by the appearance of

A. the Oedipus Complex in boys and the Electra Complex in girls.

B. sexual desires geared towards opposit



e sex peers.

C. an emerging sense of autonomy.

D. preferences for same sex friends.



81. Western culture's current emphasis on early experience can be traced to the work of

A. Sigmund Freud.

B. Jerome Kagan.

C. John Watson.

D. Mary Ainsworth.



82. Which of the following pairs is correctly linked?

A. Freud - biological

B. Freud - cognitive

C. Vygotsky - biological

D. Piaget - ethological



83. ___________________ theory describes development as primarily unconscious and colored by emotion.

A. Cognitive

B. Psychoanalytic

C. Biological

D. none of these.

84. What Freudian personality structure is often

referred to as our "conscience"?

A. idB. eg

oC. su

perego

D. libido



85. Two teenagers discover a parked sports car with the motor still running. According to Freud, the strong impulse that they feel to steal the car and get a "rush" by driving it originates in their

A. id.B. eg

o.C. su

perego.

D. conscience.

86. Which of the following is NOT a Freudian

stage?

A. unconscious

B. oral

C. anal

D. phallic



87. What is the developmental sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages?

A. oral, anal, latency, genital, phallic

B. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

C. phallic, oral, anal, latency, genital

D. latency, ph



allic, anal, oral, genital

88. Ten-year-old Maria thinks that all boys have

"cooties" and devotes most of her time studying to become a scientist. According to Freud, Maria is in what psychosexual stage of development?

A. oral

B. latency

C. phallic

D. genital

89. Jorge ate an entire bag of chocolate candies

and got sick as a result. Which of Freud's personality structures is responsible for ensuring that this lesson is learned?

A. superego

B. idC. eg

oD. eg

o ideal



90. Maria experiences great pleasure from going to the bathroom. She is in which of Freud's stages?

A. anal

B. genital

C. oral

D. phallic



91. In recent years, Freud's psychoanalytic theory has

A. been substantially supported by scientific evidence.

B. been largely unsupported by scientific evidence.

C. added



two additional stages to the original five.

D. been combined with Erikson's theory to form a holistic theory of de



velopment.



92. Which of the following is considered a contribution of the psychoanalytic theories?

A. They take into account the importance of early experiences in childhood.

B. They emphasize the importa



nce of the conscious mind.

C. They emphasize the importance of scientific research in supporting a theory.

D. They



emphasize the inherent goodness of humans.



93. Natalie, who is the mother of a five-year-old, asks her psychologist neighbor for some advice on child development. As a Freudian, the doctor would most likely say that

A. infants are aware of the motives underlying their behaviours.

B. parents have a minimal impact



on their children's development.

C. female children are more psychologically stable than are male children.

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velopment involves the constant interaction between biological urges and societal demands.



94. If you believe that a child's experiences with parents in their early years of life are important determinants of later personality development, your beliefs resemble those of

A. Sigmund Freud.

B. B.F. Skinner.

C. Arnold Gesell.

D. John Watson.



95. Your 2-year-old nephew is very proud of his abilities to do things his new baby sister cannot. He likes it very much that he can feed himself and play with blocks and make his tricycle go without help. According to Erikson's theory, which stage of development is he in?

A. trust versus mistrust

B. autonomy versus shame and doubt

C. initiative versus guilt

D. industr



y versus inferiority



96. Jordan is 8 years old and loves school. He is especially interested in planets and stars and everything that has to do with space. However, lately it has become very important to him that he know more than any of his classmates when it comes to this subject. According to Erikson's theory, which stage of development is he in?




D. indu



stry versus inferiority



97. All but one of the following is a task of adulthood according to Erikson's theory.

A. initiative versus guilt

B. intimacy versus isolation

C. generativity versus stagnation

D. ego integrity versus de



spair

98. Erikson's theory contains how many

stages?

A. 4B. 5C. 8D. 10

99. During what developmental period is

independence and identity the central theme?

A. early childhood

B. middle childhood

C. late childhood

D. adolescence



100. One of the major differences between Erikson's and Freud's approaches to human development involves Erikson's emphasis on

A. heredity.

B. sex differences.

C. the mind-body relationship.

D. development across the life span.



101. Erik Erikson is noted for his theory of

A. psychosexual stages.

B. psychosocial stages.

C. psychogenic stages.

D. psychopathological stages.



102. Freud is to psychosexual as Erikson is to _______________.

A. psychogenic.

B. psychoanalytic.

C. psychosocial.

D. psychopathological.



103. As a parent with an Eriksonian orientation, Sheryl believes that the first developmental task her newborn daughter will encounter will be about

A. trust.

B. autonomy.

C. initiative.

D. self identity.



104. Two-year-old Benjamin asserts his independence and realizes his will. He tests his parents' boundaries. Based on Erikson's psychosocial theory, if he is restrained or punished too harshly, he is likely to develop

A. guilt.

B. despair.

C. identity confusion.

D. shame and doubt.



105. As Courtney graduates from high school, she explores many roles, trying to decide what to study in college. What psychosocial stage of development is she in?

A. industry versus inferiority

B. generativity versus stagnation

C. identity versus identity confusion

D. auto



nomy versus shame and doubt



106. ______________ is Erikson's seventh developmental stage, which individuals experience during middle adulthood.

A. Stagnation vs. integrity

B. Isolation vs. generativity

C. Integrity vs. isolation

D. Generativity vs. stagnation



107. Which of the following examples is a positive resolution to Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development, integrity versus despair?

A. not being able to look back on your life and feel good about it

B. celebrating a 60th wedding annive



rsary with happiness

C. a preoccupation with death

D. dwelling on regrets about raising a teenage child



108. Dynamic systems theory emphasizes that development consists of


B. a dynamic interaction between members of a system.

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velopment of the nervous system.

D. an individual establishing a stable level of influence in the environment.



109. A child's development occurs in ________________ context(s).

A. singular

B. numerous

C. strictly positive

D. strictly negative



110. Which is NOT a context for a child's development?

A. home

B. church

C. language development

D. community



111. According to dynamic systems theory, the principle of complexity involves

A. large systems.





system.




112. Morphogenesis refers to

A. an individual's ability to change.

B. a system's ability to adapt to change.

C. a system's capacity to



remain stable.

D. an individual's motivation for change.



113. The ecological perspective of development emphasizes

A. a series of sequential stages.

B. the role of heredity in development.

C. the role of learning in developm



ent.

D. the context in which development occurs.



114. Which of the following sequences correctly identifies Bronfenbrenner's framework for organizing sets of environmental systems starting with the most immediate setting to the broadest setting?

A. microsystem, mesosystem, macrosystem, exosystem

B. exosystem, mesosystem, microsyste



m, macrosystem

C. microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem

D. mesosystem, microsystem, macro



system, exosystem

115. Settings that influence a child's

development but in which the child does not play a direct role, such as the workplace of the parents, are referred to as the

A. macrosystem.

B. exosystem.

C. mesosystem.

D. microsystem.



116. According to Bronfenbrenner, the context that recognizes that broad patterns of beliefs and ideology distinguish different cultures and countries, as well as different subcultures within a country, is the

A. macrosystem.

B. exosystem.

C. mesosystem.

D. microsystem.



117. _______________________ refers to the behaviour patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.

A. Chronosystem

B. Context

C. Open forum

D. Culture



118. A developmentalist compares the gender differences in socialization among Canadian, Japanese, German, and French children. This is a

A. cross-sectional study.

B. cross-gender study.

C. cross-comparison study.

D. cross-cultural study.



119. The major theorist connected to the ecological theory is

A. John Bowlby.

B. Konrad Lorenz.

C. Urie Bronfenbrenner.

D. John Piaget.



120. The setting in which an individual lives is called the

A. macrosystem.

B. exosystem.

C. microsystem.

D. chronosystem.



121. Since Jerome has always been the centre of attention in his family, he has some difficulty in his preschool because he insists on total attention from his peers and teachers. According to Bronfenbrenner, Jerome's developmental problems are taking place in the

A. microsystem.

B. mesosystem.

C. exosystem.

D. macrosystem.



122. The fact that growing up in Canada has influenced Matilda's life provides an example of the impact of the ____________ on human development.

A. macrosystem

B. chronosystem

C. exosystem

D. microsystem



123. Lana, who is the mayor of Halifax, decides that the city library is too expensive to maintain so she sells it to a private company that charges children $.50 to check out a book. This ecological change in the community involves the

A. chronosystem.

B. macrosystem.

C. microsystem.

D. exosystem.



124. The _______________________ is the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances.

A. exosystem

B. chronosystem

C. macrosystem

D. microsystem



125. "Development is best thought of as being strongly influenced by the environment, especially the various social and cultural contexts with which one interacts. To understand development, psychologists must analyze an individual's interactions within and between these different contexts." This statement would most likely be found in a term paper about the theory of

A. Piaget.

B. Lorenz.

C. Skinner.

D. Bronfenbrenner.



126. Cross-cultural studies compare

A. chronosystems.

B. exosystems.

C. macrosystems.

D. microsystems.



127. In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory of development, FAMILY is to TIME as _____ is to _____.

A. macrosystem; mesosystem

B. exosystem; microsystem

C. exosystem; chronosystem

D. microsystem;



chronosystem

128. Which American psychologist developed the

ecological perspective, which involves five interlocking contextual systems, from the most intimate to the most distant?

A. Vygotsky

B. Pavlov

C. Bronfenbrenner

D. Piaget



129. Ethological theorists view children as

A. captives of their biological roots.

B. incapable of modifying "elicitor" behaviours.

C. manifestations of basic need



s and instinctual drives.

D. open to learning and environmental experiences thereby working with biologically base



d behaviours.

130. The construct which led to recognition of the

importance of timing of events in early development is

A. critical periods.

B. universal behaviours.

C. species-specific behaviours.

D. cohort effects.



131. The basic methodology of ethologists is

A. experimentation in the natural habitat.

B. observation in the natural habitat.

C. surveying in the natural habitat.



D. description in the natural habitat.



132. The goal of research conducted by ethologists is

A. to determine cause and effect relationships.

B. to identify correlations between two variables.

C. to understan



d how behaviour occurs in a particular context.

D. to describe the relationship between heredity and behaviour.



133. A child in Canada and a child in Japan show similar emotional expressions of joy. Ethologists would explain this phenomenon as

A. a cultural phenomenon.

B. imprinting.

C. a learned phenomenon due to social relationships.

D. a biol



ogically determined behaviour.



134. In social relationships, ethologists are often interested in

A. personality traits.

B. nonverbal behaviour.

C. the role of cognition.

D. modeling.



135. A developmental psychologist with an ethological orientation would be least likely to

A. believe in the theory of evolution.

B. utilize the concept of a critical period.

C. view behaviour as being



influenced by biology.

D. focus on the impact of punishment on behaviour.



136. The person who is least likely to be an ethologist is one who observes

A. monkeys in the jungles of Africa.

B. children on school playgrounds.

C. ducklings as they develop on farms.

D. rats



in a well controlled research lab.



137. The presence of a sensitive period or a critical period is a key component of

A. ethological theory.

B. ecological theory.

C. biological theory.

D. sociocultural theory.



138. One contribution of the ethological theory is that it has increased

A. the focus on the biological and evolutionary basis of development.

B. research with humans.

C. the fo



cus on an individual's cognitive development.

D. on the importance of culture on development.



139. A __________ is a specific time during development when a given event, or lack of an event, has the greatest impact.

A. cohort

B. nonnormative event

C. critical period

D. developmental milestone



140. A critical period is a time when

A. an organism is most likely to be influenced by a specific event.

B. a person faces a developmental transition.



velopment is taking place most rapidly.

D. development slows down for a period of time.



141. Rubella has a disastrous impact if it is contracted during the first trimester of a pregnancy, yet has hardly any impact if contracted later in a pregnancy. This is an example of

A. fetal immune system maturation.

B. a normative event.

C. maturational timing.

D. a critical perio



d. 142. Which perspective emphasizes the idea that

species-specific behaviours enhance the survival of that species?

A. behaviouristic


C. contextual

D. ethological



143. When a researcher accounts for cohort effects, she is recognizing that

A. historical context is an important source of influence on the developing child.

B. one must establish norm



s for behaviour.

C. an error was made in the research design.

D. individual differences will always be present.



144. When a researcher accounts for cohort effects, she is recognizing that





s for behaviour.





145. Life span studies are based on which of the following ideas?

A. There is little continuity over the life span.

B. Development occurs early in life, not during adulthood.



C. Every portion of the life span is influenced by earlier events and will in turn affect later events.

D. The domains



of development are not interrelated.



146. Events such as puberty and entry into formal education, which are highly similar for people in a particular age group, are considered

A. normative age-graded influences.

B. expected events.

C. cohort experiences.

D. nonnormative life events.



147. A group of people who share a similar experience common to all of its members is called a

A. generation.

B. cohort.

C. culture.

D. group.



148. Your cohort includes your

A. grandparents and great-grandparents.

B. parents.

C. friends of your own age.

D. children and grandchildren.



149. Which of the following are members of the same cohort?

A. a woman who raised children in Toronto during World War II and a woman raising children in Toronto durin



g the 1990s

B. an urban child in Russia and a rural child in Canada

C. a veteran of the Gulf War and a veteran of Worl



d War I

D. a high school student in Edmonton and a high school student in Calgary



150. By considering the interrelatedness of different aspects of development, researchers today

A. are more confused than ever before.

B. no longer debate the nature-nurture issue in development.

C. have



a more in-depth view and understanding of development.

D. operate without any theoretical orientation.



151. A social worker is trying to help Tina put her life back together, find housing and work, and finish her technical degree. The social worker uses Skinner's theory to understand how to reward Tina for her efforts; uses Erikson's theory to understand the identity and intimacy crisis Tina is now facing; and uses Bronfenbrenner's theory to understand how the relations between family, school, and work will affect Tina's development. The social worker is using the ______ approach to developmental theory.

A. ethological

B. dynamic

C. eclectic

D. ethnographic



152. A set of ideas used to explain data and make further predictions is a

A. theory.

B. prediction.

C. explanation.

D. observation.



153. A good hypothesis should be

A. based on research.

B. testable.

C. a general statement about behaviour.

D. a coherent set of ideas.



154. A good theory suggests __________ to be tested by research.

A. data

B. hypotheses

C. findings

D. conclusions

155. "If children learn aggression from models,

then children who watch violent television shows should be more aggressive than children who watch non-violent shows." This is an example of a

A. theory.

B. finding.

C. hypothesis.

D. conclusion.



156. Dr. Bennett predicts that infants who have poor diets will have academic problems later in life. She then designs a study to test this idea. We would say that Dr. Bennett has proposed a(n) ___________.

A. hypothesis

B. theory

C. interpretation

D. opinion



157. After observing children interacting with a department store Santa Claus, a psychologist decides to study children's beliefs in Santa. Prior to beginning the study, the psychologist predicts that five-year-olds will believe in Santa, 10-year-olds will not be sure of their belief, and 15-year-olds will not believe at all. This prediction represents a(n)

A. theory.

B. method.

C. paradigm.

D. hypothesis.



158. Freud's psychosexual stages, Erikson's psychosocial stages, and Piaget's cognitive stages are considered

A. opinions.

B. hypotheses.

C. theories.

D. proven facts.

159. A selected portion of children from a larger

group or population of children which is representative (hopefully) of the larger group is referred to as a

A. subset.

B. class.

C. cohort.

D. sample.



160. When conducting research, scientists will typically measure a __________ and generalize the results to a __________.

A. cohort; sample

B. nonnormative group; normative group

C. population; sample

D. sample; population



161. Because studying an entire population is usually too costly and time-consuming, investigators select a ____________, a smaller group within the population.

A. cohort

B. subpopulation

C. sample

D. kinship network



162. A researcher wants to conduct a study analyzing Nova Scotian children in the first grade. All first-graders represent the ___________; those first-graders who participate in the study represent the ___________.

A. sample; population

B. population; sample

C. control group; experimental group

D. experimental



group; control group



163. The type of sample a researcher uses impacts most upon

A. those to whom the results and conclusions can legitimately apply.

B. the types of questions that can



be asked.

C. the research design being employed.

D. the research strategy developed.



164. You are a researcher conducting a study on the effects of divorce on children's academic performance. You are careful to select children from all socioeconomic levels. How well you select your sample will determine whether

A. your results measure academic performance.

B. the sample is representative of the populatio



n to whom you are applying the results.

C. families will participate.

D. your sample is randomized.



165. In order to insure that the results from a study are generalizable, researchers are increasingly employing either a national sample or

A. restrictive populations.

B. representative samples.

C. multiple samples.

D. random samples.



166. National surveys are useful in characterizing and describing the population but are less likely to

A. be used because of the cost.

B. address psychological as opposed to social issues.

C. be employed due



to high dropout rates.

D. provide detailed information regarding the processes of development.



167. When deciding which method to use for collecting information about children, the primary factor should be

A. the questions being asked by the researchers.

B. the age of the child/children.

C. the size of the sa



mple.

D. the research design itself.



168. An overriding problem in the use of parental surveys or questionnaires is that

A. they are too time-consuming.

B. they are very difficult to interpret, therefore resulting in inaccu



racies.

C. by their very nature, they tend to confuse parents.

D. they are usually retrospective in nature, therefore re



sulting in inaccuracies.



169. A psychologist is studying intellectual performance in minority groups. As a colleague, you are discussing various aspects of the study. You suggest that the testing instruments and protocol should

A. reflect middle class culture.

B. be adapted to reflect the cultures being studied.

C. not be altered from



standardized administration.

D. be adapted for some cultures, but not others.



170. Statistics indicate that the proportion of non-European, non-white population is increasing in North America. However, according to Fisher et al. (1998), minorities are often misunderstood, and their beliefs and values are viewed as deficient. In light of this finding, researchers are realizing that before conducting studies on various cultures, researchers must first

A. understand the cultural values of the minority they are studying.

B. reinterpret white



cultural values.

C. conduct studies for comparison with white cultures.

D. understand that most nonwhite cultures values ca



nnot be conceptualized.



171. Which of the following is NOT a strategy used to increase the accuracy of parents' and children's reports of behaviour as well as the range of situations in which such behaviours occur?

A. training a family member as an observer in order to reduce bias

B. reporting only immediate or



recent events to obtain a current picture

C. "beeping" research participants at random times and recording curre



nt behaviours, thoughts, and feelings

D. asking respondents to report a composite child or situation allowing re



searchers to establish trends and patterns



172. Parental reports are most accurate when they focus on

A. retrospective behaviours and events.

B. current practices and behaviours.

C. the developmental history of th



e child.

D. changes in a particular behaviour pattern or problem.



173. According to research by Zill (1986), truthfulness of children's reports can be improved by interviewing

A. only older children.

B. children in pairs.

C. children alone.

D. children in the presence of their parents.



174. As an exercise for your child development course, you are required to interview children about their behaviour when they know an adult is not watching them. You must inquire as to how often they deliberately break rules that have been set for them. Concerned about getting an honest response from the children, you decide to interview them

A. alone.

B. with their parents listening.

C. with an older sibling.

D. with a peer present.



175. Which of the following should NOT be considered when using children's reports?

A. children are quicker to respond than adults

B. children are less attentive than adults

C. children are more di



fficult to interview than adults

D. children have more difficulty understanding questions than adults



176. Even though family members may not be accurate reporters of events, researchers believe the information they provide is very important because

A. perceptions can/do influence behaviour and developmental factors.

B. perceptions and beliefs alone



indicate conflict and distress.

C. by recognizing that reports are perceptual, not factual, one can correct for this st



atistically.

D. perceptions are always discrepant with actual behaviours.



177. "What actually occurred may not be as important as the perception of the event." This quote is justification for

A. assessment inventories.

B. direct observations.

C. self-reports.

D. correlational studies.



178. A family therapist, as opposed to a therapist seeing a child individually, would be interested in self-report measures because

A. families behave in more socially acceptable ways in a therapeutic setting.

B. these measures can



be obtained more efficiently than other assessments.

C. direct observations are too costly.

D. these measure



s help discover perceptions that the family have of each other.



179. You are a researcher interested in children's self-perceptions in social relationships, primarily their self-esteem. You have already taken self-reports from the children in your study. You acknowledge that another important source of information is the children's

A. teachers.

B. siblings.

C. parents.

D. peers.



180. As a developmental psychologist you are interested in parent-child interactions that occur during play. In order to obtain the most accurate data of play interactions, you decide that the best environment for making your observations will be

A. in the home.

B. in the laboratory.

C. at a park with other families.

D. at the child's school playgr



ound.



181. You are a psychologist interested in determining why a child is biting. Since this behaviour does not happen very often, you decide to bring the child into your office and set up the conditions that will make the behaviour more likely to occur. This method is called

A. laboratory experiment.

B. field study.

C. structured observation.

D. short-term method.



182. The correlational approach to studying children's behaviour allows one to conclude

A. which variable caused the outcome of events.

B. cause and effect relationships.

C. which research strategy



is most effective in answering the research question.

D. whether a relationship exists between two variables and ho



w strong that relationship is.

183. In order to understand the correlation, one

must consider both the direction and the

A. sign.

B. numeric value.

C. sample size.

D. research question.



184. Which of the following correlation coefficients is the strongest?

A. +.83

B. -.75

C. +.42

D. -.91



185. As the correlation coefficient approaches zero, one can conclude that

A. as one measure increases, the other shows a fixed predictable increase.

B. only a weak or no relationship exi



sts between the two variables.

C. as one measure increases, the other shows a fixed predictable decrease.

D. an error wa



s made in calculation, since obtaining anything below 1 is not possible.



186. You are a parent of 4-year-old Lee, who is insistent that she no longer needs a nap. However, you notice that when Lee does nap, her disposition is improved and her oppositional behaviours are fewer. What type of a correlation may be drawn between napping and inappropriate behaviours?

A. positive correlation

B. negative correlation

C. weak correlation

D. strong correlation



187. Dr. Brown has studied the relationship between the amount of time children spend watching television and their academic performance in school. He finds that as television viewing increases, grades in school decrease. This finding represents

A. a positive correlation.

B. a negative correlation.

C. a variable interaction.

D. a case study approach



.



188. Suppose you asked the following two questions of a group of 100 children: How much time do your parents spend reading to you each day, and what are your grades in school? You find that children whose parents read to them for more than one hour each day have better grades than children whose parents read to them for only a few minutes each day. What could you conclude from this pattern of data?

A. Parental reading time causes children to do better in school.

B. Parental reading ti



me and grades are positively correlated.

C. Parental reading time and grades are uncorrelated.

D. Better stud



ents cause their parents to spend more time reading to them.



189. A strong correlation between variables does not necessarily mean that one variable __________ the other.

A. determines

B. causes

C. results from

D. negates

190. Two unrelated variables will have a

correlational index of approximately

A. +1.00.

B. -1.00.

C. -0.50.

D. 0.



191. A high positive correlation between the amount of television violence viewed and aggression indicates that

A. watching violence on television makes children more aggressive.

B. children who watch a lot of violence



on television are more aggressive.

C. parents who permit their children to watch violence on television allow them



to be more aggressive.

D. children who are more aggressive like violent television.



192. It has been observed that women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to experience birth complications than women who do not smoke. This conclusion is most likely to derive from research using a(n)

A. experimental design.

B. cross-sectional design.

C. correlational design.

D. multi-varied design.



193. A major advantage of using an experiment to answer a research question is

A. that one always gets the most for one's money.

B. that it allows one to determine cause and effect.

C. that,



regardless of the question being asked, an experiment is always the procedure of choice.

D. that it is always



easier to carry out when compared to other approaches.



194. When the data in a correlational study are statistically analyzed, the result is



C. an understanding of which factor caused which other factor.



D. a correlation coefficient.



195. The variable which is measured in an experiment is known as the

A. dependent variable.

B. independent variable.

C. control variable.

D. experimental variable.



196. The variable which is manipulated in an experiment is known as the







197. In a well-designed laboratory experiment, the only difference between the experimental and control groups should be the


B. number of participants.

C. setting.

D. independent variable.



198. In an experimental study, researchers manipulate a(n) ____________ variable to observe its effects on a(n) _____________ variable.

A. control; independent

B. dependent; independent

C. independent; dependent

D. dependent; control



199. The subjects who receive the treatment or independent variable in an experimental study are called the

A. experimental group.

B. control group.

C. dependent group.

D. independent group.



200. In an experiment, one group of children are given a drink each day with a special vitamin supplement. A second group of children are given the same drink but without the vitamins. Later, all children are given an IQ test to see if the vitamins had an effect on intelligence. In this experiment, the children's scores on the IQ test would be the

A. independent variable.

B. cross-sequential variable.

C. dependent variable.

D. control varia



ble.



201. The chief advantage of experimental methods is that they are

A. more flexible than other methods.

B. more generalizable than other methods.

C. more descriptive of re



al-life events.

D. better able to determine cause and effect.



202. You are conducting a study looking at the effects of caffeine on attention in 7-year-old children. In this study, you have 3 groups of children, all age 7, with each group consisting of equal numbers of boys and girls. Group 1 drinks 6 oz. of cola; group 2 drinks 6 oz. of caffeine-free cola; group 3 drinks 6 oz. of water. Thirty minutes after the children drink, you ask them to complete a 100-piece puzzle. You measure the amount of time it takes each child to do this task. In this study the dependent variable is

A. the type of drink.

B. the amount of time to complete the puzzle.

C. attentio



n.D. th

e 100-piece puzzle.



203. One problem with laboratory experimentation is

A. the amount of control the experimenter has.

B. the lack of definition between independent and depe



ndent variables.

C. the difficulty in making generalizations regarding results.

D. the difficulty in assessing basic perceptu



al processes.



204. A psychologist designs an experiment to determine the effect of eye contact on children's smiling. Group I is exposed to all eye contacts during the session while Group 2 is exposed to zero eye contacts during the session. The psychologist records the number of times the children smile. In this study, the dependent variable is ________ and the independent variable is ________.

A. the number of eye contacts; the length of the session

B. the number of smiles; the



length of the session

C. the number of eye contacts; the number of smiles

D. the number of smiles; the numbe



r of eye contacts.



205. Random assignment of subjects to groups is a requirement of the

A. correlational method.

B. experimental method.

C. longitudinal approach.

D. cross-sectional approach.





206. To determine the effects of a new "memory-enhancing" pill, a researcher randomly assigns 30 female teenagers to one of two conditions. In the first condition, each subject is given a pill and then told to try and memorize a list of 20 nonsense words. In the second condition, subjects are simply asked to try and memorize the word list. Results indicated that subjects who received the pill got an average of 12 items correct, whereas the no-pill group recalled only 6 items. In the experiment, the independent variable is the

A. sex of the subjects.

B. number of words recalled.

C. pill versus no-pill condition



s.D. us

e of nonsense words.



207. A drug company believes that it has discovered a pill that may improve a person's reaction speed. To test the drug 10 men are given no drug, 10 men are given one pill, and 10 men are given two pills. One week later, each subject is presented with a task in which they hit a button after hearing a tone. The speed of their reaction is recorded to the hundredth of a second. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

A. amount of pill

B. sex of the subjects in the study

C. time it takes a subject to pu



sh the button

D. one-week delay



208. The key characteristic of field experimentation is that

A. the child willingly enters the experimenter's lab.

B. it occurs in both laboratory and non-laboratory



settings.

C. it occurs without any manipulation on the part of the experimenter.

D. the experimenter enters the



child's world.



209. The principal result of the field experiment conducted by Friedrich and Stein (1973) on the impact of television viewing on aggressive behaviour in nursery school children was that exposure to

A. aggressive programming resulted in increased aggression among children.

B. pro-social prog



ramming resulted in decreased aggression among children.

C. aggressive programming resulted in increased



aggression in children who previously behaved aggressively.

D. aggressive programming resulted in increased aggr



ession in children who previously were less aggressive.



210. In the study by Friedrich and Stein (1973) looking at the impact of television viewing on aggressive behaviour in nursery school children, the factor which characterized it as a field experiment was that

A. it occurred in a nursery school.

B. it took place in a laboratory.

C. both independent and depend



ent variables were involved.

D. the results have utility.



211. In the study by Friedrich and Stein (1973) evaluating the effects of television viewing on aggressive behaviour, the dependent variable was the

A. setting.

B. type of programming shown.

C. measure of aggressive behaviour.

D. baseline period.



212. You are a psychologist studying the effects of parental absence on behaviour. During 1991, a local Navy Reserve Unit was called to active duty for Operation Desert Storm. This call-up allowed you to study the effects of parental absence in a different way. Which research strategy could you employ during this time?

A. laboratory experiment

B. natural experiment

C. field experiment

D. survey



213. To conduct a study of the effects that lead exposure has on children, the most appropriate method would be a

A. cross-sectional experiment.

B. laboratory experiment.

C. field experiment.

D. natural experiment.



214. When deciding which type of research strategy to use, experimenters find themselves choosing between

A. greater control vs. generalizability.

B. clarity of results vs. control.

C. applicability of results vs. generalizability.

D. real-



life settings vs. natural experiments.



215. The preferred means of studying child development is increasingly

A. relying on case study methods.

B. relying on multiple methodological approaches.

C. combining correlationa



l strategies and naturalistic experiments.

D. combining a laboratory experiment and cross-sectional experi



ment.



216. For some months following the earthquake in central California, children were found to experience many more terrifying nightmares and seek referral to psychological clinics than comparable children living at the same time in cities not experiencing an earthquake. The investigators who observed this phenomenon in trying to understand the impact of such a traumatic experience on children's behaviour were using a

A. correlational experiment.

B. cross-sectional experiment.


D. natur



al experiment.



217. When an investigator introduces a new teaching method into a classroom and compares the effect of that teaching method with a traditional teaching method used in another classroom, that investigator is employing a

A. field experiment.

B. natural experiment.

C. correlational strategy.

D. cross-sectional strategy.



218. Researchers are employing strategies that combine field and laboratory approaches. In one approach, the independent variables are manipulated in the field while the dependent variable is measured in the lab. This approach allows for greater control over

A. independent variables.

B. dependent variables.

C. both independent and dependent variables.



D. results.



219. Researchers are employing strategies that combine field and laboratory approaches. In one approach, the independent variables are manipulated in the field while the dependent variable is measured in the lab. This approach allows for greater control over






D. results.



220. The main conclusion of research studying the effects of TV viewing has shown that TV viewing

A. has only negative effects.

B. impedes brain development.

C. inhibits peer interaction.

D. has both positive



and negative effects depending on the program being viewed.



221. The case study method

A. allows for generalizations to larger, representative groups of children.

B. cannot be justified as a useful research



tool.

C. permits one to study unique occurrences in development.

D. is a first step in single subject designs.



222. Which method of study is a developmentalist likely to use to examine the outcome of separating conjoined twins?

A. naturalistic observation

B. survey

C. correlation

D. case study



223. A researcher needs to test a controversial treatment on a child who has a rare fatal disease. What is the most appropriate method to use?

A. a case study

B. an experimental study

C. a longitudinal study

D. a correlational study



224. The primary disadvantage of the case study method is that

A. its cost is prohibitive.

B. it is time consuming.

C. its results may not be representative of the general popu



lation.

D. it is not always ethically feasible.



225. The primary way in which a case study and the experimental treatment of a single subject vary is that

A. a case study tries to identify the environmental events that control behaviour.

B. an experimental treat



ment of a single subject tries to identify the environmental events that control behaviour.

C. case studies are eq



uivalent to the experimental treatment of a single subject.

D. in a case study, the subject serves as her ow



n control and experimental condition.



226. The research design which involves using different groups of children of different ages at a given point in time is a

A. naturalistic design.

B. cross-sequential design.

C. cross-sectional design.

D. longitudinal design.



227. You have just completed an extensive study investigating the differences in play behaviours during childhood. However, as you now review your data, you find that you are unable to consider possible past influences or determinants of age-related changes nor do you have information on developmental patterns of individual children. Which design did you use?




D. longitudinal de



sign.



228. The research design which involves studying a group of children over an extended period of time is a

A. short-term longitudinal design.

B. cross-sectional/short-term longitudinal design.

C. cross-sectional



design.


229. A researcher follows the same group of

children over a 10-year period, measuring their performance twice a year. This is which method of data collection?

A. cross-sectional

B. longitudinal

C. cross-sequential

D. clinical



230. An experimenter measures the cognitive skills of 100 30-year-olds and compares them with 100 50-year-olds. This is an example of which method?

A. cross-sectional

B. longitudinal

C. cross-sequential

D. clinical



231. Suppose your psychology professor asks you to do a study examining how emotional reactions change in children between the ages of three and 12 years. Given that the study needs to be completed in less than two weeks, which type of quasi-experimental method should you employ?

A. cross-sectional

B. longitudinal

C. cross-sequential

D. ethological



232. A school psychologist assesses the effectiveness of a new reading program by testing the reading skills of a third-grade class and a fifth-grade class at the beginning and end of the first school semester. This psychologist is using a __________ design.

A. sequential

B. cross-sectional

C. longitudinal

D. time-sampling



233. The impact of early events on later behaviour can be determined through the use of a







234. A distinct advantage the longitudinal method has over the cross-sectional method is that

A. it is less affected by participant attrition.

B. it is more flexible.

C. it is less costly.

D. the effect of early



experience on later behaviour can be examined.



235. Cross-generational change is a problem characteristic of

A. longitudinal designs.

B. cross-sectional designs.

C. cross-sequential designs.

D. experimental designs.



236. Dr. Jones wants to compare the motor skills of children of a variety of ages: 1-year-olds, 2-year-olds, and 3-year-olds. Which design will she use?

A. longitudinal design

B. cross-sectional design

C. careful design

D. case study design



237. Dr. B. Johnston was interested in assessing the impact of the whole language approach on students' interest in reading and writing throughout the elementary school years. Though known for her cautious ways, Dr. B. Johnston was also pragmatic about time and money. Therefore, in order to answer her research question, she would best be served by using which design?



C. correlational design

D. experimental desig



n



238. Dr. A. Stinson has been awarded a lifetime grant to offset any costs encountered in completing her research in the area of whole language. Dr. A. Stinson now finds herself curious about the language development of children as they move past elementary school as well as individual patterns of development. Considering her research interests and current funding position, Dr. A. Stinson may find which research design most to her liking?




D. experimental



design

239. Which of the following is NOT associated

with longitudinal designs?

A. low-cost

B. selective dropout

C. repeated testing effects

D. low flexibility



240. You are concerned about increased drug-use among elementary school children. As a researcher, you are interested in changes in drug-use patterns and personality characteristics associated with these behaviours. You have received a 5-year grant to study this issue and would like to include children ages 4 to 16 years in your study. Which design would give you the most for your money?

A. cross-sectional

B. longitudinal

C. short-term longitudinal

D. cross-sectional/short-ter



m longitudinal



241. All but one of the following is considered a characteristic of the short-term longitudinal approach?

A. decreased subject loss

B. focus more expansive

C. consistency in procedures and instrumentation

D. codownload full file at http://testbankeasy.com


nsistency in staff

242. Dr. Martin, a psychologist interested in

memory in children, gave a memory test to a group of 6-year-olds. He repeated the tests with the same children again when they were 9- year-olds. He found that their memory scores improved as they got older. The research design used here was the _____ approach.

A. sequential.

B. longitudinal

C. correlational

D. cross-sectional



243. As a high school principal, Dr. Ilka is interested in whether the fifth-grade students have better math skills than the third and first graders. To answer her question she presents children in each of the three grades with the same math test and then compares the scores. Dr. Ilka's study utilized a

A. cross-sectional design.

B. longitudinal design.

C. time-lag design.

D. correlational design.



244. A psychologist is interested in how early childhood nutrition affects height. To discover this he tracks the nutritional consumption and growth of the same group of infants from age 1 through age 6. This research technique is utilizing a

A. time-lag design.



D. cross-sectional design.



245. In the final analysis, what is the most important consideration in deciding upon a research strategy?

A. self-report vs. direct observation

B. ethical vs. unethical

C. cross-sectional vs. longitudinal

D. correlational



vs. experimental



246. Increased awareness of children's research rights has resulted in

A. a greater reliance on direct observation.

B. a decreased number of deception studies.

C. fewer resear



ch projects in the area of child psychology.

D. an increased number of case studies.



247. Dr. Ryder wanted to know why children fight. Dr. Ryder proposed to put children in a laboratory setting and have a research assistant instigate an argument among the participants. Dr. Ryder hoped they might get into heated arguments so he could observe their interactions. One weakness of this type of observational study is that

A. structured interview questions cannot be used.

B. it is not effective for cross-cultural studies



.C. Dr.

Ryder does not have control over critical variables like time and place of observation.

D. Dr. Ryder cannot



ethically subject children to stressful situations to observe their response.



248. When using children as participants in research studies, psychologists must

A. retain a professional, distant atmosphere during all data collection.

B. obtain informed consent from th



e child and parent prior to the start of the research.

C. use deception to assure confidentiality of the research.



D. complete the data collection as planned to avoid having to repeat sessions, even if the child does not seem



willing to continue.



249. The primary task of institutional review boards is to

A. determine if the research methodology is sound.

B. determine which children can give consent independen



tly.C. ins

ure that proper ethical guidelines are being followed.

D. provide safeguards when using deception and invasiv



e procedures.



250. Which of the following is NOT included in "A Children's Bill of Research Rights"?

A. the right to nonharmful treatment

B. the right to confidentiality of their research data

C. the right to choose



participation in a specific research group

D. the right to voluntary withdrawal



251. You are considering a study investigating adolescents' responses to witnessing arguments between members of the opposite sex. For control purposes, you decide to stage an argument in the waiting room outside of your laboratory while the adolescent waits to be called in for a "phony" study. According to "A Children's Bill of Research Rights," you are most concerned about

A. frightening the adolescent.

B. informed consent.

C. getting approval from the internal



review board.

D. having to set up a "phony" study.



252. According to "A Children's Bill of Research Rights," if a child is participating as a control subject in a study,

A. the child is entitled to alternative beneficial treatment provided other subjects.

B. the child may choo



se which experimental group to be in.

C. the child is required to participate in both experimental and control groups.



D. no access to beneficial treatment is required but it is suggested.

253. Describe three significant early events in

Canadian Developmental Psychology.



254. Identify two theoretical assumptions of each: the nature position and the nurture position.

255. Define continuous and discontinuous

development and give a theoretical example.

256. Identify three different responses of

individuals to risk.



257. Explain why it is important for developmental psychologists to study different cultures.

258. Describe the cognitive processes of

assimilation and accommodation according to Piaget. Provide an example of each process.

259. Discuss three theoretical assertions of

ethological theory.



260. If you were to develop your own theory of child development, which themes would you include and why? Which, if any, would you exclude and for what reasons?

261. The nature/nurture controversy has been a

longstanding issue in child development. The 1980s emphasized the nature side while the 1990s emphasized the nurture side of this controversy. First, explain the nature versus nurture controversy. Then, predict whether the current decade will emphasize nature or nurture and the reasons for your prediction.

262. Describe the strengths and weaknesses of

any two of the main theories described in the text.



263. What is the current interpretation of the term "critical period" as it relates to childhood development?

264. What factors should be considered to ensure

that a sample is representative of a population?

265. Describe advantages and disadvantages of

direct observation.



266. How do parents, teachers, and peers contribute as sources of information gathered about children?

267. What advantages does a laboratory

experiment have over a correlational method?

268. Correlational studies and experiments are

frequently misunderstood and confused. What do you understand to be the primary characteristics of each?



269. Describe the sequential method and its advantages over the cross-sectional and longitudinal methods.

270. You are the chairperson of an institutional

research review board. What would your main concerns and considerations be when overseeing research conducted with children and why?

271. Ethical codes in psychology typically state

that research is to be nonbiased in relation to race, gender, culture, and sexual orientation. How can you, as a researcher, ensure that your research study meets these criteria?



1 Key

1.(p. 4)

Which of the following words best describes the focus of the study of human development?

A. change

B. childhood

C. infancy

D. relationships

Learning Objective: 1

Parke - Chapter 01 #1Type: Comprehension



2.(p. 4)

The modern era of studying children has a history of approximately____________.

A. 50 years

B. 100 years

C. 150 years

D. less than 25 years


Parke - Chapter 01 #2Type: Knowledge



3.(p. 4)

The National Organization of Canadian Psychologists was formed __________ years after the United States Association.

A. 26 years

B. 36 years

C. 46 years

D. 56 years





4.(p. 5)

James Baldwin published papers on such topics as handedness and imitation. His main subject/(s) was/(were)___________.

A. children from poor families

B. children from white middle class families

C. his son

D. his daughter





5.(p. 5)

The Institute for Child Study in Toronto was initially headed by William Blatz. He became known for a famous study in child development. This study was based on___________.

A. twin studies in the Toronto area

B. gender differences in Children

C. the Dionne quintuplets

D. the Dwy



er family



6.(p. 6)

The term used to describe the biological processes assumed to govern development is

A. heredity.

B. predestination.

C. maturation.

D. nature.





7.(p. 6)

When Tamika learns the first part of the multiplication table, she has shown development in a __________ process.

A. biological

B. cognitive

C. socioemotional

D. personality


Parke - Chapter 01 #7Type: Application



8.(p. 6)

Kwame got angry because Harry took his toy without asking, and he punched Harry in the arm. kwame's response reflects the role of __________ processes in his development.

A. biological

B. cognitive

C. socioemotional

D. individualistic





9.(p. 6)

A girl who is large for her age may not have many friends. This is an example of interaction between which two types of development?

A. physical and cognitive

B. cognitive and psychosocial

C. personality and psychosocial

D. physical and psyc



hosocial





10.(p. 6)

The child who is best thought of as engaging in a cognitive process is the one who is

A. gripping his bottle.

B. wetting her pants.

C. learning to speak French.

D. expressing anger because her



friend just told her that she could not be in his play.





11.(p. 6)

In trying to understand influences on development, today developmental psychologists focus on

A. the interplay between biology and environment.

B. the interplay between biology and nature.

C. thdownload full file at http://testbankeasy.com


e interplay between nurture and environment.

D. the interplay between predetermination and predestination.







12.(p. 6)

If Arnold Gesell were alive today, he would most likely explain the phenomenon of failure to thrive in terms of

A. a mother-infant bonding.

B. family dysfunction.

C. dietary factors.

D. physiological predisposition.







13.(p. 6)

Psychologists who emphasize the importance of maturation in development would typically focus on which of the following to explain development?

A. good prenatal care

B. genetic strengths and defects

C. adequate amounts of nutritious foods

D. good educ



ational experiences



14.(p. 6)

In your psychology course you are discussing nature versus nurture issues in cognitive development. You support the role of maturation in speed of cognitive processing (i.e., _______ influences).

A. genetic

B. environmental

C. parental

D. generational


Parke - Chapter 01 #14Type: Analysis



15.(p. 6)

"It's no use putting her in a special educational program", Misha's dad explained patiently. "She just can't understand things very well. Her grandpa was the same way. We might as well get used to it now". Misha's dad seems to

A. view development as a discontinuous process.

B. hold a nurture view of development.

C. view devel



opment as a continuous process.

D. hold a "nature" view of development.





16.(p. 6)

Nurture is to experience as nature is to

A. maturation.

B. edification.

C. learning.

D. the environment.





17.(p. 6)

If one views development as a "dance" between a child and various others, one is inferring that the child

A. is passive in its development, quietly absorbing the different rhythms, movements, and beats.

B. dirdownload full file at http://testbankeasy.com


ects its own development, independent of all others.

C. plays an active role in her development, being both mod



ified and modifier.

D. has a predisposition for music and exhibits this in her behaviours with adults.





18.(p. 7)

When development is viewed as consisting of a series of discrete, distinct steps, it is said to be

A. continuous.

B. discontinuous.

C. atypical.

D. active.





19.(p. 7)

The continuity-discontinuity controversy involves the debate about whether development is

A. gradual or comes in distinct stages.

B. most influenced by experiences during infancy or those later in



life.

C. primarily influenced by biology or the environment.

D. influenced by all of the above.





20.(p. 7)

The ability to engage in thoughtful reflectiveness seems to happen all of a sudden. But if one carefully examines it, this ability is actually based on an accumulation of experiences across many years. This explanation supports a ______ view of development.

A. nature

B. nurture

C. continuous

D. discontinuous





21.(p. 7)

A tadpole becoming a frog is an example of

A. continuity in development.

B. nurture's role in development.

C. discontinuity in development.

D. developmental stab



ility.



22.(p. 7)

Insects go through egg, larval, and adult stages of development. These stages best illustrate which characteristic of development?

A. change

B. stability

C. instability

D. discontinuity





23.(p. 7)

Which of the following statements best characterizes the view that development is a discontinuous process?

A. During adolescence, an individual moves from not being able to think abstractly about the world to



being able to do so.

B. Puberty is a gradual process, occurring over several years.

C. Even though extreme environmen



ts can depress development, basic growth tendencies are wired into human beings.

D. If infants experience negativ



e events in their lives, those experiences can be overcome by later, more positive experiences.





24.(p. 7)

In order to resolve the issue concerning the importance of situational versus individual characteristics, many psychologists focus on

A. the interaction between the two.

B. the dominant characteristic.

C. the impact of gender.

D. manifestati



on of characteristics during critical or sensitive periods of development.





25.(p. 8)

Research has demonstrated that one primary factor that buffers a child's response to a risk factor is

A. positive individual attributes.

B. genetic inheritance.

C. rate of growth.

D. general health.





26.(p. 8)

Juanita's father has recently suffered a serious accident. Although Juanita is upset, she spends a lot of time with her grandparents, who are warm and sensitive in order to help her cope. Juanita's grandparents, who have a positive effect on Juanita's resilience, are an example of

A. cross generational influence.

B. a cohort effect.

C. a supportive family environment.

D. family ob



ligation.





27.(p. 8)

Contemporary viewpoints of risk and resilience assert that

A. individual children often experience widely divergent pathways in development.

B. most children follow



a path of minimal risk.

C. risk factors are not affected by timing.

D. resilience is limited to cognitive coping ski



lls.

Learning Objective: 2Parke - Chapter 01 #27

Type: Knowledge



28.(p. 8)

A number of factors characterize resilient children. Predict which one of the following is NOT likely to be a required factor present in a resilient child.

A. good intellectual functioning

B. comes from a large family

C. close relationship to a caring parent(s)

D. bond



s to prosocial adults outside the home



29.(p. 8)

Conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative outcome or result are called __________ factors.

A. aversive

B. plastic

C. adaptive

D. risk





30.(p. 8)

Erin initially appeared to cope with her parents' divorce well. Later she exhibited problems with school and in her friendships. Which response to risk is this an example of?

A. coping factor

B. denial

C. aftershock

D. sleeper effect





31.(p. 9)

In addition to helping organize and integrate existing information into a meaningful whole, developmental theories also


B. are unchanging, thereby serving as a standard for comparison pu



rposes.

C. are always global in nature as opposed to being concerned with specific areas of development.

D. lead to



testable predictions about behaviour.





32.(p. 3)

Developmental theories, in addition to helping organize and integrate existing information into a meaningful whole, also


B. are always global in nature, as opposed to being concerned with



specific areas of development.

C. lead to testable predictions about behaviour.

D. are unchanging, thereby serving



as a standard for comparison purposes.





33.(p. 9)

Which of the following statements does NOT describe the structural-organismic perspective of development of Freud and Piaget?

A. Objective reality is central in the child's development.

B. Development is based on biological proc



esses.

C. The stages that occur during development are universal.

D. Development is discontinuous.





34.(p. 12)

In general, behavioural perspectives on development see the role of the child as being

A. an active participant.

B. passive in shaping his or her own development.

C. selective in choosing which stim



uli to associate.

D. unable to benefit from environmental consequences.





35.(p. 12)

Which one of the following statements does NOT apply to learning perspectives of development?

A. Development is viewed as discontinuous.

B. The child is viewed as a passive participant in development.



C. The role of the environment is emphasized.

D. Observable behaviour is important to measure.





36.(p. 12)

Jordan and his family recently returned home to St. John's from a vacation to Disney World. On the airplane ride home, Jordan became sick. Ever since, Jordan says he will never fly in an airplane again because they make him sick. Which theoretical perspective can best account for Jordan's feelings?



C. cognitive social learning theory

D. psychody



namic theory





37.(p. 12)

Julia's mother is taking her to the dentist. The last time Julia had an appointment, she had two teeth pulled. Upon seeing her family dentist, Julia becomes fearful and begins to cry. Her behaviour is an example of

A. immature cognition.

B. negative punishment.

C. operant conditioning.

D. classical conditioning.







38.(p. 12)

According to learning theorists, adults can reinforce aggression in children simply by

A. telling children to fight back.

B. ignoring the aggression.

C. paying attention to the aggression.

D. rewarding passi



ve children.





39.(p. 12)

One of the children in your classroom is disruptive and loud. By praising good behaviour and ignoring disruptive behaviour, you hope to decrease the frequency of outbursts. Which theoretical perspective are you employing?

A. cognitive social learning theory

B. behavioural theory

C. psychodynamic theory

D. ecological theo



ry


Type: Application



40.(p. 12)

Which is NOT a correct pairing?

A. Pavlov and classical conditioning

B. Bandura and cognitive social learning theory

C. Watson and informati



on processing

D. Skinner and operant conditioning





41.(p. 12)

Behaviourism emphasizes the

A. relationship between internal thought and external behaviour.

B. scientific study of observable response



s and their environmental determinants.

C. importance of unconscious drives over conscious desires.

D. connection betw



een animal reflexes and human decision making.





42.(p. 12-13)

One of the key assumptions binding classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive social learning theorists is that researchers should

A. use only animals in their studies.

B. refrain from attempting to determine the cause of behaviour.

C. assu



me that environmental factors play a major role in learning.

D. assume that people are basically good and



driven to self improvement.





43.(p. 11)

According to Piaget, it is the different way of understanding the world that makes one stage more advanced than another; knowing more information does not make the child's thinking more advanced. This is an example of

A. quantitative development.

B. qualitative development.

C. psychosocial development.

D. psychosexual



development.



44.(p. 12)

According to Piaget's organismic perspective, children proceed through qualitatively different ways of organizing information. This view of development is

A. continuous.

B. discontinuous.

C. passive.

D. relational.





45.(p. 11-12)

If a person's behaviour is viewed as active and self-determining, that person would be perceived as demonstrating the __________ model of behaviour.

A. naturalistic

B. mechanistic

C. organismic

D. maturationistic





46.(p. 12)

Organismic theorists emphasize __________ change.

A. quantitative

B. behavioural

C. qualitative






47.(p. 9-12)

Most of the early pioneers in psychology, such as Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Jean Piaget, favored the __________ perspective on human development.

A. organismic

B. quantitative

C. mechanistic

D. behaviouristic





48.(p. 10-12)

A major distinction between Piaget's developmental theory and the information processing approach is that

A. Piaget sees development as continuous whereas the information processing approach views develop



ment as occurring in distinct stages.

B. Piaget sees development as an active process whereas the information pr



ocessing view sees the organism as passive.

C. Piaget focused on perception whereas the information processin



g approach focuses on thinking and memory.

D. Piaget sees development as occurring in stages whereas the inf



ormation processing approach sees development as continuous.





49.(p. 12)

Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus

A. is replaced by a cognitive schema.

B. can be ignored by the respondent.

C. is converted into a neutral resp



onse.

D. acquires the ability to produce a response originally produced by another stimulus.





50.(p. 12)

One day, while swimming in the ocean, Frank is stung by a large jellyfish. The next day, he sees a bowl of quivering clear gelatin and is startled. Frank's behaviour is best explained by

A. cognitive principles.

B. ethological principles.

C. classical conditioning principles.

D. psychoanalytic principles.







51.(p. 12)

As a Skinnerian, Dr. Brown's explanation for the aggressive behaviour exhibited by 10-year-old Ben would likely involve a(n)

A. discussion of Ben's unresolved love for his mother.

B. proposal that Ben's problem is due to a faulty thou



ght pattern.

C. argument that although Ben's behaviour is bad, human behaviour is basically good.

D. description of ho



w Ben's father has often rewarded his child's aggressive behaviour.





52.(p. 12)

Classical conditioning is to __________ as operant conditioning is to __________.

A. Pavlov; Bandura

B. Pavlov; Skinner

C. Bandura; Skinner

D. Skinner; Pavlov





53.(p. 12)

Nellie bangs her head against the wall repeatedly throughout the day. Skinner would say that the best way to fix this problem is to

A. explore experiences from Nellie's early childhood.

B. interview Nellie to determine her current level of co



gnitive functioning.

C. determine how Nellie's expectations have lead her to develop this behaviour.

D. identify the en



vironmental conditions that are maintaining this behaviour and change them.





54.(p. 12)

"Development at all ages is the result of learning by reacting to the environment." Which kind of theorist would be likely to make this statement?

A. cognitive developmental


C. behaviourist

D. psychoanalytic





55.(p. 12)

In ____________, a response continues to be made because it has been reinforced.



C. adaptation

D. accommodation





56.(p. 13)

According to cognitive social learning theory, children imitate

A. automatically.

B. selectively.

C. all inclusively.

D. reflexively.





57.(p. 13)

Yvonne is arguing with Thomas over a toy while Pat watches. The toy is one that Pat loves to play with. Yvonne pushes Thomas to the ground and runs off with the toy. According to Bandura's (1989) experiments with the bobo doll, Pat is likely to

A. give Yvonne any toy that she wants.

B. behave aggressively towards other children who are pl



aying with toys that Pat wants.

C. help Thomas to his feet.

D. retrieve the toy for Thomas.





58.(p. 13)

Bandura asserts that four processes determine whether a child will learn from watching others. These processes are

A. attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

B. attention, observation, repetition, and reinforce



ment.

C. attention, observation, memory, and reinforcement.

D. observation, attention, memory, and motiva



tion.



59.(p. 13)

Which factor is NOT key to cognitive social learning theory?

A. behaviour

B. environment

C. classical conditioning

D. cognition





60.(p. 13)

"Sit down, shut up, and respect your brother!" Mom shouted to Timmy. "Learn to talk instead of fighting!" According to Bandura, Timmy is likely to

A. sit down, shut up, and learn to respect his brother.

B. learn to yell to solve his problems.

C. keep on



talking and not respecting his brother.

D. sit down and shut up, but never respect his brother.





61.(p. 13)

Bandura disagrees with Skinner's behaviouristic idea about the unimportance of

A. reinforcement.

B. punishment.

C. cognition.

D. environment.





62.(p. 13)

__________ emphasizes the interaction between behaviour, the environment, and the person and/or cognition.

A. Behaviourism

B. Information processing theory

C. Psychosocial theory

D. Cognitive social learning theory







63.(p. 13)

Cognitive social learning theory is an outgrowth of

A. Freudian theory.

B. behaviourism.

C. the cognitive perspective.

D. the information processing approach.





64.(p. 13)

The principles of cognitive social learning theory were developed by

A. B. F. Skinner.

B. Carl Rogers.

C. John B. Watson.

D. Albert Bandura.





65.(p. 12)

In discussing the nature of cognitive development, Piaget would describe a child as being a(n)

A. passive participant in the construction of thoughts.

B. active participant in the construction of thoughts.



C. passive participant whose experiences alone determine intellectual development.

D. active participant whose expe



riences alone determine intellectual development





66.(p. 14)

Dynamic systems theory emphasizes that developmental changes result from


B. growth of the nervous system.

C. maturation of the ego-iden



tity.

D. the coordination of elements of a complex, integrated system.





67.(p. 14)

According to dynamic systems theory, the principle of dynamism involves

A. large systems.





system.






68.(p. 15)

Vygotsky proposed that child development is

A. due to genetic components of a culture.

B. a product of social interaction.

C. a product of formal educati



on.

D. a product of assimilation and accommodation.





69.(p. 16)

According to Vygotsky, higher order cognitive functions are influenced by

A. one's memory.

B. the child being able to solve problems independently.

C. interactions with those persons



more skilled than the child.

D. cultural invariants.





70.(p. 15)

In Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, "mediators" are

A. tools such as language which assist the child in developing cognitively.

B. adults who teach children to lear



n.C. pe

er tutors.

D. adults who break down problems into simpler components.





71.(p. 15)

Vygotsky portrayed the child's development as inseparable from

A. social activities.

B. cultural activities.

C. both social and cultural activities.






72.(p. 13)

Theorists who employ computer analogies and flowcharts to explain development are operating from which theoretical perspective?

A. behavioural

B. organismic

C. cognitive






73.(p. 13)

Information processing theory emphasizes

A. the relationship between cognition and personality.

B. cognitive processes related to the nervous syste



m.C. co

gnitive processes that occur between the input of a stimulus and the response to that stimulus.

D. the



effects of rewards on cognitive processes.





74.(p. 13)

An information processing theorist would be most interested in

A. inherited characteristics.

B. maturation-based crises.

C. reasoning and problem solving.

D. qualitative diffe



rences between groups of children.



75.(p. 13)

What was one of the most important factors contributing to the information processing theory?

A. the computer

B. the Internet

C. television

D. video games


Parke - Chapter 01 #75download full file at http://testbankeasy.com


Type: Knowledge

76.(p. 13)

Dr. Chen believes that thinking is defined as how individuals perceive, encode, represent, store, and retrieve information. Dr. Chen would be considered a(n) _____ theorist.

A. psychoanalytic

B. psychosocial

C. sociocultural






77.(p. 10)

Because Freud saw development proceeding through a series of stages, his theory is

A. continuous.

B. discontinuous.

C. psychodynamic.

D. biologically based.





78.(p. 11)

By identifying the oral stage of development, Freud was acknowledging that

A. infants spend most of the first year teething.

B. the mother-infant relationship is primarily base



d upon nursing and feeding.

C. infants spend much time engaged in oral activity which is both nutritive and non-nu



tritive.

D. most cultures recognize that a well fed baby is a happy baby.





79.(p. 10)

At dinner one night, your 4-year-old announces that she knows the difference between boys and girls. When you ask her what it is, she proudly states that girls sit when they go potty and boys stand and that she knows this because she was able to see into the boys' bathroom at preschool today. Based upon this information, you conclude that your daughter is in the

A. oral stage of development.

B. anal stage of development.

C. phallic stage of developmen



t.D. ge

nital stage of development.





80.(p. 11)

The phallic stage of development is characterized by the appearance of

A. the Oedipus Complex in boys and the Electra Complex in girls.

B. sexual desires geared towards opposit



e sex peers.

C. an emerging sense of autonomy.

D. preferences for same sex friends.





81.(p. 10-11)

Western culture's current emphasis on early experience can be traced to the work of

A. Sigmund Freud.

B. Jerome Kagan.

C. John Watson.

D. Mary Ainsworth.





82.(p. 10-11)

Which of the following pairs is correctly linked?

A. Freud - biological

B. Freud - cognitive

C. Vygotsky - biological

D. Piaget - ethological





83.(p. 10)

___________________ theory describes development as primarily unconscious and colored by emotion.

A. Cognitive

B. Psychoanalytic

C. Biological

D. none of these.



84.(p. 10)

What Freudian personality structure is often referred to as our "conscience"?

A. idB. eg

oC. su

perego

D. libido





85.(p. 10)

Two teenagers discover a parked sports car with the motor still running. According to Freud, the strong impulse that they feel to steal the car and get a "rush" by driving it originates in their

A. id.B. eg

o.C. su

perego.

D. conscience.



86.(p. 11)

Which of the following is NOT a Freudian stage?

A. unconscious

B. oral

C. anal

D. phallic





87.(p. 11)

What is the developmental sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages?

A. oral, anal, latency, genital, phallic

B. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

C. phallic, oral, anal, latency, genital

D. latency, ph



allic, anal, oral, genital



88.(p. 11)

Ten-year-old Maria thinks that all boys have "cooties" and devotes most of her time studying to become a scientist. According to Freud, Maria is in what psychosexual stage of development?

A. oral

B. latency

C. phallic

D. genital





89.(p. 10)

Jorge ate an entire bag of chocolate candies and got sick as a result. Which of Freud's personality structures is responsible for ensuring that this lesson is learned?

A. superego

B. idC. eg

oD. eg

o ideal



90.(p. 11)

Maria experiences great pleasure from going to the bathroom. She is in which of Freud's stages?

A. anal

B. genital

C. oral

D. phallic





91.(p. 10)

In recent years, Freud's psychoanalytic theory has

A. been substantially supported by scientific evidence.

B. been largely unsupported by scientific evidence.

C. added



two additional stages to the original five.

D. been combined with Erikson's theory to form a holistic theory of de



velopment.





92.(p. 11)

Which of the following is considered a contribution of the psychoanalytic theories?

A. They take into account the importance of early experiences in childhood.

B. They emphasize the importa



nce of the conscious mind.

C. They emphasize the importance of scientific research in supporting a theory.

D. They



emphasize the inherent goodness of humans.





93.(p. 11)

Natalie, who is the mother of a five-year-old, asks her psychologist neighbor for some advice on child development. As a Freudian, the doctor would most likely say that

A. infants are aware of the motives underlying their behaviours.

B. parents have a minimal impact



on their children's development.

C. female children are more psychologically stable than are male children.

D. dedownload full file at http://testbankeasy.com


velopment involves the constant interaction between biological urges and societal demands.





94.(p. 10-11)

If you believe that a child's experiences with parents in their early years of life are important determinants of later personality development, your beliefs resemble those of

A. Sigmund Freud.

B. B.F. Skinner.

C. Arnold Gesell.

D. John Watson.





95.(p. 10-11)

Your 2-year-old nephew is very proud of his abilities to do things his new baby sister cannot. He likes it very much that he can feed himself and play with blocks and make his tricycle go without help. According to Erikson's theory, which stage of development is he in?




D. industr



y versus inferiority





96.(p. 10-11)

Jordan is 8 years old and loves school. He is especially interested in planets and stars and everything that has to do with space. However, lately it has become very important to him that he know more than any of his classmates when it comes to this subject. According to Erikson's theory, which stage of development is he in?




D. indu



stry versus inferiority





97.(p. 11)

All but one of the following is a task of adulthood according to Erikson's theory.

A. initiative versus guilt

B. intimacy versus isolation

C. generativity versus stagnation

D. ego integrity versus de



spair



98.(p. 11)

Erikson's theory contains how many stages?

A. 4B. 5C. 8D. 10





99.(p. 11)

During what developmental period is independence and identity the central theme?

A. early childhood

B. middle childhood

C. late childhood

D. adolescence





100.(p. 10-11)

One of the major differences between Erikson's and Freud's approaches to human development involves Erikson's emphasis on

A. heredity.

B. sex differences.

C. the mind-body relationship.

D. development across the life span.


Parke - Chapter 01 #100



Type: Knowledge

101.(p. 10-11)

Erik Erikson is noted for his theory of

A. psychosexual stages.

B. psychosocial stages.

C. psychogenic stages.

D. psychopathological stages.





102.(p. 10-11)

Freud is to psychosexual as Erikson is to _______________.

A. psychogenic.

B. psychoanalytic.

C. psychosocial.

D. psychopathological.





103.(p. 10-11)

As a parent with an Eriksonian orientation, Sheryl believes that the first developmental task her newborn daughter will encounter will be about

A. trust.

B. autonomy.

C. initiative.

D. self identity.





104.(p. 10-11)

Two-year-old Benjamin asserts his independence and realizes his will. He tests his parents' boundaries. Based on Erikson's psychosocial theory, if he is restrained or punished too harshly, he is likely to develop

A. guilt.

B. despair.

C. identity confusion.

D. shame and doubt.





105.(p. 10-11)

As Courtney graduates from high school, she explores many roles, trying to decide what to study in college. What psychosocial stage of development is she in?

A. industry versus inferiority

B. generativity versus stagnation

C. identity versus identity confusion

D. auto



nomy versus shame and doubt





106.(p. 11)

______________ is Erikson's seventh developmental stage, which individuals experience during middle adulthood.

A. Stagnation vs. integrity

B. Isolation vs. generativity

C. Integrity vs. isolation

D. Generativity vs. stagnation







107.(p. 11)

Which of the following examples is a positive resolution to Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development, integrity versus despair?

A. not being able to look back on your life and feel good about it

B. celebrating a 60th wedding annive



rsary with happiness

C. a preoccupation with death

D. dwelling on regrets about raising a teenage child





108.(p. 14)

Dynamic systems theory emphasizes that development consists of


B. a dynamic interaction between members of a system.



velopment of the nervous system.

D. an individual establishing a stable level of influence in the environment.





109.(p. 14)

A child's development occurs in ________________ context(s).

A. singular

B. numerous

C. strictly positive

D. strictly negative





110.(p. 14)

Which is NOT a context for a child's development?

A. home

B. church

C. language development

D. community





111.(p. 14)

According to dynamic systems theory, the principle of complexity involves

A. large systems.





system.






112.(p. 14)

Morphogenesis refers to

A. an individual's ability to change.

B. a system's ability to adapt to change.

C. a system's capacity to



remain stable.

D. an individual's motivation for change.





113.(p. 16)

The ecological perspective of development emphasizes

A. a series of sequential stages.

B. the role of heredity in development.

C. the role of learning in developm



ent.

D. the context in which development occurs.





114.(p. 16)

Which of the following sequences correctly identifies Bronfenbrenner's framework for organizing sets of environmental systems starting with the most immediate setting to the broadest setting?

A. microsystem, mesosystem, macrosystem, exosystem

B. exosystem, mesosystem, microsyste



m, macrosystem

C. microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem

D. mesosystem, microsystem, macro



system, exosystem



115.(p. 16)

Settings that influence a child's development but in which the child does not play a direct role, such as the workplace of the parents, are referred to as the

A. macrosystem.

B. exosystem.

C. mesosystem.

D. microsystem.





116.(p. 16)

According to Bronfenbrenner, the context that recognizes that broad patterns of beliefs and ideology distinguish different cultures and countries, as well as different subcultures within a country, is the

A. macrosystem.

B. exosystem.

C. mesosystem.

D. microsystem.





117.(p. 16)

_______________________ refers to the behaviour patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.

A. Chronosystem

B. Context

C. Open forum

D. Culture





118.(p. 17)

A developmentalist compares the gender differences in socialization among Canadian, Japanese, German, and French children. This is a

A. cross-sectional study.

B. cross-gender study.

C. cross-comparison study.

D. cross-cultural study.





Type: Application

119.(p. 16)

The major theorist connected to the ecological theory is

A. John Bowlby.

B. Konrad Lorenz.

C. Urie Bronfenbrenner.

D. John Piaget.





120.(p. 16)

The setting in which an individual lives is called the

A. macrosystem.

B. exosystem.

C. microsystem.

D. chronosystem.





121.(p. 16)

Since Jerome has always been the centre of attention in his family, he has some difficulty in his preschool because he insists on total attention from his peers and teachers. According to Bronfenbrenner, Jerome's developmental problems are taking place in the

A. microsystem.

B. mesosystem.

C. exosystem.

D. macrosystem.





122.(p. 16)

The fact that growing up in Canada has influenced Matilda's life provides an example of the impact of the ____________ on human development.

A. macrosystem

B. chronosystem

C. exosystem

D. microsystem





123.(p. 16)

Lana, who is the mayor of Halifax, decides that the city library is too expensive to maintain so she sells it to a private company that charges children $.50 to check out a book. This ecological change in the community involves the

A. chronosystem.

B. macrosystem.

C. microsystem.

D. exosystem.





124.(p. 16)

The _______________________ is the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances.

A. exosystem

B. chronosystem

C. macrosystem

D. microsystem





125.(p. 16)

"Development is best thought of as being strongly influenced by the environment, especially the various social and cultural contexts with which one interacts. To understand development, psychologists must analyze an individual's interactions within and between these different contexts." This statement would most likely be found in a term paper about the theory of

A. Piaget.

B. Lorenz.

C. Skinner.

D. Bronfenbrenner.





126.(p. 16)

Cross-cultural studies compare

A. chronosystems.

B. exosystems.

C. macrosystems.

D. microsystems.





127.(p. 16)

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory of development, FAMILY is to TIME as _____ is to _____.

A. macrosystem; mesosystem

B. exosystem; microsystem

C. exosystem; chronosystem

D. microsystem;



chronosystem



128.(p. 16)

Which American psychologist developed the ecological perspective, which involves five interlocking contextual systems, from the most intimate to the most distant?

A. Vygotsky

B. Pavlov

C. Bronfenbrenner

D. Piaget





129.(p. 18)

Ethological theorists view children as

A. captives of their biological roots.

B. incapable of modifying "elicitor" behaviours.

C. manifestations of basic need



s and instinctual drives.

D. open to learning and environmental experiences thereby working with biologically base



d behaviours.





130.(p. 18)

The construct which led to recognition of the importance of timing of events in early development is

A. critical periods.

B. universal behaviours.

C. species-specific behaviours.

D. cohort effects.





131.(p. 18)

The basic methodology of ethologists is

A. experimentation in the natural habitat.

B. observation in the natural habitat.

C. surveying in the natural habitat.



D. description in the natural habitat.





132.(p. 18)

The goal of research conducted by ethologists is

A. to determine cause and effect relationships.

B. to identify correlations between two variables.

C. to understan



d how behaviour occurs in a particular context.

D. to describe the relationship between heredity and behaviour.







133.(p. 18)

A child in Canada and a child in Japan show similar emotional expressions of joy. Ethologists would explain this phenomenon as

A. a cultural phenomenon.

B. imprinting.

C. a learned phenomenon due to social relationships.

D. a biol



ogically determined behaviour.





134.(p. 18)

In social relationships, ethologists are often interested in

A. personality traits.

B. nonverbal behaviour.

C. the role of cognition.

D. modeling.





135.(p. 18)

A developmental psychologist with an ethological orientation would be least likely to

A. believe in the theory of evolution.

B. utilize the concept of a critical period.

C. view behaviour as being



influenced by biology.

D. focus on the impact of punishment on behaviour.





136.(p. 18)

The person who is least likely to be an ethologist is one who observes

A. monkeys in the jungles of Africa.

B. children on school playgrounds.

C. ducklings as they develop on farms.

D. rats



in a well controlled research lab.





137.(p. 18)

The presence of a sensitive period or a critical period is a key component of

A. ethological theory.

B. ecological theory.

C. biological theory.

D. sociocultural theory.





138.(p. 18)

One contribution of the ethological theory is that it has increased

A. the focus on the biological and evolutionary basis of development.

B. research with humans.

C. the fo



cus on an individual's cognitive development.

D. on the importance of culture on development.





139.(p. 18)

A __________ is a specific time during development when a given event, or lack of an event, has the greatest impact.

A. cohort

B. nonnormative event

C. critical period

D. developmental milestone





140.(p. 18)

A critical period is a time when

A. an organism is most likely to be influenced by a specific event.

B. a person faces a developmental transition.



velopment is taking place most rapidly.

D. development slows down for a period of time.





141.(p. 18)

Rubella has a disastrous impact if it is contracted during the first trimester of a pregnancy, yet has hardly any impact if contracted later in a pregnancy. This is an example of

A. fetal immune system maturation.

B. a normative event.

C. maturational timing.

D. a critical perio



d.


Type: Application

142.(p. 18)

Which perspective emphasizes the idea that species-specific behaviours enhance the survival of that species?

A. behaviouristic


C. contextual

D. ethological





143.(p. 17)

When a researcher accounts for cohort effects, she is recognizing that





s for behaviour.







144.(p. 17)

When a researcher accounts for cohort effects, she is recognizing that





s for behaviour.







145.(p. 17-18)

Life span studies are based on which of the following ideas?

A. There is little continuity over the life span.

B. Development occurs early in life, not during adulthood.



C. Every portion of the life span is influenced by earlier events and will in turn affect later events.

D. The domains



of development are not interrelated.





146.(p. 17)

Events such as puberty and entry into formal education, which are highly similar for people in a particular age group, are considered

A. normative age-graded influences.

B. expected events.

C. cohort experiences.

D. nonnormative life events.





147.(p. 17)

A group of people who share a similar experience common to all of its members is called a

A. generation.

B. cohort.

C. culture.

D. group.





148.(p. 17)

Your cohort includes your

A. grandparents and great-grandparents.

B. parents.

C. friends of your own age.

D. children and grandchildren.







149.(p. 17)

Which of the following are members of the same cohort?

A. a woman who raised children in Toronto during World War II and a woman raising children in Toronto durin



g the 1990s

B. an urban child in Russia and a rural child in Canada

C. a veteran of the Gulf War and a veteran of Worl



d War I

D. a high school student in Edmonton and a high school student in Calgary





150.(p. 19-20)

By considering the interrelatedness of different aspects of development, researchers today

A. are more confused than ever before.

B. no longer debate the nature-nurture issue in development.

C. have



a more in-depth view and understanding of development.

D. operate without any theoretical orientation.





151.(p. 19-20)

A social worker is trying to help Tina put her life back together, find housing and work, and finish her technical degree. The social worker uses Skinner's theory to understand how to reward Tina for her efforts; uses Erikson's theory to understand the identity and intimacy crisis Tina is now facing; and uses Bronfenbrenner's theory to understand how the relations between family, school, and work will affect Tina's development. The social worker is using the ______ approach to developmental theory.

A. ethological

B. dynamic

C. eclectic

D. ethnographic





152.(p. 21)

A set of ideas used to explain data and make further predictions is a

A. theory.

B. prediction.

C. explanation.

D. observation.





153.(p. 21)

A good hypothesis should be

A. based on research.

B. testable.

C. a general statement about behaviour.

D. a coherent set of ideas.





154.(p. 21)

A good theory suggests __________ to be tested by research.

A. data

B. hypotheses

C. findings

D. conclusions





155.(p. 21)

"If children learn aggression from models, then children who watch violent television shows should be more aggressive than children who watch non-violent shows." This is an example of a

A. theory.

B. finding.

C. hypothesis.

D. conclusion.





156.(p. 21)

Dr. Bennett predicts that infants who have poor diets will have academic problems later in life. She then designs a study to test this idea. We would say that Dr. Bennett has proposed a(n) ___________.

A. hypothesis

B. theory

C. interpretation

D. opinion





157.(p. 21)

After observing children interacting with a department store Santa Claus, a psychologist decides to study children's beliefs in Santa. Prior to beginning the study, the psychologist predicts that five-year-olds will believe in Santa, 10-year-olds will not be sure of their belief, and 15-year-olds will not believe at all. This prediction represents a(n)

A. theory.

B. method.

C. paradigm.

D. hypothesis.





158.(p. 21)

Freud's psychosexual stages, Erikson's psychosocial stages, and Piaget's cognitive stages are considered

A. opinions.

B. hypotheses.

C. theories.

D. proven facts.



159.(p. 22)

A selected portion of children from a larger group or population of children which is representative (hopefully) of the larger group is referred to as a

A. subset.

B. class.

C. cohort.

D. sample.







160.(p. 22)

When conducting research, scientists will typically measure a __________ and generalize the results to a __________.

A. cohort; sample

B. nonnormative group; normative group

C. population; sample

D. sample; population





161.(p. 22)

Because studying an entire population is usually too costly and time-consuming, investigators select a ____________, a smaller group within the population.

A. cohort

B. subpopulation

C. sample

D. kinship network





162.(p. 22)

A researcher wants to conduct a study analyzing Nova Scotian children in the first grade. All first-graders represent the ___________; those first-graders who participate in the study represent the ___________.

A. sample; population

B. population; sample

C. control group; experimental group

D. experimental



group; control group





163.(p. 22)

The type of sample a researcher uses impacts most upon

A. those to whom the results and conclusions can legitimately apply.

B. the types of questions that can



be asked.

C. the research design being employed.

D. the research strategy developed.





164.(p. 22)

You are a researcher conducting a study on the effects of divorce on children's academic performance. You are careful to select children from all socioeconomic levels. How well you select your sample will determine whether

A. your results measure academic performance.

B. the sample is representative of the populatio



n to whom you are applying the results.

C. families will participate.

D. your sample is randomized.





165.(p. 22)

In order to insure that the results from a study are generalizable, researchers are increasingly employing either a national sample or

A. restrictive populations.

B. representative samples.

C. multiple samples.

D. random samples.





166.(p. 23)

National surveys are useful in characterizing and describing the population but are less likely to

A. be used because of the cost.

B. address psychological as opposed to social issues.

C. be employed due



to high dropout rates.

D. provide detailed information regarding the processes of development.





167.(p. 23)

When deciding which method to use for collecting information about children, the primary factor should be

A. the questions being asked by the researchers.

B. the age of the child/children.

C. the size of the sa



mple.

D. the research design itself.





168.(p. 23-24)

An overriding problem in the use of parental surveys or questionnaires is that

A. they are too time-consuming.

B. they are very difficult to interpret, therefore resulting in inaccu



racies.

C. by their very nature, they tend to confuse parents.

D. they are usually retrospective in nature, therefore re



sulting in inaccuracies.





169.(p. 24)

A psychologist is studying intellectual performance in minority groups. As a colleague, you are discussing various aspects of the study. You suggest that the testing instruments and protocol should

A. reflect middle class culture.

B. be adapted to reflect the cultures being studied.

C. not be altered from



standardized administration.

D. be adapted for some cultures, but not others.





170.(p. 24)

Statistics indicate that the proportion of non-European, non-white population is increasing in North America. However, according to Fisher et al. (1998), minorities are often misunderstood, and their beliefs and values are viewed as deficient. In light of this finding, researchers are realizing that before conducting studies on various cultures, researchers must first

A. understand the cultural values of the minority they are studying.

B. reinterpret white



cultural values.

C. conduct studies for comparison with white cultures.

D. understand that most nonwhite cultures values ca



nnot be conceptualized.





171.(p. 24)

Which of the following is NOT a strategy used to increase the accuracy of parents' and children's reports of behaviour as well as the range of situations in which such behaviours occur?

A. training a family member as an observer in order to reduce bias

B. reporting only immediate or



recent events to obtain a current picture

C. "beeping" research participants at random times and recording curre



nt behaviours, thoughts, and feelings

D. asking respondents to report a composite child or situation allowing re



searchers to establish trends and patterns





172.(p. 24)

Parental reports are most accurate when they focus on

A. retrospective behaviours and events.

B. current practices and behaviours.

C. the developmental history of th



e child.

D. changes in a particular behaviour pattern or problem.





173.(p. 24)

According to research by Zill (1986), truthfulness of children's reports can be improved by interviewing

A. only older children.

B. children in pairs.

C. children alone.

D. children in the presence of their parents.





174.(p. 24)

As an exercise for your child development course, you are required to interview children about their behaviour when they know an adult is not watching them. You must inquire as to how often they deliberately break rules that have been set for them. Concerned about getting an honest response from the children, you decide to interview them

A. alone.

B. with their parents listening.

C. with an older sibling.

D. with a peer present.





175.(p. 24)

Which of the following should NOT be considered when using children's reports?

A. children are quicker to respond than adults

B. children are less attentive than adults

C. children are more di



fficult to interview than adults

D. children have more difficulty understanding questions than adults





176.(p. 24)

Even though family members may not be accurate reporters of events, researchers believe the information they provide is very important because

A. perceptions can/do influence behaviour and developmental factors.

B. perceptions and beliefs alone



indicate conflict and distress.

C. by recognizing that reports are perceptual, not factual, one can correct for this st



atistically.

D. perceptions are always discrepant with actual behaviours.





177.(p. 23)

"What actually occurred may not be as important as the perception of the event." This quote is justification for

A. assessment inventories.

B. direct observations.

C. self-reports.

D. correlational studies.





178.(p. 24)

A family therapist, as opposed to a therapist seeing a child individually, would be interested in self-report measures because

A. families behave in more socially acceptable ways in a therapeutic setting.

B. these measures can



be obtained more efficiently than other assessments.

C. direct observations are too costly.

D. these measure



s help discover perceptions that the family have of each other.





179.(p. 24)

You are a researcher interested in children's self-perceptions in social relationships, primarily their self-esteem. You have already taken self-reports from the children in your study. You acknowledge that another important source of information is the children's

A. teachers.

B. siblings.

C. parents.

D. peers.





180.(p. 24)

As a developmental psychologist you are interested in parent-child interactions that occur during play. In order to obtain the most accurate data of play interactions, you decide that the best environment for making your observations will be

A. in the home.

B. in the laboratory.

C. at a park with other families.

D. at the child's school playgr



ound.





181.(p. 25)

You are a psychologist interested in determining why a child is biting. Since this behaviour does not happen very often, you decide to bring the child into your office and set up the conditions that will make the behaviour more likely to occur. This method is called

A. laboratory experiment.

B. field study.

C. structured observation.

D. short-term method.





182.(p. 27)

The correlational approach to studying children's behaviour allows one to conclude

A. which variable caused the outcome of events.

B. cause and effect relationships.

C. which research strategy



is most effective in answering the research question.

D. whether a relationship exists between two variables and ho



w strong that relationship is.



183.(p. 27)

In order to understand the correlation, one must consider both the direction and the

A. sign.

B. numeric value.

C. sample size.

D. research question.





184.(p. 27)

Which of the following correlation coefficients is the strongest?

A. +.83

B. -.75

C. +.42

D. -.91





185.(p. 27)

As the correlation coefficient approaches zero, one can conclude that

A. as one measure increases, the other shows a fixed predictable increase.

B. only a weak or no relationship exi



sts between the two variables.

C. as one measure increases, the other shows a fixed predictable decrease.

D. an error wa



s made in calculation, since obtaining anything below 1 is not possible.





186.(p. 27)

You are a parent of 4-year-old Lee, who is insistent that she no longer needs a nap. However, you notice that when Lee does nap, her disposition is improved and her oppositional behaviours are fewer. What type of a correlation may be drawn between napping and inappropriate behaviours?

A. positive correlation

B. negative correlation

C. weak correlation

D. strong correlation





187.(p. 27)

Dr. Brown has studied the relationship between the amount of time children spend watching television and their academic performance in school. He finds that as television viewing increases, grades in school decrease. This finding represents



C. a variable interaction.

D. a case study approach



.


Type: Application



188.(p. 27)

Suppose you asked the following two questions of a group of 100 children: How much time do your parents spend reading to you each day, and what are your grades in school? You find that children whose parents read to them for more than one hour each day have better grades than children whose parents read to them for only a few minutes each day. What could you conclude from this pattern of data?

A. Parental reading time causes children to do better in school.

B. Parental reading ti



me and grades are positively correlated.

C. Parental reading time and grades are uncorrelated.

D. Better stud



ents cause their parents to spend more time reading to them.





189.(p. 28)

A strong correlation between variables does not necessarily mean that one variable __________ the other.

A. determines

B. causes

C. results from

D. negates



190.(p. 28)

Two unrelated variables will have a correlational index of approximately

A. +1.00.

B. -1.00.

C. -0.50.

D. 0.


Type: Comprehension



191.(p. 28)

A high positive correlation between the amount of television violence viewed and aggression indicates that

A. watching violence on television makes children more aggressive.

B. children who watch a lot of violence



on television are more aggressive.

C. parents who permit their children to watch violence on television allow them



to be more aggressive.

D. children who are more aggressive like violent television.





192.(p. 27)

It has been observed that women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to experience birth complications than women who do not smoke. This conclusion is most likely to derive from research using a(n)

A. experimental design.

B. cross-sectional design.


D. multi-varied design.





193.(p. 28)

A major advantage of using an experiment to answer a research question is

A. that one always gets the most for one's money.

B. that it allows one to determine cause and effect.

C. that,



regardless of the question being asked, an experiment is always the procedure of choice.

D. that it is always



easier to carry out when compared to other approaches.





194.(p. 27)

When the data in a correlational study are statistically analyzed, the result is



C. an understanding of which factor caused which other factor.



D. a correlation coefficient.





195.(p. 29)

The variable which is measured in an experiment is known as the









196.(p. 29)

The variable which is manipulated in an experiment is known as the









197.(p. 29)

In a well-designed laboratory experiment, the only difference between the experimental and control groups should be the


B. number of participants.

C. setting.

D. independent variable.





198.(p. 29)

In an experimental study, researchers manipulate a(n) ____________ variable to observe its effects on a(n) _____________ variable.

A. control; independent

B. dependent; independent

C. independent; dependent

D. dependent; control





Type: Knowledge

199.(p. 29)

The subjects who receive the treatment or independent variable in an experimental study are called the

A. experimental group.

B. control group.

C. dependent group.

D. independent group.





200.(p. 29)

In an experiment, one group of children are given a drink each day with a special vitamin supplement. A second group of children are given the same drink but without the vitamins. Later, all children are given an IQ test to see if the vitamins had an effect on intelligence. In this experiment, the children's scores on the IQ test would be the

A. independent variable.

B. cross-sequential variable.

C. dependent variable.

D. control varia



ble.





201.(p. 28)

The chief advantage of experimental methods is that they are

A. more flexible than other methods.

B. more generalizable than other methods.

C. more descriptive of re



al-life events.

D. better able to determine cause and effect.





202.(p. 29)

You are conducting a study looking at the effects of caffeine on attention in 7-year-old children. In this study, you have 3 groups of children, all age 7, with each group consisting of equal numbers of boys and girls. Group 1 drinks 6 oz. of cola; group 2 drinks 6 oz. of caffeine-free cola; group 3 drinks 6 oz. of water. Thirty minutes after the children drink, you ask them to complete a 100-piece puzzle. You measure the amount of time it takes each child to do this task. In this study the dependent variable is

A. the type of drink.

B. the amount of time to complete the puzzle.

C. attentio



n.D. th

e 100-piece puzzle.





203.(p. 29)

One problem with laboratory experimentation is

A. the amount of control the experimenter has.

B. the lack of definition between independent and depe



ndent variables.

C. the difficulty in making generalizations regarding results.

D. the difficulty in assessing basic perceptu



al processes.





204.(p. 29)

A psychologist designs an experiment to determine the effect of eye contact on children's smiling. Group I is exposed to all eye contacts during the session while Group 2 is exposed to zero eye contacts during the session. The psychologist records the number of times the children smile. In this study, the dependent variable is ________ and the independent variable is ________.

A. the number of eye contacts; the length of the session

B. the number of smiles; the



length of the session

C. the number of eye contacts; the number of smiles

D. the number of smiles; the numbe



r of eye contacts.





205.(p. 28)

Random assignment of subjects to groups is a requirement of the

A. correlational method.

B. experimental method.

C. longitudinal approach.

D. cross-sectional approach.







206.(p. 29)

To determine the effects of a new "memory-enhancing" pill, a researcher randomly assigns 30 female teenagers to one of two conditions. In the first condition, each subject is given a pill and then told to try and memorize a list of 20 nonsense words. In the second condition, subjects are simply asked to try and memorize the word list. Results indicated that subjects who received the pill got an average of 12 items correct, whereas the no-pill group recalled only 6 items. In the experiment, the independent variable is the

A. sex of the subjects.

B. number of words recalled.

C. pill versus no-pill condition



s.D. us

e of nonsense words.





207.(p. 29)

A drug company believes that it has discovered a pill that may improve a person's reaction speed. To test the drug 10 men are given no drug, 10 men are given one pill, and 10 men are given two pills. One week later, each subject is presented with a task in which they hit a button after hearing a tone. The speed of their reaction is recorded to the hundredth of a second. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

A. amount of pill

B. sex of the subjects in the study

C. time it takes a subject to pu



sh the button

D. one-week delay





208.(p. 29)

The key characteristic of field experimentation is that

A. the child willingly enters the experimenter's lab.

B. it occurs in both laboratory and non-laboratory



settings.

C. it occurs without any manipulation on the part of the experimenter.

D. the experimenter enters the



child's world.





209.(p. 29)

The principal result of the field experiment conducted by Friedrich and Stein (1973) on the impact of television viewing on aggressive behaviour in nursery school children was that exposure to

A. aggressive programming resulted in increased aggression among children.

B. pro-social prog



ramming resulted in decreased aggression among children.

C. aggressive programming resulted in increased



aggression in children who previously behaved aggressively.

D. aggressive programming resulted in increased aggr



ession in children who previously were less aggressive.





210.(p. 29)

In the study by Friedrich and Stein (1973) looking at the impact of television viewing on aggressive behaviour in nursery school children, the factor which characterized it as a field experiment was that

A. it occurred in a nursery school.

B. it took place in a laboratory.

C. both independent and depend



ent variables were involved.

D. the results have utility.





211.(p. 29)

In the study by Friedrich and Stein (1973) evaluating the effects of television viewing on aggressive behaviour, the dependent variable was the

A. setting.

B. type of programming shown.

C. measure of aggressive behaviour.

D. baseline period.





212.(p. 30)

You are a psychologist studying the effects of parental absence on behaviour. During 1991, a local Navy Reserve Unit was called to active duty for Operation Desert Storm. This call-up allowed you to study the effects of parental absence in a different way. Which research strategy could you employ during this time?

A. laboratory experiment

B. natural experiment

C. field experiment

D. survey





213.(p. 30)

To conduct a study of the effects that lead exposure has on children, the most appropriate method would be a

A. cross-sectional experiment.

B. laboratory experiment.


D. natural experiment.







214.(p. 30)

When deciding which type of research strategy to use, experimenters find themselves choosing between

A. greater control vs. generalizability.

B. clarity of results vs. control.

C. applicability of results vs. generalizability.

D. real-



life settings vs. natural experiments.





215.(p. 30)

The preferred means of studying child development is increasingly

A. relying on case study methods.

B. relying on multiple methodological approaches.

C. combining correlationa



l strategies and naturalistic experiments.

D. combining a laboratory experiment and cross-sectional experi



ment.





216.(p. 29)

For some months following the earthquake in central California, children were found to experience many more terrifying nightmares and seek referral to psychological clinics than comparable children living at the same time in cities not experiencing an earthquake. The investigators who observed this phenomenon in trying to understand the impact of such a traumatic experience on children's behaviour were using a

A. correlational experiment.

B. cross-sectional experiment.


D. natur



al experiment.





217.(p. 30)

When an investigator introduces a new teaching method into a classroom and compares the effect of that teaching method with a traditional teaching method used in another classroom, that investigator is employing a

A. field experiment.

B. natural experiment.

C. correlational strategy.

D. cross-sectional strategy.







218.(p. 29-30)

Researchers are employing strategies that combine field and laboratory approaches. In one approach, the independent variables are manipulated in the field while the dependent variable is measured in the lab. This approach allows for greater control over






D. results.





219.(p. 30)

Researchers are employing strategies that combine field and laboratory approaches. In one approach, the independent variables are manipulated in the field while the dependent variable is measured in the lab. This approach allows for greater control over






D. results.





220.(p. 30)

The main conclusion of research studying the effects of TV viewing has shown that TV viewing

A. has only negative effects.

B. impedes brain development.

C. inhibits peer interaction.

D. has both positive



and negative effects depending on the program being viewed.





221.(p. 30)

The case study method

A. allows for generalizations to larger, representative groups of children.

B. cannot be justified as a useful research



tool.

C. permits one to study unique occurrences in development.

D. is a first step in single subject designs.





222.(p. 30)

Which method of study is a developmentalist likely to use to examine the outcome of separating conjoined twins?

A. naturalistic observation

B. survey

C. correlation

D. case study





223.(p. 30)

A researcher needs to test a controversial treatment on a child who has a rare fatal disease. What is the most appropriate method to use?

A. a case study

B. an experimental study

C. a longitudinal study

D. a correlational study





224.(p. 30)

The primary disadvantage of the case study method is that

A. its cost is prohibitive.

B. it is time consuming.

C. its results may not be representative of the general popu



lation.

D. it is not always ethically feasible.





225.(p. 29-30)

The primary way in which a case study and the experimental treatment of a single subject vary is that

A. a case study tries to identify the environmental events that control behaviour.

B. an experimental treat



ment of a single subject tries to identify the environmental events that control behaviour.

C. case studies are eq



uivalent to the experimental treatment of a single subject.

D. in a case study, the subject serves as her ow



n control and experimental condition.





226.(p. 32)

The research design which involves using different groups of children of different ages at a given point in time is a









227.(p. 32)

You have just completed an extensive study investigating the differences in play behaviours during childhood. However, as you now review your data, you find that you are unable to consider possible past influences or determinants of age-related changes nor do you have information on developmental patterns of individual children. Which design did you use?




D. longitudinal de



sign.





228.(p. 30)

The research design which involves studying a group of children over an extended period of time is a

A. short-term longitudinal design.

B. cross-sectional/short-term longitudinal design.

C. cross-sectional



design.




229.(p. 30)

A researcher follows the same group of children over a 10-year period, measuring their performance twice a year. This is which method of data collection?

A. cross-sectional

B. longitudinal

C. cross-sequential

D. clinical


Parke - Chapter 01 #229download full file at http://testbankeasy.com


Type: Comprehension

230.(p. 30)

An experimenter measures the cognitive skills of 100 30-year-olds and compares them with 100 50-year-olds. This is an example of which method?

A. cross-sectional

B. longitudinal

C. cross-sequential

D. clinical





231.(p. 30)

Suppose your psychology professor asks you to do a study examining how emotional reactions change in children between the ages of three and 12 years. Given that the study needs to be completed in less than two weeks, which type of quasi-experimental method should you employ?

A. cross-sectional

B. longitudinal

C. cross-sequential

D. ethological





232.(p. 35)

A school psychologist assesses the effectiveness of a new reading program by testing the reading skills of a third-grade class and a fifth-grade class at the beginning and end of the first school semester. This psychologist is using a __________ design.

A. sequential

B. cross-sectional

C. longitudinal

D. time-sampling





233.(p. 33)

The impact of early events on later behaviour can be determined through the use of a









234.(p. 33)

A distinct advantage the longitudinal method has over the cross-sectional method is that

A. it is less affected by participant attrition.

B. it is more flexible.

C. it is less costly.

D. the effect of early



experience on later behaviour can be examined.





235.(p. 33)

Cross-generational change is a problem characteristic of

A. longitudinal designs.

B. cross-sectional designs.

C. cross-sequential designs.

D. experimental designs.





236.(p. 33)

Dr. Jones wants to compare the motor skills of children of a variety of ages: 1-year-olds, 2-year-olds, and 3-year-olds. Which design will she use?



C. careful design

D. case study design





237.(p. 32)

Dr. B. Johnston was interested in assessing the impact of the whole language approach on students' interest in reading and writing throughout the elementary school years. Though known for her cautious ways, Dr. B. Johnston was also pragmatic about time and money. Therefore, in order to answer her research question, she would best be served by using which design?




D. experimental desig



n


Type: Analysis



238.(p. 33)

Dr. A. Stinson has been awarded a lifetime grant to offset any costs encountered in completing her research in the area of whole language. Dr. A. Stinson now finds herself curious about the language development of children as they move past elementary school as well as individual patterns of development. Considering her research interests and current funding position, Dr. A. Stinson may find which research design most to her liking?




D. experimental



design



239.(p. 33)

Which of the following is NOT associated with longitudinal designs?

A. low-cost

B. selective dropout

C. repeated testing effects

D. low flexibility





240.(p. 35)

You are concerned about increased drug-use among elementary school children. As a researcher, you are interested in changes in drug-use patterns and personality characteristics associated with these behaviours. You have received a 5-year grant to study this issue and would like to include children ages 4 to 16 years in your study. Which design would give you the most for your money?

A. cross-sectional

B. longitudinal

C. short-term longitudinal

D. cross-sectional/short-ter



m longitudinal





241.(p. 33)

All but one of the following is considered a characteristic of the short-term longitudinal approach?

A. decreased subject loss

B. focus more expansive

C. consistency in procedures and instrumentation

D. codownload full file at http://testbankeasy.com


nsistency in staff



242.(p. 33)

Dr. Martin, a psychologist interested in memory in children, gave a memory test to a group of 6-year-olds. He repeated the tests with the same children again when they were 9- year-olds. He found that their memory scores improved as they got older. The research design used here was the _____ approach.

A. sequential.

B. longitudinal

C. correlational

D. cross-sectional







243.(p. 32)

As a high school principal, Dr. Ilka is interested in whether the fifth-grade students have better math skills than the third and first graders. To answer her question she presents children in each of the three grades with the same math test and then compares the scores. Dr. Ilka's study utilized a

A. cross-sectional design.


C. time-lag design.

D. correlational design.





244.(p. 36)

A psychologist is interested in how early childhood nutrition affects height. To discover this he tracks the nutritional consumption and growth of the same group of infants from age 1 through age 6. This research technique is utilizing a

A. time-lag design.



D. cross-sectional design.







245.(p. 36)

In the final analysis, what is the most important consideration in deciding upon a research strategy?

A. self-report vs. direct observation

B. ethical vs. unethical

C. cross-sectional vs. longitudinal

D. correlational



vs. experimental





246.(p. 36)

Increased awareness of children's research rights has resulted in

A. a greater reliance on direct observation.

B. a decreased number of deception studies.

C. fewer resear



ch projects in the area of child psychology.

D. an increased number of case studies.





247.(p. 36)

Dr. Ryder wanted to know why children fight. Dr. Ryder proposed to put children in a laboratory setting and have a research assistant instigate an argument among the participants. Dr. Ryder hoped they might get into heated arguments so he could observe their interactions. One weakness of this type of observational study is that

A. structured interview questions cannot be used.

B. it is not effective for cross-cultural studies



.C. Dr.

Ryder does not have control over critical variables like time and place of observation.

D. Dr. Ryder cannot



ethically subject children to stressful situations to observe their response.





248.(p. 37)

When using children as participants in research studies, psychologists must

A. retain a professional, distant atmosphere during all data collection.

B. obtain informed consent from th



e child and parent prior to the start of the research.

C. use deception to assure confidentiality of the research.



D. complete the data collection as planned to avoid having to repeat sessions, even if the child does not seem



willing to continue.





249.(p. 37)

The primary task of institutional review boards is to

A. determine if the research methodology is sound.

B. determine which children can give consent independen



tly.C. ins

ure that proper ethical guidelines are being followed.

D. provide safeguards when using deception and invasiv



e procedures.





250.(p. 37)

Which of the following is NOT included in "A Children's Bill of Research Rights"?

A. the right to nonharmful treatment

B. the right to confidentiality of their research data

C. the right to choose



participation in a specific research group

D. the right to voluntary withdrawal





251.(p. 37)

You are considering a study investigating adolescents' responses to witnessing arguments between members of the opposite sex. For control purposes, you decide to stage an argument in the waiting room outside of your laboratory while the adolescent waits to be called in for a "phony" study. According to "A Children's Bill of Research Rights," you are most concerned about

A. frightening the adolescent.

B. informed consent.

C. getting approval from the internal



review board.

D. having to set up a "phony" study.





252.(p. 37)

According to "A Children's Bill of Research Rights," if a child is participating as a control subject in a study,

A. the child is entitled to alternative beneficial treatment provided other subjects.

B. the child may choo



se which experimental group to be in.

C. the child is required to participate in both experimental and control groups.



D. no access to beneficial treatment is required but it is suggested.



253.(p. 5)

Describe three significant early events in Canadian Developmental Psychology.

Answers will vary.





254.(p. 6)

Identify two theoretical assumptions of each: the nature position and the nurture position.

Answers will vary.



255.(p. 6)

Define continuous and discontinuous development and give a theoretical example.

Answers will vary.



256.(p. 8)

Identify three different responses of individuals to risk.

Answers will vary.



257.(p. 8)

Explain why it is important for developmental psychologists to study different cultures.

Answers will vary.





258.(p. 11)

Describe the cognitive processes of assimilation and accommodation according to Piaget. Provide an example of each process.

Answers will vary.



259.(p. 18)

Discuss three theoretical assertions of ethological theory.

Answers will vary.



260.(p. 4 - 20)

If you were to develop your own theory of child development, which themes would you include and why? Which, if any, would you exclude and for what reasons?

Answers will vary.

Learning Objective: 1-4




261.(p. 4 - 20)

The nature/nurture controversy has been a longstanding issue in child development. The 1980s emphasized the nature side while the 1990s emphasized the nurture side of this controversy. First, explain the nature versus nurture controversy. Then, predict whether the current decade will emphasize nature or nurture and the reasons for your prediction.

Answers will vary.



262.(p. 4 - 20)

Describe the strengths and weaknesses of any two of the main theories described in the text.

Answers will vary.



263.(p. 18)

What is the current interpretation of the term "critical period" as it relates to childhood development?

Answers will vary.





264.(p. 22)

What factors should be considered to ensure that a sample is representative of a population?

Answers will vary.



265.(p. 24)

Describe advantages and disadvantages of direct observation.

Answers will vary.



266.(p. 24)

How do parents, teachers, and peers contribute as sources of information gathered about children?

Answers will vary.



267.(p. 28 - 30)

What advantages does a laboratory experiment have over a correlational method?

Answers will vary.

Learning Objective: 5 - 6Parke - Chapter 01 #267

Type: Analysis



268.(p. 27 - 29)

Correlational studies and experiments are frequently misunderstood and confused. What do you understand to be the primary characteristics of each?

Answers will vary.



269.(p. 32 - 36)

Describe the sequential method and its advantages over the cross-sectional and longitudinal methods.

Answers will vary.



270.(p. 36 - 37)

You are the chairperson of an institutional research review board. What would your main concerns and considerations be when overseeing research conducted with children and why?

Answers will vary.





271.(p. 36 - 37)

Ethical codes in psychology typically state that research is to be nonbiased in relation to race, gender, culture, and sexual orientation. How can you, as a researcher, ensure that your research study meets these criteria?

Answers will vary.





1 Summary

Category

# of Questions


6


3


29


122


2

Lear

33



ning Objective: 5Learning Objective: 5 - 6

1


27


18


20


10

Parke - Chapter 01

271

Ty 33download full file at http://testbankeasy.com


pe: AnalysisType: Application

65

Type: Comprehension

50

Type: Knowledge

123


Find the cheapest test bank for your text book!testbankeasy.eu/sample/Test bank for Child Psychology, 3… · Web view91. In recent years, Freud's psychoanalytic theory has A. been

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