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PRODUCT DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

A

REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirementFor the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

InPRODUCTION & INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

By

Bhupesh Kumar

Nikita Singhal

Sunita Chauhan

DEPARTMENT OF PRODUCTION & INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERINGM.B.M. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

JAI NARAIN VYAS UNIVERSITY

JODHPUR (RAJASTHAN) - 342011

2010-11

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CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work which is being presented in the Product Design and

Development project on “ ERGOREST MOUSE PAD” in the partial fulfilment of the requirement

for the award of degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in PRODUCTION &

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, submitted in the department of production & industrial

engineering, M.B.M. Engineering College, Jodhpur (Rajasthan), is an authentic record of our own

work carried out, under the supervision of Dr. Milind Kumar Sharma, Associate Professor,

Department of Production & Industrial Engineering, M.B.M. Engineering college, Jodhpur

(Rajasthan).

Date: 6 May, 2012 BHUPESH KUMAR

Place NIKITA SINGHAL

SUNITA CHAUHAN

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CONTENT

Introduction

Product information

Product Models

Product analysis

Questniers

feedback

Swot analysis

Value analysis

Conclusion

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1. Introduction:

Product Design & Development comprises the set of complementary activities and

disciplines which start with the identification of a market opportunity followed by the development

of initial concepts and culminate in the manufacture, sale and delivery of an end product to the

customer.

The activity of Product Design and Development (PDD) is defined as the design of the all

the goods and services that compose the process through which a good or a service is created. It

incorporates not only the design of the product itself, but also the design of new technologies used

in the manufacturing processes.

The aim of this program of study is to provide students with a select group of modules,

which address the product design, development and supply life-cycle by bringing together the core

disciplines of marketing, design (industrial and engineering) and manufacture. In addition, strong

emphasis is placed on product quality and cost, as well as on the key aspects of the design and

development phase, namely project management, cost and time to market (Wikipedia

contributer,1998). Since the product design and development activity within a company is inter-

disciplinary by nature, group and team-working skills are also emphasized.

2. Course Objectives:

The focus of Product Design and Development is integration of the marketing, design, and

manufacturing functions of the firm in creating a new product. The course is intended to provide

you with the following benefits:

Competence with a set of tools and methods for product design and development.

Confidence in your own abilities to create a new product.

Awareness of the role of multiple functions in creating a new product (e.g. marketing,

finance, industrial design, engineering, production).

Ability to coordinate multiple, interdisciplinary tasks in order to achieve a common

objective.

Reinforcement of specific knowledge from other courses through practice and reflection in

an action-oriented setting.

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3. Basic Definitions:

3.1 Product:

Product is an article obtained by the transformation of raw material and is marketed or sold

by the manufacturer, i.e., a product is a saleable item (Word dictionary, 2000).

3.2 Development:

Development concerns the most economically feasible method for applying the principles

identified through research. Development involves design/redesign and fabrication of new or

modified product and then testing it to find its usefulness (Word dictionary, 2000).

3.3 Product development procedure:

1. In business and engineering, new product development (NPD) is the term used to describe

the complete process of bringing a new product or service to market. There are two parallel

paths involved in the NPD process: one involves the idea generation, product design and

detail engineering; the other involves market research and marketing analysis. products go

through the stages of their lifecycle and will eventually have to be replaced There are eight

stages of new product development (Telsang, 2008). These stages will be discussed briefly

below:

Stage 1: Idea generation

New ideas for selection and development of the product in general may be generated by:

Imitation:

Imitation means marketing another product similar to one in market. Design by saves lot of

research and lot of money.

Adoptions:

Adoption involves developing an improved product for an already existing in markets.

Invention:

New design come from invention new conceived ideas are developed and turned in to new

products. This procedure involves lot of money, time, risk of failure or unsuccessful of consumer

market.

Other sources:

Sometimes new ideas may be obtained from the following sources:

(a) dealers and customers

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(b) By advertising, asking people to send their ideas and announcing prizes for the best

ideas.

(c) Success stories of friend/relative, experience of other manufacturers.

(d) Chance of producing substitute of article for which there is a good demand.

(e) Internal sources for new ideas are employees including R&D staff, sales

representatives, production worker etc.

Stage 2: Idea Screening

This process involves shifting through the ideas generated above and selecting ones which

are feasible and workable to develop. Pursing non feasible ideas can clearly be costly for the

company.

Stage 3: Concept Development and Testing

All product ideas selected after preliminary investigation are subjected to detailed

investigation and analysis. The purpose of development ideas in to mature product concept possess

utility and can be marketing profitably. The precise description of the ideas and features of the

proposed product is made.

Stage 4: Marketing Strategy and Development

How will the product/service idea be launched within the market? A proposed marketing

strategy will be written laying out the marketing mix strategy of the product, the segmentation,

targeting and positioning strategy sales and profits that are expected.

Stage 5: Business Analysis

The company has a great idea, the marketing strategy seems feasible, but will the product be

financially worth while in the long run? The business analysis stage looks more deeply into the cash

flow the product could generate, what the cost will be, how much market shares the product may

achieve and the expected life of the product.

Stage 6: Product Development

Finally it is at this stage that a prototype is finally produced. The prototype will clearly run

through all the desired tests, and be presented to the target audience to see if changes need to be

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made.

Stage 7: Test Marketing

Test marketing means testing the product within a specific area. The product will be

launched within a particular region so the marketing mix strategy can be monitored and if needed,

be modified before national launch.

Stage 8: Commercialization

If the test marketing stage has been successful then the product will go for national launch.

There are certain factors that need to be taken into consideration before a product is launched

nationally. These are timing, how the product will be launched, where the product will be launched,

will there be a national roll out or will it be region by region?

4. The Product Life Cycle:

A new product progresses through a sequence of stages from introduction to growth,

maturity, and decline. This sequence is known as the product life cycle and is associated with

changes in the marketing situation, thus impacting the marketing strategy and the marketing mix

( Iphonegold, 2009).The product revenue and profits can be plotted as a function of the life-cycle

stages as shown in the graph below:

4.1 Introduction Stage:

In the introduction stage, the firm seeks to build product awareness and develop a market for

the product (Quickmba, 2007).The impact on the marketing mix is as follows:

Product branding and quality level is established and intellectual property protection such

as patents and trademarks are obtained.

Pricing may be low penetration pricing to build market share rapidly, or high skim pricing

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to recover development costs.

Distribution is selective until consumers show acceptance of the product.

Promotion is aimed at innovators and early adopters. Marketing communications seeks to

build product awareness and to educate potential consumers about the product.

4.2 Growth Stage:

In the growth stage, the firm seeks to build brand preference and increase market share.

Product quality is maintained and additional features and support services may be added.

Pricing is maintained as the firm enjoys increasing demand with little competition.

Distribution channels are added as demand increases and customers accept the product.

Promotion is aimed at a broader audience.

4.3 Maturity Stage:

At maturity, the strong growth in sales diminishes. Competition may appear with similar

products. The primary objective at this point is to defend market share while maximizing profit.

Product features may be enhanced to differentiate the product from that of competitors.

Pricing may be lower because of the new competition.

Distribution becomes more intensive and incentives may be offered to encourage

preference over competing products.

Promotion emphasizes product differentiation.

4.4 Decline Stage:

As sales decline, the firm has several options:

Maintain the product, possibly rejuvenating it by adding new features and finding new uses.

Harvest the product - reduce costs and continue to offer it, possibly to a loyal niche segment.

Discontinue the product, liquidating remaining inventory or selling it to another firm that is

willing to continue the product.

The marketing mix decisions in the decline phase will depend on the selected strategy. For

example, the product may be changed if it is being rejuvenated, or left unchanged if it is being

harvested or liquidated. The price may be maintained if the product is harvested, or reduced

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drastically if liquidated.

5. The Morphology of Design (The Seven Phases):The morphology of design refers to the study of the chronological structure of design

projects. It is the designed by the phases and their constituent steps. The various steps involved in

the design phases will be discussed in detail in the following sections of the seven phases, the first

three phases belong to design, and the remaining four phases belong to production, distribution,

consumption and retirement.

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PRIMITIVE NEED

PHASE 1: FEASIBILITY STUDY

PHASE 2:

PRELIMINARY DESIGN

PHASE 3: DETAILED DESIGN

PHASE 5: PLANNING FOR DISTRIBUTION

PHASE 4: PLANNING

THE PRODUCTION PROCESS

PHASE 6: PLANNING FOR CONSUMPTION

PHASE 7: PLANNING FOR RETIREMENT

Primary Design Phase

Phase Related to Production Consumption

Cycle

FIG: MARPHOLOGY OF DESIGN PROCESS

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6. Basic Design Consideration:

There are major factors which the designer must consider before design a new product:

Convenience of use: No matter what the product is, convenience is of primary importance. It is the

designer’s primary objective to make the product desirable through its utility. In determining the

proper approach, he has several sources from which he may seek assistance. These sources are:

It is always possible for marketing research people to find out what the customer dislikes

about the company’s previous model.

Customer surveys may be conducted by making working models and pre-testing potential

users

The least costly and the most commonly used approach is common sense.

Maintenance: Ease of maintenance and life of parts are important factors. It is the customer who

ultimately benefits from proper consideration in this area, and the designer must be careful to resist

the temptation of designing primarily to phase the service personal. It can’t be repeated too often

the customer must always come first in the designer’s thinking.

Cost: although the cost certainly can’t be ignored, it should not be the overriding consideration in

all cases. The lowest- priced items doest necessarily outsell the highest prices, as the automobile

industry offers ample evidence. It is the customer who must ultimately decide how much the

product is worth.

Sales: We must know the volume of sales anticipated, the competition that will be encountered,

what the competitor are offering, and what we plan to offer. With regard to sale, it will be better to

remember that maximum efficiency and good performance don’t necessarily help in selling the

product.

Appearance: appearance should not be underestimated, for it determines the whole “character” of

the product. It should reflect pride of ownership, the function serve, high product quality and value,

and the reputation of the maker.

7. Product Analysis:

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Product analysis or production analysis is carried out in concurrence with product design.

Many factors have to be analyzed in connection with development and design. Some of these may

be grouped as:

(1) Marketing aspects

(2) Product characteristics:

a) Functional aspects

b) Operational aspect.

c) Durability and dependability, accessibility

d) Aesthetic aspects.

(3) Economics Analysis:

a) Profit consideration

b) The effect of standardization, simplification and

specialization

c) The break even analysis.

(4) Production aspects.

All these factors are interrelated and each presents many issues that have to be carefully

considered. Marketing research may guide product designers in their work to improve existing

products or to develop new ones. Design and its characteristics have to undergo an economic

analysis and must be researched in the light of available production facilities and techniques. The

proposed design has to be rechecked and modified. Thus product development and design is an

excellent example of interdependence of a multitude of factors that have to be unified and

integrated into a final composition.

8. Design Technologies and Techniques

The design process must provide a complete description of the product that is to be

manufactured. The Design Technologies and Techniques module provides a comprehensive

overview of a wide range of computational and analytical design techniques that are available to

assist the designer in his goal. Various design analysis tools for performance prediction, reliability

assessment and mechanical strength and thermal performance of a product are covered. Design

analysis techniques can be used to reduce lead-times, improve performance and reduce

development costs. Different design techniques are as follows:

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8.1 Questionnaire Design:

The questionnaire is a structured technique for collecting primary data in a marketing

survey. It is a series of written or verbal questions for which the respondent provides answers. A

well-designed questionnaire motivates the respondent to provide complete and accurate

information.

Type of questionnaire:

1. Open-ended

2. Closed-ended questions.

An open-ended question asks the respondent to formulate his own answer, whereas a closed-ended

question has the respondent pick an answer from a given number of options (Quickmba,

2007).These are steps of developing a questionnaire:

Steps to Developing a Questionnaire

There are nine steps involved in the development of a questionnaire:

1. Decide the information required.

2. Define the target respondents.

3. Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents.

4. Decide on question content.

5. Develop the question wording.

6. Put questions into a meaningful order and format.

7. Check the length of the questionnaire.

8. Pre-test the questionnaire.

9. Develop the final survey form.

A good questionnaire is one which help directly achieve the research objectives, provides

complete and accurate information; is easy for both interviewers and respondents to complete, is so

designed as to make sound analysis and interpretation possible and is brief.

8.2 SWOT Analysis:

SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses,

Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the

objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are

favourable and unfavourable to achieve that objective.

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A SWOT analysis must first start with defining a desired end state or objective(Fao

organisation, 2004). A SWOT analysis may be incorporated into the strategic planning model.

Strategic Planning has been the subject of much research.

Strengths: attributes of the person or company that is helpful to achieving the

objective(s).

Weaknesses: attributes of the person or company that is harmful to achieving the

objective(s).

Opportunities: external conditions that is helpful to achieving the objective(s).

Threats: external conditions which could do damage to the objective(s).

8.2.1 The SWOT Matrix

To develop strategies that take into account the SWOT profile, a matrix of these factors can

be constructed. The SWOT matrix (also known as a TOWS Matrix) is shown below:

SWOT / TOWS Matrix

Strengths Weaknesses

Opportuniti S-O strategies W-O strategies

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Situation Analysis

External Analysis

Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

Internal Analysis

Strengths

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es

Threats S-T strategies W-T strategies

(1) S-O strategies pursue opportunities that are a good fit to the company’s strengths.

(2) W-O strategies overcome weaknesses to pursue opportunities.

(3) S-T strategies identify ways that the firm can use its strengths to reduce its vulnerability to external threats.

(4) W-T strategies establish a defensive plan to prevent the firm's weaknesses from making

it highly susceptible to external threats.

8.3 Value Analysis

The value of a product will be interpreted in different ways by different customers. Its

common characteristic is a high level of performance, capability, emotional appeal, style, etc.

relative to its cost. This can also be expressed as maximizing the function of a product relative to its

cost:

Value = (Performance + Capability)/Cost = Function/Cost

Value analysis defines a "basic function" as anything that makes the product work or sell. A

function that is defined as "basic" cannot change. Secondary functions, also called "supporting

functions", described the manner in which the basic function(s) were implemented. Secondary

functions could be modified or eliminated to reduce product cost (Creatingmind, 2005). This is the

procedure of value analysis:

8.3.1 Procedure:

Step 1: Identify and prioritize functions

Identify the item to be analysed and the customers for whom it is produced.

List the basic functions (the things for which the customer is paying). Note that there are

usually very few basic functions.

Identify the secondary functions by asking ‘How is this achieved?’ or ‘What other functions

support the basic functions?’.

Determine the relative importance of each function, preferably by asking a representative

sample of customers (who will always surprise you with what they prefer).

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Step 2: Analyze contributing functions

Find the components of the item being analyzed that are used to provide the key functions.

Again, the question ‘How’ can come in very useful here.

Measure the cost of each component as accurately as possible, including all material and

production costs.

Step 3: Seek improvements

Eliminate or reduce the cost of components that add little value, especially high-cost

components.

Enhance the value added by components that contribute significantly to functions that are

particularly important to customers.

Value Analysis (and its design partner, Value Engineering) is used to increase the value of

products or services to all concerned by considering the function of individual items and the

benefit of this function and balancing this against the costs incurred in delivering it. The task then

becomes to increase the value or decrease the cost.

8.4 Likert Scale:

A Likert scale is a psychometric scale commonly used in questionnaires, and is the most

widely used scale in survey research, such that the term is often used interchangeably with rating

scale even though the two are not synonymous. When responding to a Likert questionnaire item,

respondents specify their level of agreement to a statement.

A five-point Likert item: A Likert scale is recognizable when you are asked to indicate your

strength of feeling about a particular issue on a 1-5 rating scale. Using a Likert Scale with closed

questions generates statistical measurements of people's attitudes and opinions (Likert, Rensis,

1932). The format of a typical five-level Likert item is:

1. Strongly disagree

2. Disagree

3. Neither agree nor disagree

4. Agree

5. Strongly agree

The Likert scale is also called the summative scale, as the result of a questionnaire is often achieved

by summing numerical assignments to the responses given.

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8.5 Sensitivity Analysis:

In this analysis the parameters of the linear programming problems are uncertain means

change with time and other factors. These changes in the parameters are discrete not continuous.

The study of the effect of discrete changes in parameters on the optimal solution is called sensitivity

analysis or the post optimality analysis.

The changes in the parameters of a linear programming problem include:

1. Changes in the right hand side constant or availability of resources(bi).

2. Changes in the cost/profit coefficients or cost/profit contribution per unit of decision

variables (cj).

3. Addition of new variables.

4. Changes in the coefficients of constraints or consumption of resources per unit of

decision variables aij.

5. Addition of new constraints.

6. Deletion of variables.

7. Deletion of constraints.

Generally, these parameter changes result in one of the following three cases:

1. The optimal solution remains unchanged i.e., the basic variables and their

values remain unchanged.

2. The basic variables remain unchanged but their values change.

3. The basic variables as well as their values are changed.

While dealing with these changes, one important objective is to find the maximum extent to

which a parameter or a set of parameters can be changed so that the current optimal solution

remains optimal. In other words, the objective is to determine how sensitive is the optimal solution

to the changes in those parameters (Gupta, Hira, 2008). Such an analysis is called sensitivity

analysis.

8.6 Cost Benefit Analysis:

Cost benefit analysis is a term that refers both to:

1. Helping to appraise, or assess, the case for a project or proposal, which itself is a process known

as project appraisal; and

2. An informal approach to making economic decisions of any kind. Cost benefit analysis normally

clarifies the trade-offs between first costs and operating costs, unless the owner or designer can

assign a monetary value for incremental benefits such as improved comfort, productivity, or well-

being, they are not normally considered.

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A cost benefit analysis is done to determine how well, or how poorly, a planned action will

turn out. Although a cost benefit and analysis can be used for almost anything, it is most commonly

done on financial questions. Since the cost benefit analysis relies on the addition of positive factors

and the subtraction of negative ones to determine a net result, it is also known as running the

numbers (Wikipedia Contributor, 1999). Thus cost benefit analysis has been done.

9. Product Information:

Ergorest forearm supports offer smooth movement and optional accessories such as mouse

trays with mouse pad make this a good device to assist individuals who have problems supporting

their arms while using the computer. Not only for them in IT companied where people working on

computers, due to the long working hour on computers stresses developed. Ergorest forearm

supports offer smooth movement so by using this product fatigue can be reduced. Therefor a person

can work long period of time with less fatigue.

The forearm support is adjusted to the table top by adjustable clamps.

Advantages 

(1) It relieves from muscle strain and tension in the neck and shoulders.

(2) It improves body posture and comfort level. It cures pressure on the median nerve which

is the cause of the discomfort that accompanies repetitive strain injuries and carpal tunnel

syndrome.

9.1 Features of Product:

(1) The maximum operating span for this model is 350mm.

(2) Maximum allowable Load is 12 Kg.

(3) Clamp opening is 20-50 mm.

(4) Lower arm length is 137.4 mm

(5) Upper arm length is 150 mm

(6) Pad rotation 360•

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Product model

static Analysis static using Allum. alloy 6061-O material

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optimized Analysis of upper lever using Allum. alloy 6061-O material

optimized Analysis of upper lever using Allum. alloy 6061-O material

Result of optimizing the model:

Different dimension changed

So directly it reduces the cost

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10. Questionnaire on Ergorest mouse Pad

Questionnaire No. ...... Date ..../..../2010

Name ...........................................................................................................................................................

Occupation....................................................................Age........................................................................

Address .......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

1. How much you are familiar with the product?

□ Never heard of it

□ I am aware but never used it.

□ Use it only sometimes

□ Use it on the regular basis.

2. Would you use this Ergorest arm earlier?

□ Yes □ No □ Not sure

3. How many hours do you spend on computer?

□ less than 1hour □ above 1hour but less than 4hour

□ more than 4 hour

4. Do you feel fatigue during working on computer?

□ Yes □ No

5. Which type of product do you prefer?

□ computer □ laptop

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6. Please rank what you look for in order of importance when selecting products of this kind.(basis of the

likert scale)

    1(bad)   2(fair)   3(good)   4(very good)   5(excellent)

Complicity in manufacturing

Feasibility

Reliability and Performance

Quality

Value of Product

Service Life

Environmental friendly

flexibility

Cost

Attractive

Familiarity

Manufacturing cost

Maintenance cost

Replacement cost

Safety

7. How likely are you to recommend [PRODUCT] to others?

□ Definitely will recommend

□ Probably will recommend

□ Not sure

□ Probably will not recommend

□ Definitely will not recommend

8. Overall, how satisfied are you with this product?

□ Very Dissatisfied □ Dissatisfied □ Satisfied

□ Very Satisfied

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11. Feedback of questionnaire (in terms of percentage):

Feedback of the questionnaire from 28 different people has been taken.

1. How much you are familiar with the product?

A B C D

9 17 0 2

2. Would you use this product earlier?

A B C

3 20 5

3. How much hours do you spend on computer?

A B C

7 14 7

22

50%

29%

21%

A

B

C

D

E

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4. Do you feel fatigue during working on computer?

A B

17 11

5. Which type of product do you prefer?

A B

19 9

7. How likely are you to recommend [PRODUCT] to others?

A B C D E

14 8 6 0 0

23

7%

89%

4%

A

B

C

D

21%

43%

32%

4%

Bad

Fair

Good

Very Good

Excellent

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8. Overall, how satisfied are you with this product?

A B C D

0 2 25 1

6. Please rank what you look for in order of importance when selecting products of this kind. (basis

of the likert scale)

Manufacturing perspective:

1. Complicity in manufacturing:

Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

6 12 9 1 0

2. feasibility

Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

24

50%

29%

21%

Bad

Fair

Good

Very Good

Excellent

7%

11%

29%32%

21%

Bad

Fair

Good

Very Good

Excellent

7%7%

29%

32%

25%Bad

Fair

Good

Very Good

Excellent

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2 5 9 9 3

3. Reliability and Performance:

Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

2 3 8 9 6

Customer perspective:

1. Quality:

Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

2 2 8 9 7

2. Value of Product:

Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

1 7 3 14 3

25

4%

25%

11% 50%

11%

Bad

Fair

Good

Very Good

Excellent

4%

14%

25%

32%

25%Bad

Fair

Good

Very Good

Excellent

17%

28%

21%

31%

3%

Bad

Fair

Good

Very Good

Excellent

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3. Service Life:

Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

1 4 7 9 7

4. Environmental friendly

Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

5 8 6 9 1

5Flexibility

Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

1 4 4 14 5

26

8%

23%

42%

23%

4%

Bad

Fair

Good

Very Good

Excellent

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6. Cost:

Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

2 6 11 6 1

7. Attractive:

Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

1 2 5 8 12

8. Brand name

Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

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9 2 7 5 4

10. Familiarity:

Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

3 14 6 2 0

Financial perspective:

1. Manufacturing cost:

Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

7 6 7 8 0

2. Maintenance cost:

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Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

5 4 6 8 5

3. Replacement cost:

Bad Fair Good Very Good Excellent

4 7 8 5 2

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12.1 SWOT Analysis of Ergorest Mouse Pad

12.1 (Normal Model)

STRENGT

Ergonomic Design

Cost of the product

Quality of product

Value of product

Innovative

Performance

WEAKNESS

High manufacturing cost

High maintenance cost

Complicity in manufacturing

Familiarity

OPPORTUNITY

Increases working hours

THREAT

Maintenance

Competition

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12.2 SWOT Analysis of Improved Model

(Improved Remote Control Switch Board)

STRENGTH

Ergonomic Design

Quality of product

Value of product

Innovative

Increase working capacity

WEAKNESS

Loading capacity < 12 Kg

Complicity in manufacturing

Familiarity

OPPORTUNITY

Increases working hours

Not so popular in Indian Market

THREAT

New Product in Indian Market

competition

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13. Value Analysis:

The value of a product will be interpreted in different ways by different customers. Its

common characteristic is a high level of performance, capability, emotional appeal, style, etc.

relative to its cost. This can also be expressed as maximizing the function of a product relative to its

cost:

Value = (Performance + Capability)/Cost = Function/Cost

Value is not a matter of minimizing cost. In some cases the value of a product can be

increased by increasing its function (performance or capability) and cost as long as the added

function increases more than its added cost. The concept of functional worth can be important.

Functional worth is the lowest cost to provide a given function. However, there are less tangible

"selling" functions involved in a product to make it of value to a customer.

Analysis for Cost:

The main factors which will affect to increase the cost of manufacturing are:

Material used

Loading capacity

Size of the product

Flexibility of the product.

Cost of normal Ergorest Mouse Pad = Rs.5000 - 6000

Scale of Rating:

Excellent Very Good Good Fair Bad

5 4 3 2 1

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Value Analysis:

Major Properties

Rating according to the Scale

(Normal) (Improved)

Complicity in manufacturing 2 3

Feasibility 4 4

Reliability and Performance 4 4

Quality 4 4

Value of Product 4 5

Service Life 4 4

Environmental friendly 4 4

flexibility 1 4

Cost 2 4

Attractive 2 5

Brand name 1 1

Familiarity 2 2

Manufacturing cost 4 3

Maintenance cost 1 3

Replacement cost 3 3

Total 45 53

The market cost of the ergorest arm we are considering is Rs.5000 only.

The totalling of the various ratings done is 45.

Value = 45 / 5000 = 0.009

The market cost of the improved model we are considering is Rs.4000 only.

The totalling of the various ratings done parallel to the properties of the improved switch boards

from the above is 53.

Value = 53 / 3000 = 0.013

14. Mathematical Modelling:

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The mathematical model which tells to optimize (maximize or minimize) the objective

function Z subject to certain conditions on the variables is called a linear programming problem.

During World War II, the military managements in the U.K and the USA engaged a team of

scientists to study the limited military resources and form a plan of action or program to utilize

them in the most effective manner. This was done under the name 'Operation Research' (OR)

because the team was dealing with research on military operation.

The standard form of the linear programming problem is used to develop the procedure for

solving a general programming problem. A general linear programming problem is -

Max (or min) Z = C1X1 + C2X2 +…+ CnXn

X1, X2 … Xn are decision variables.

The Application Areas of Linear Programming are:

Transportation Problem

Military Applications

Operation of systems of dams

Personal Assignment problem

Other applications: manufacturing plants, distribution centres, production management and power management.

Formulation of Linear Programming Problem:

1. Formulation of objective function: As our main objective function is to minimize the cost of

the product, so to formulate objective function we have to consider the resources, those

resources are:

a) Material consumption; considering as a variable

b) Types of material

.

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16. Conclusion:

Product design and development is a process in which a new, innovative product or a

improved version of the existing product is develop. It consists the steps from a thought to

conversion of this thought into a real product, with all the analysis, mathematical calculations and

models necessary for knowing that the product is profitable in the world’s market or not. In our case

the product is Ergorest Mouse pad. We did the SWOT, Value, for knowing that it will success in the

market or not. After that we can say that the development of this product is profitable.

Value analysis: In this analysis the value of the pre model is 0.009 and the post model is

0.013, as the value of the improved version of Ergorest Mouse pad is increases, it represents

that our product will be feasible to exist in market and will be able to compete the existing

product.

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