Final Year Project Report

Final Year Project Report

The Waiter Robot With Wireless Ordering System

B.S. Electronic Engineering, Batch 2007

Internal Adviser External AdviserEngr. Muhammad Rafay Khan Mr. Abrash ParwezLecturer Master’s StudentElectronic Engineering Deppt. Engg ManagementSSUET, KARACHI Stanford University

Submitted byMalik Usama Waheed 2007-EE-128Ahsan Parwez 2007-EE-134Saghir Ahmed 2007-EE-139Huzaifa Saifuddin 2007-EE-158Muhammad Dawood Qamer 2007-EE-159Sajid Gul Amber Khan 2007-EE-168

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERINGSir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

University Road, Karachi-75300

January, 2011

Sir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

PREFACE

The creation of intelligent robots is surely one of the most exciting and challenging

goals of Artificial Intelligence. A robot is, first of all, nothing but an inanimate

machine with motors and sensors. In order to bring life to it, the machine needs to be

programmed so as to make active use of its hardware components. This turns a

machine into an autonomous robot. Since about the mid-nineties of the past century,

robot programming has made impressive progress. State-of-the-art robots are able to

orient themselves and move around freely in indoor environments or negotiate

difficult outdoor terrains, they can use stereo vision to recognize objects, and they are

capable of simple object manipulation with the help of artificial extremities. At a time

where robots perform these tasks more and more reliably, we are ready to pursue the

next big step, which is to turn autonomous machines into reasoning robots. A

reasoning robot exhibits higher cognitive capabilities like following complex and

long-term strategies, making rational decisions on a high level, drawing logical

conclusions from sensor information acquired over time, devising suitable plans, and

reacting sensibly in unexpected situations. All of these capabilities are characteristics

of human-like intelligence and ultimately distinguish truly intelligent robots from

mere autonomous machines.

Our interest in robots leaned more toward the popular concept of robots as humanlike

friends and servants. We did not have the funds to build a computer-controlled robot

that is why we used microcontrollers.

To increase the effectiveness and efficiencies of restaurants we have worked on

Digitized Menu cards that will be installed on tables, that will eliminate any Queuing

at the counter. Our theme is to create an organized environment that will facilitate all

group ages.

This thesis provides an in-depth look into “THE WAITER ROBOT WITH

WIRELESS ORDRING SYSTEM“, providing complete knowledge of the project that

describes the devices used in the formation and those associated with it. The text also

elaborates the terminologies and factors related to the project.


Chapter 1: This chapter gives introduction about the types of service robots and the

scope of robotics in different fields.

Chapter 2: This chapter further gives background of the robotics and describe the

types in more detail.

Chapter 3: Provides indept knowledge about the RF module and wireless

Communication.

Chapter 4: This chapter describes the design phase and entire methodology of our

project.

Chapter 5: This chapter describes the hardware design of entire project.

Chapter 6: Chapter includes description of components used in the project and how

they were used.

Chapter 7: Gives details about the softwares and their development process.

Chapter 8: This chapter contains the flowcharts and the schematics of the project.

Chapter 9: Conclusion and Future Enhancements are listed in this chapter.

Appendices: Appendix A contains time and cost analysis and Appendix B contains

datasheets of major components.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost we are thankful to Almighty Allah, through His guidance we have

reach this point in our lives.

We are grateful to our parents who provided us with all the resources and luxuries,

and supported us in every possible way during the duration of this project.

We are deeply indebted to Mr. Muhammad Rafay Khan (Lecturer, Electronics Dept),

our internal advisor, who offered his valuable time whenever we needed. His full

encouragement and even more cooperation was always with us, during the completion

of this project. Finally yet importantly, we acknowledge the efforts of our teachers

who have been our source of inspiration throughout the university years and have

shared their knowledge and skills with us.

We are also deeply indebted to Mr. Abrash Pervaiz, our external advisor, who

provided his valuable knowledge about the PIC micro-controller and its interfacing

and programming. We are also grateful to Mr. Sohail Memon who provided his

expertise about the mechanical design of robot.


SIR SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGYUniversity Road, Karachi-75300, Pakistan

Tel: 4988000-2,4982393, Fax: (92-21) 4982393http://www.ssuet.edu.pk

The Faculty of Electronic Engineering

Project Approval

Project Title The Waiter Robot With Wireless Ordering System

Internal Advisor Engr. Muhammad Rafay Khan

External Advisor Mr. Abrash Parwez

Academic Year 2007-2010

Group Members:

Malik Usama Waheed 2007-EE-128

Ahsan Parwez 2007-EE-134

Saghir Ahmed 2007-EE-139

Huzaifa Saifuddin 2007-EE-158

Muhammad Dawood Qamer 2007-EE-159

Sajid Gul Amber Khan 2007-EE-168

The Department of Electronic Engineering Sir Syed University of Engineering &

Technology has approved this Final Year Project. The project is submitted in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of science in Electronic

Engineering.

Approval Committee:

Engr. Muhammd Rafay Khan Mr. Abrash Parwez Internal Advisor External Advisor

Mr. Muhammad Sharif Mr. Bilal Alvi FYP Committee Incharge Chairman EE Department


http://www.ssuet.edu.pk/

Synopsis

Through technical advances we humans have automated vast areas of our working

lives. Apart from industrial and communication fields, fields like that of gardening,

cleaning and cooking are also being automated, that are intelligent and can operate as

per requirement with minimum of human interference.

Through our knowledge and observations we are designing a Robot based on PIC18

that can deliver food items inside a restaurant; our prototype will exhibit some level of

intelligence as it navigates through the restaurant. This prototype will take orders\

input wirelessly by the use of RF modules for reception and transmission.

Each table will be implanted\installed with our custom designed module containing

PIC18 and RF transmitter and input buttons for selection, resetting and transmitting

along with a LCD display for displaying information of selected items.

The inputs are processed by PIC18 and data is delivered to RF transmitter. The RF

transmitter from the table directs the information to the Counter RF receiver where

data is decoded by max232 IC and delivered through the serial port to a computer that

has a GUI (designed in Visual Studio 2008-2010) along with a database based on

SQL Management Server 2008.

The Robot receives its codes and orders from the Counter in the same way using RF

transmitter receiver pair. When “send order” button is pressed in the GUI the codes

are transmitted through a RF transmitter installed on the counter, the Robot receives

the orders and acts accordingly. In its way to the table or back from table to the

Counter the Robot may encounter an obstacle, to detect obstacles of any kind we have

installed Ultrasonic sensors that will detect the obstructions, the Robot will stop and

sound an alarm\beep.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface………………………………………………………………………….….(ii)

Acknowledgment………………………………………………………………….(iv)

Certificate…………………………………….…………………………………....(v)

Synopsis………………………………………………………..………..………..(vi)

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………...2

1.2 Service Droids and Robots………………………………………...…2

1.3 Types of Service Robots.................................................................3

1.4 Problem Statement..........................................................................3

1.5 Scope Of Robotics..........................................................................4

1.6 Conclusion………………………………………………………….…4

Chapter 2 Background Of Robotics

2.1 History...........................................................................................6

2.2 Types Of Robot……………………………………………………....6

2.2.1 Rectangular Robot……………………….……………..…..6

2.2.2 Cylindrical Robot…………………………..……………....6

2.2.3 Spherical Arm Robot………………...…….……..………..6

2.3 Selection Compliance Assembly Robot………………….…...…….7

2.3.1 Articulated Robot…………………………….…………….7

2.3.2 Mobile Robots…………….…………………….…….……7

2.3.3 Rolling Robots………………..………………………….…7


2.3.4 Walking Robots……………………………….....………….8

2.3.5 Stationary Robots………………………..……….…….…...8

2.3.6 Autonomous Robots…………….………….....…………….8

2.3.7 Remote-Control Robots………………………………..……9

2.4 Beam Robots…………………...………………….………..…….........9

2.4.1 Biology……………………………………………...….……..9

2.4.2 Electronics………………….…………………….…….……10

2.4.3Aesthetics……………..……………….…………..……...…..10

2.4.4 Mechanics…………………….……………….…….………10

2.4.5 Robots As Waiters……………..………..……...……………10

2.5 Conclusion……………………………………………………………..11

Chapter 3 RF Module And Wireless Communication

3.1 Wireless Communication……………………………………...………13

3.2 Modes Of Wireless Communication…………………...…...…………13

3.3 RF…………………………………………………..…….…………..…13

3.3.1 The RF Advantage………….…………………………...…....14

3.4 RF In Warehouses And Distribution Centers……………….…………15

3.4.1 Shipping And Receiving……..……………………….……..…15

3.4.2 Internal Transport……………………………………...….……15

3.4.3 Stock And Location Management………………….….……..16

3.4.4 Order Picking………………………………………..…………16

3.4.5 Stock Control…………………………………..………………16


3.4.6 Stock Replenishment………………………....…….….…,……17

3.5 RF Purchasing Considerations…….………………………..……..……17

3.6 Conclusion………………………………………………,,……………..17

Chapter 4 Methodology And Procedure

4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………….19

4.1.1 Design Phase……………………………..…………...………19

4.1.2 Implementation Phase………………………………...………20

4.1.3 Testing Phase…………………………………………...……..20

4.2 Conclusion……………………………….………………………...……20

Chapter 5 Hardware Design

5.1 Introduction………………………………………...……….….………22

5.2 Structural Design……………………………………………….………22

5.3 Mechanical Consideration………..…………….………..…….….……23

5.4 Material Selection……………………………………………...….……23

5.5 Conclusion…………………..………………………………..….……..23

Chapter 6 Electronic Components

6.1 PIC Microcontroller………………………………….………...….……25

6.1.1 Use in Project……….………………………………...………24

6.2 Transistor…………………………..……………………………………26

6.2.1 Use in Project………..………………………………..………26

6.3 7805 Regulators………………………….……….…...……..…………26

6.3.1 Features………………………….…………..………..………27


6.3.2 Use in Project………..………………………………..………27

6.4 Push Button…………….………….………………….….………………28

6.4.1 Use in Project…………..………………………………………28

6.5 16 X 2 Character LCD…………...………………….……………...……28

6.5.1 Use in Project…………..………………………………………28

6.6 Ultrasonic Sensors………………………………………..…………....…29

6.6.1 Use in Project…………………………………………………..29

6.7 Relay…………………………………………………..…………………29

6.7.1 Operating Principles………………………..…….…….………29

6.7.2 Use in Project……………………………...…………………...30

6.8 Dry Cell Battery Rechargeable………………….…..…………..……….30

6.8.1 Use in Project………………………………...………………...30

6.9 Buzzer And crystal…………………………………..………..…………31

6.9.1 Use in Project…………………………………...……………...31

6.10 RF Transmitter And Receiver…………………………………..………31

6.10.1 Use in Project……………………………………….…….…..32

6.11 RS 232……………………………………….………………..………..32

6.11.1 Use in Project…………………………………….…….…….32

6.12 Dc Gear Motor……………………………………………...….....……33

6.12.1 Use in Project…………………………………………..…….33

6.13 U-Shape Sensor……………………………………………….….…….33

6.13.1 Use in Project…………………………………………..…….33

6.14 MAX232 IC.…………………………………………………...………34


6.14.1 Use in Project……………………………………………..….34

6.15 Conclusion………………………………………………………..…….34

Chapter 7 Software Description

7.1 Software………………………………………………………...………..36

7.2 List Of Software Used……….………………………..…………………36

7.2.1 PIC Simulator And Compiler…….……………………....…….36

7.2.1.1 Pic18 Simulator IDE Main Features….…….….…….36

7.2.1.2 Pic18 Burner……………………………..….………..38

7.2.2 Visual Studio 2010…………………..……...……….……..…..38

7.2.2.1 Software Screenshots………………………...………38

7.3 Conclusion……………………………………………..……..…..43

Chapter 8 Flowcharts And Circuits

8.1 Power Supply…………………………...………………………………..45

8.2 Motor Driving…………………………………………………...…….…46

8.3 PIC18 General Circuit…………………….……………………….….….46

8.4 Main Robot Circuit………………………………………………………47

8.5 Table Circuit………………………………………………..…………….48

8.6 PIC16 General Circuit……………………………………..……………..48

8.7 Ultra Sonic Circuit…………………………………………..……………49

8.8 LEDs Flashing Circuit………..…………………………….…………….49

8.9 Counter Circuit……………………………………………….…………..50

8.10 Flow Chart Of The System…………………………...…………………51

8.10.1 Description Of The Process………………….…………...…...52


Chapter 9 Conclusion And Future Enhancement

9.1 Project Review…………………………………..…...…………………..54

9.2 Future Enhancements And Considerations………………………..…….54

9.2.1 Adding Cameras (Sense Of Sight)…………….…………..…..54

9.2.2 Multi-Purpose Single Robot…………………………….……..55

9.2.3 GPS Navigational Aid Robot…………………………...….….55

9.2.4 Ability To Respond To Verbal Commands……………...…….55

9.2.5 Medical Robots……………………………………...…………55

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A

(Time and Cost analysis)

(Application of the project)

(Cost of the project)

APPENDIX B

(Data sheets of all major components)


LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Scope Of Robotics 04

Figure 2.1 Mars Explorer 07

Figure 2.2 Guidance Robot 07

Figure 2.3 Spider Robot 08

Figure 2.4 Robotic Arm 08

Figure 2.5 Robotic Nurse 08

Figure 2.6 Mining Robot 09

Figure 2.7 Beam Robot 09

Figure 2.8 Waiter Robot 10

Figure 6.1 PIC 18 25

Figure 6.2 NPN Transistor 26

Figure 6.3 Regulator 27

Figure 6.4 Push Button 28

Figure 6.5 16x2 LCD 28

Figure 6.6 Ultra Sonic Sensor 29

Figure 6.7 Relay 29

Figure 6.8 Battery 30

Figure 6.9 Buzzer & Crystal 31

Figure 6.10 RF Transmitter 31

Figure 6.11 RF Receiver 31

Figure 6.12 Serial Port 32

Figure 6.13 DC Motor 33


Figure 6.14 U-Shaped Sensor 33

Figure 7.1 Visual Studio 2010 38

Figure 7.2 Main Order Form 40

Figure 7.3 Main Order Form Updated 41

Figure 7.4 Order Details 41

Figure 7.5 Order Details Updated 42

Figure 7.6 Database Without Data 42

Figure 7.7 Database With Data 43

Figure 7.8 Database Form 43

Figure 8.1 9V and 12V Batteries 45

Figure 8.2 Motor Driver Circuit 45

Figure 8.3 PIC18 Initializing Circuit 46

Figure 8.4 Main Robot Circuit 47

Figure 8.5 U-Shape Sensor 47

Figure 8.6 RF Input Circuit 47

Figure 8.7 Main Table Circuit 48

Figure 8.8 PIC16 General Circuit

48

Figure 8.9 Ultrasonic Sensor 49

Figure 8.10 LED Flashing Circuit 49

Figure 8.11 Counter Circuit 50

Figure 8.12 System Flow Chart 51


INTRODUCTION


1.1 INTRODUCTION:

“What is a robot?” The word robot comes from the Czech word Robota, which means

obligatory work or servitude. The word robot was first used in a Czech play called

R.U.R.(Rossum’s Universal Robots) by Karl Capek. Robotics is the science and

technology of robots and their designs, manufacture and their applications. Robotics

comprises of not only the mechanical structure but also the electronics and software in

order to function according to the desired input. Now a day’s Robotics has become a

very vast and broad field and robots are distinguished in various categories according

to their structure and functions they perform. Robot is defined as a mechanical design

that is capable of performing human tasks or behaving in a human-like manner.

Building a robot requires expertise and complex programming. It’s about building

systems and putting together motors, solenoids, and wires, among other important

components. There are a number of subsystems that must be designed to fit together

into an appropriate package suitable for carrying out the robot’s task.

Wireless Ordering System reduces the flow of work, simplifies the complex orders,

receives accurate orders, provides pleasant environment & speedy service, prevents

monetary loss, & increases customer reliability in ordering. Moreover, it's also an

integrated system that automatically controls business by connecting to POS system at

the counter.

1.2 SERVICE OF DROIDS AND ROBOTS:

Service robots have no strict internationally accepted definition, which, among other

things, delimits them from other types of equipment, in particular the manipulating

industrial robot. IFR, however, have adopted a preliminary definition:

A service robot is a robot which operates semi- or fully autonomously to perform

services useful to the well-being of humans and equipment, excluding manufacturing

operations.

With this definition, manipulating industrial robots could also be regarded as service

robots, provided they are installed in non-manufacturing operations. Service robots

may or may not be equipped with an arm structure as is the industrial robot. Often, but

not always, the service robots are mobile. In some cases, service robots consist of a


mobile platform on which one or several arms are attached and controlled in the same

mode as the arms of the industrial robot.[1]

1.3 TYPES OF SERVICE ROBOTS:

a- Industrial Robots.

b- Mobile Robots.

c- Agricultural Robots.

d- Service Robots.

e- Social Robots.

f- Entertainment Robots.

g- Tele robots.

1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Today in this modern world era many jobs are undesirable by skilled workers such as

sewerage cleaners, toll collectors at the highways, high tension wire repairman, crime

scene decontaminators, and even butlers and waiters at the fast food restaurants. Many

developed countries of the world depend on cheap unskilled labor from other 3 rd

world countries to provide the manpower to do these jobs while the population of that

country do the skilled jobs.

In order to fill the gap and eliminate the need of manpower from other countries many

specialized robots have been built to perform the tasks that humans normally don’t

prefer to do.

Being a waiter at a restaurant is also one kind of job that humans don’t prefer to do, at

least the skilled labor doesn’t want to do, that is why we have set out our goal to build

a robot and an entire system a model and a prototype for such tasks.

Our design will greatly reduce the reliance on manpower and unskilled labor that

sometimes become a nuisance.[2]


1.5 SCOPE OF ROBOTICS:

1.6 CONCLUSION:

This chapter was the introduction to robotics .in which robot was briefly discussed

and also its application and also the advantages for using the robot were briefly

explained.


BACKGROUND OF ROBOTICS

2.1 HISTORY:


Stories of artificial helpers and companions and attempts to create them have a long

history. In 1837, the story of the Golem of Prague, a humanoid artificial intelligence

activated by inscribing Hebrew letters on its forehead, based on Jewish folklore, was

created by Jewish German writer Berthold Auerbach for his novel Spinoza. In 1921,

Czech writer Karel Čapek introduced the word "robot" in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's

Universal Robots). The word "robot" comes from the word "robota", meaning, in

Czech, "forced labour, drudgery". In 1927, the Maschinenmensch (“machine-

human”), a ganoids humanoid robot, also called "Parody", "Futura", "Robotics", or

the "Maria impersonator" (played by German actress Brigitte Helm), the first and

perhaps the most memorable depiction of a robot ever to appear on film, was depicted

in Fritz Lang's film Metropolis.[3]

2.2 TYPES OF ROBOT:

2.2.1 RECTANGULAR ROBOT

Rectangular arms are sometimes called "Cartesian" because the arm´s axes can be

described by using the X, Y, and Z coordinate system. It is claimed that the Cartesian

design will produce the most accurate movements.

2.2.2 CYLINDRICAL ROBOT

A cylindrical arm also has three degrees of freedom, but it moves linearly only along

the Y and Z-axes. Its third degree of freedom is the rotation at its base around the two

axes. The work envelope is in the shape of a cylinder.

2.2.3 SPHERICAL ARM ROBOT

The spherical arm, also known as polar coordinate robot arm, has one sliding motion

and two rotational, around the vertical post and around a shoulder joint. The spherical

arm's work envelope is a partial sphere, which has various length radii.

2.3 SELECTION COMPLIANCE ASSEMBLY ROBOT:


The SCARA (Selection Compliance Assembly Robot Arm) is also known as a

horizontal articulated arm robot. Some SCARA robots rotate about all three axes, and

some have sliding motion along one axis in combination with rotation about another.

2.3.1 ARTICULATED ROBOT

The last and most used design is the jointed-arm., also known as an articulated robot

arm. The arm has a trunk, shoulder, upper arm, forearm, and wrist. All joints in the

arm can rotate, creating six degrees of freedom. Three are the X, Y, and Z-axes. The

other three are pitch, yaw, and roll. Pitch is when you move your wrist up and down.

Yaw is when you move your hand left and right. Rotate your entire forearm, this

motion is called roll.

2.3.2 MOBILE ROBOTS

Mobile robots are able to move, usually they perform task such as search areas. A

prime example is the Mars Explorer, specifically designed to roam the mars surface.

Mobile robots are a great help to such collapsed building for survivors Mobile

robots are used for task where people cannot go. Either because it is too dangerous

for people to reach the area that needs to be searched.

2.3.3 ROLLING ROBOTS


Rolling robots have wheels to move around. These are the type of robots that can

quickly and easily search move around. However they are only useful in flat areas,

rocky terrains give them a hard time. Flat terrains are their territory.

2.3.4 WALKING ROBOTS

Robots on legs are usually brought in when the terrain is

rocky and difficult to enter with wheels. Robots have a hard time shifting balance

and keep them from tumbling. That’s why most robots with have at least 4 of them,

usually they have 6 legs or more.

2.3.5 STATIONARY ROBOTS

Robots are not only used to explore areas or imitate a human being.

Most robots perform repeating tasks without ever moving an inch. Most robots are

‘working’ in industry settings.

2.3.6 AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS

Autonomous robots are self supporting or in other words self

contained. In a way they rely on their own ‘brains’. Autonomous robots run a


program that give them the opportunity to decide on the action to perform depending

on their surroundings. At times these robots even learn new behavior. They start out

with a short routine and adapt this routine to be more successful at the task they

perform. The most successful routine will be repeated as such their behavior is

shaped. Autonomous robots can learn to walk or avoid obstacles they find in their

way. Think about a six legged robot, at first the legs move ad random, after a little

while the robot adjust its program and performs a pattern which enables it to move in

a direction.

2.3.7 REMOTE-CONTROL ROBOTS

An autonomous robot is despite its autonomous not a very clever or intelligent unit.

The memory and brain capacity is usually limited, an autonomous robot can be

compared to an insect in that respect. In case a robot needs to perform more

complicated yet undetermined tasks an autonomous robot is not the right choice.

Complicated tasks are still best performed by human beings with real brainpower. A

person can guide a robot by remote control. A person can perform difficult and

usually dangerous tasks without being at the spot where the tasks are performed.To

detonate a bomb it is safer to send the robot to the danger area.

2.4 BEAM ROBOTS:


BEAM is short for Biology, Electronics, Aesthetics and Mechanics. BEAM robots

are made by hobbyists. BEAM robots can be simple and very suitable for starters.

2.4.1 BIOLOGY

Robots are often modeled after nature. A lot of BEAM robots look remarkably like

insects. Insects are easy to build in mechanical form. Not just the mechanics are in

inspiration also the limited behavior can easily be programmed in a limited amount of

memory and processing power.

2.4.2 ELECTRONICS

Like all robots they also contain electronics. Without electronic circuits the engines

cannot be controlled. Lots of Beam Robots also use solar power as their main source

of energy.

2.4.3 AESTHETICS

A BEAM Robot should look nice and attractive. BEAM robots have no printed

circuits with some parts but an appealing and original appearance.

2.4.4 MECHANICS

In contrast with expensive big robots BEAM robots are cheap, simple, built out of

recycled material and running on solar energy.

2.4.5 ROBOTS AS WAITERS

As we can see that the use of robots is widespread they are also being

used as butlers and waiters around the world to do basic jobs such as waiters, and

interestingly enough robots perform the job effectively, they are very handy too

except for their need to be recharged at regular intervals. [3]


2.5 CONCLUSION:

In this chapter we have discussed that why robot was introduced and what was the

history behind it. Also the general structure and working principle of robot has been

discussed briefly and also the major types of robots have been discussed in this

chapter which will give an idea that how robots have been used in different areas to

perform different task.


RF AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

3.1 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION:

Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use

of enhanced electrical conductors or "wires". The distances involved may be short (a

few meters as in television remote control) or long (thousands or millions of


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire

kilometers for radio communications). When the context is clear, the term is often

shortened to "wireless". Wireless communication is generally considered to be a

branch of telecommunications. [4]

3.2 MODES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION:

radio frequency communication,

microwave communication, for example long-range line-of-sight via highly

directional antennas, or short-range communication, or

infrared (IR) short-range communication, for example from remote controls or

via Infrared Data Association (IrDA).

3.3 RF:

RF is the wireless transmission of data by digital radio signals at a particular

frequency. It maintains a two-way, online radio connection between a mobile terminal

and the host computer. The mobile terminal, which can be portable, even worn by the

worker, or mounted on a forklift truck, collects and displays data at the point of

activity. The host computer can be a PC, a minicomputer or a much larger mainframe.

The end result is a seamless flow of information to and from the host, allowing

workers to go wherever they need to go to get their job done without fear of being out

of touch with the data they need. RFDC improves the timeliness of information, and

therefore the value of information, especially in time-sensitive operating

environments like cross-dock, make-to-order manufacturing and just-in-time

replenishment. RF itself has become synonymous with wireless and high-frequency

signals, describing anything from AM radio between 535 kHz and 1605 kHz to

computer local area networks (LANs) at 2.4 GHz. However, RF has traditionally

defined frequencies from a few kHz to roughly 1 GHz. If one considers microwave

frequencies as RF, this range extends to 300 GHz. The following two tables outline

the various nomenclatures for the frequency bands. The third table outlines some of

the applications at each of the various frequency bands.

RF measurement methodology can generally be divided into three major categories:

spectral analysis, vector analysis, and network analysis.

Spectrum analyzers, which provide basic measurement capabilities, are the most

popular type of RF instrument in many general-purpose applications. Specifically,


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication

using a spectrum analyzer you can view power-vs-frequency information, and can

sometimes demodulate analog formats, such as amplitude modulation (AM),

frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM).

Vector instruments include vector or real-time signal analyzers and generators. These

instruments analyze and generate broadband waveforms, and capture time, frequency,

phase, and power information from signals of interest. These instruments are much more

powerful than spectrum analyzers and offer excellent modulation control and signal analysis.

Network analyzers, on the other hand, are typically used for making S-parameter

measurements and other characterization measurements on RF or high-frequency

components. Network analyzers are instruments that correlate both the generation and

analysis on multiple channels but at a much higher price than spectrum analyzers and

vector signal generators/analyzers.[8]

3.3.1 THE RF ADVANTAGE

The advantages of a RF communication system are many. Start with the simple fact

that if it is wireless, you don't have to lay cable all over your facility. Cable is

expensive, less flexible than RF coverage and is prone to damage. For new facilities,

implementing a wireless infrastructure may be more cost effective than running cable

through industrial environments, especially if the space configuration may change to

support different storage space allocation or flexible manufacturing stations.

Accessibility is a key benefit. If workers are within range of the system and they

always should be if a proper site survey is performed (as explained on page 8) they

are always in touch with their data. This advantage cannot be overstated. To always

have your data literally at your fingertips whenever needed means there is no break in

productivity and no empty or “deadhead” trips to a stationary terminal, docking

station or dispatch location to receive pick or putaway instructions. Critical decisions

can be made and action taken immediately at the point of activity. Less wasted time

means you can do significantly more, faster, without adding additional employees.

Would that make a difference in your business?

Other general advantages of real-time RF communication include a significant

improvement in order accuracy (>99%), the elimination of paperwork, replacement of

time-consuming batch processing by rapid real-time data processing, prompt response


times and improved service levels. Complementing a real-time data collection system

with automated data entry by bar code scanning or another automatic data collection

technology improves the accuracy of information and eliminates the need for

redundant data entry, which provides another set of time- and cost-saving advantages.

Many points in the supply chain can realize important advantages of accurate, real-

time data that RF provides. Here are some examples of RF applied to a few common

environments.

3.4 RF IN WAREHOUSES AND DISTRIBUTION CENTERS:

3.4.1 SHIPPING AND RECEIVING

When goods arrive at receiving, the bar code on the pallet is scanned and the data is

sent to the host computer. At virtually the same moment, the quantity of goods

received can be compared with the quantity ordered to immediately determine if there

is any disparity. If goods received are different from the order, or are damaged,

immediate action can be the warehouse, production department or shipping/staging

area. Whether outgoing goods are cross-docked or simply transported from storage

and loaded onto the truck, shipments can be directed efficiently to trucks and

confirmed via the RF system. Invoices, advanced ship notices (ASNs) and other

necessary forms and reports can be initiated the moment truck doors are closed.[9]

3.4.2 INTERNAL TRANSPORT

Goods don't sit when instructions are sent wirelessly direct to the mobile terminal.

Forklift truck operators no longer have to go somewhere specific to get their

instructions; rather, the instructions come to them, saving time, eliminating deadhead

trips and making more productive use of personnel and materials. Also, a RF system

allows stock retrieval and replenishment to be combined, dramatically reducing the

number of movements involved in the internal transport of material and the number of

empty runs.

3.4.3 STOCK AND LOCATION MANAGEMENT

The moment palletized goods are put away, forklift operators can use their computer

to notify the host system of their location and that they are ready for another job. This

allows warehouse space and workers' time to be used in a more efficient manner.


Users typically report significant gains in the number of picks or putaways processed

per hour after implementing RF-directed operations.

3.4.4 ORDER PICKING

RF supports all possible order picking principles: individual selection, batch selection

or splits between articles and packaging. Picking information is received by the

terminal, and inquiries and transaction/activity data are sent from the terminal to the

host, all in real time. Once the order is picked, a forklift truck operator can then be

given delivery instructions from a warehouse management system (WMS) via RF.

Providing real-time updates of picking activity and order status enables the WMS to

continually recalculate the most efficient pick/putaway routes and order assignments.

3.4.5 STOCK CONTROL

Using RF for stock control offers huge savings in time and money. Because all events

are recorded in real time, the computer is continually aware of the current inventory.

This high level of monitoring essentially makes separate cycle counting unnecessary.

Many companies reduce the number of formal inventory counts they conduct each

year, and in some cases eliminate them altogether, because the RF system provides

accurate, real-time inventory information.

Depending on the order picking method, RF offers a range of possibilities for speedy

verification of previous activities/transactions. For example, after a certain number of

transactions, the remaining stock at the pick-up location can be counted for extra

verification. If the physical stock is not the same as the administrative stock, those

mistakes can be rectified before the goods are moved or shipped.

3.4.6 STOCK REPLENISHMENT

Each time stock is removed, the transaction is recorded by the mobile terminal and

sent to the host. When stock reaches minimum, preset levels, the system can be set to

alert a supervisor or automatically generate a replenishment request. When bulk stock

reaches order level, a purchase order is automatically created and an order placed.

Reordering is instantaneous; stocks can be kept low.


3.5 RF PURCHASING CONSIDERATIONS:

A wireless system is a serious investment. It's important to consider all factors before

making your decision. Following is a brief guide to the major topics and purchasing

considerations that must be evaluated before committing to a system, including site

planning, wireless technology options and standards, and an overview of the

computers and input technologies commonly used in industrial radio frequency

network applications.

3.6 CONCLUSION:

This chapter is based on wireless communication which describes the principle of

communication wirelessly and the history and purpose for introducing this way of

communication .its types and its applications are also discussed in this chapter.


METHODLOGY AND PROCEDURE

4.1 INTRODUCTION:

Our setup of the project consists of hardware of both mechanical and

electrical/electronic natures. The mechanical part mainly consists of the two driving

DC Gear Motors, that will be interfaced with the microcontroller. The design of entire

robot will be such that to meet the requirements of the environment in a restaurant.

The electronic and electrical sides consists of microcontrollers, power supplies

sensors and R.F. modules, other components maybe considered as secondary.


The other requirements for our project are building materials like sheets of Aluminum

and wooden planks for reinforcement of the structure of the robot, tables and chairs

are also going to be setup.

On the counter a Computer will be setup to view the orders coming from the table,

software implemented will be visual basic.

4.1.1 DESIGN PHASE

We will setup an entire restaurant-like environment with tables, chairs, counter and a

waiter. The Waiter will be fully mechanical and will work without the interference of

any human being, once all is set the waiter will await the instructions from the tables

or the counter.

On the tables we will install digitized menus featuring the offers of the restaurant,

once a customer selects any deal from the menu the microprocessor will store the

information process it and send it to an RF transmitter, that will transmit the exact

Table number with Deal selected to the counter, on the counter a RF receiver will

receive the data and send it to the microprocessor installed on counter, The

microcontroller on the counter will be interfaced with a computer and the exact data

will show up on the computer screen.

Our first task will be to interface our microcontroller with the DC Gear Motors that

will drive the robot, then we will design the base of the robot upon which entire frame

of the body of the robot will be built.

The Circuit boards will be soldered on to a veroboard and then checked and installed

on to wooden base inside the robot. The batteries will be placed and the structure of

the robot will be sealed.

For the tables, pushbuttons will be placed and upon them a transparent sheet

containing the list of food and drink items will be printed and then pasted on the

surface of table, the microcontroller units will be installed under or at the sides of the

tables with their respective RF transmitter.

4.1.2 IMPLEMENTATION PHASE


The robot structure will be equipped with electronic circuits, power supplies,

controller, sensors, RF receiver and DC gear motors. Everything will need to be

secured in their right places, eliminating the possibilities of hardware damage. The

proximity sensors will be installed on the front of the robot in order to detect the

obstacles in front of it. A tray will also be installed on the arms of the robot to carry

the food items to the tables.

4.1.3 TESTING PHASE

Testing will be done throughout the working of our project. Our project consists of

many individual parts each in the end will make up the entire environment of a

restaurant. Each part of our project will be tested individually at first, like transmitters

on our tables and the receiver on the counter will be checked and tested with proper

programmed microcontrollers.

The Waiter Robot is based on many electronic and mechanical components, starting

with motors driven by microcontroller then to sensors, each will be properly tested

and checked over and over again until entire objective of the project is complete.

4.2 CONCLUSION:

This chapter gave the overview on how we planned our journey to complete our

project. This chapter also gave a short introduction to the working of our project. In

later chapters we will define more about each component and software.


HARDWARE DESIGN

5.1 INTRODUCTION:

The main feature in the mechanical design is to construct such a structure, which is

capable of carrying in itself the entire circuitry, driving mechanism, power source. It

should be stable at the same time and should be strong enough to serve our purpose.

5.2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN:

The structure of the robot is divided into different sections based on the requirements.

The details of these sections are as follows:


Starting from the base, it is strong and heavy metallic base so that it provides

strong support when robot carrying the food or meal for the customers.

The DC gear motor should be able to produce enough power to carry entire

weight of its structure.

The robot will turn around at 180 degree angle to add to its mobility.

The arms should be strong enough that it can bear the weight of food and

drink items along with the tray.

The grip between the floor and the tacks should be high enough that it can

move easily any type of floor.

The structure of the robot is tightly fitted on the base that when it move the

items or the meal should be balance and not fall over.

The robot should have enough power that it push any object which height is

less than the half feet.

5.3 MECHANICAL CONSIDERATION:

The importance of Mechanical Aspects within a system can never be denied as they

so very often determine the final Outcome and Overall Performance of the system and

in our case, it is a very important aspect because there are a lot of things are to be

considered so make our system not only fusible but also successful.

5.4 MATERIAL SELECTION:

Perhaps the most important consideration was the type of the material to be chosen for

the system. In order to make our system practically fusible we require such a material


that should be light weight but also strong enough to hold the system together and a

very strong base so that it can provide support to the system, it can work very

effectively.

5.5 CONCLUSION:

This chapter gave the overview of the Robot which we planned to make by keeping

its task in consideration we are going to design it mechanical structure.


ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS

6.1 PIC MICROCONTROLLER:

PIC is a family of architecture

microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640.

Originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name

PIC initially referred to "Programmable Interface Controller".


PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low

cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes,

availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-

programming with flash memory) capability.

Microchip announced on February 2008 the shipment of its six billionth PIC

processor.[11]

6.1.1 USE IN PROJECT

We have used the PIC18F452 microcontroller in our project. The prime purpose of

this controller in our project is to control and sustain the entire process and give the

precise result.

6.2 TRANSISTOR:

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals.

It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for

connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the

transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals.

Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input)


power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. Today, some transistors are

packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is

ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its release in the early 1950s the

transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and

cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, amongst other things.[12]


We have used two NPN transistors in our motor driver circuit for switching purpose.

The transistor base is connected with controller’s output pin to ON/OFF the

transistors. With the help of this transistor we are able to run our dc motor in both

directions (forward/reverse).

6.3 7805 REGULATORS:

The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulator are available in

the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them


useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting,

thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially

indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output

current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be

used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.[13]

6.3.1 FEATURES

Output Current up to 1A

Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V

Thermal Overload Protection

Short Circuit Protection

Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

6.3.2 USE IN OUR PROJECT

As we know that our PIC18f452 is CMOS controller which operates in 5V dc to

supply the constant 5V dc we have used a regulated IC 7805 which give the exact 5v

dc output.

6.4 PUSH BUTTON:

A push-button (also spelled pushbutton)

simply buttons a simple switch mechanism for controlling some aspect of

a machine or a process.



We have used momentary push buttons in our project for ordering the menu and as

well as the manual command in the body of the robot in case of wireless transmission

malfunction.

6.5 16 X 2 CHARACTER LCD:

These LCD

screens are limited to text only and are often used in copiers, fax machines, laser

printers, industrial test equipment, networking equipment such as routers and storage

devices.[14]


We have used the 16x2 LCD just only for display the orders which is given by the

customer.

6.6 ULTRASONIC SENSORS:

Ultrasonic sensors have an acoustic transducer which is vibrating at

ultrasonic frequencies. The pulses are emitted in a cone-shaped beam and aimed at a

target object. Pulses reflected by the target to the sensor are detected as echoes. The


device measures the time delay between each emitted and echo pulse to accurately

determine the sensor-to-target distance.

Distance-Sensors detect echoes from objects and evaluate their propagation time and

amplitude. Examples are distance meters and presence detectors. By intelligent

algorithms based on signal theory models or heuristic approaches (synthetic aperture,

pulse holography, fuzzy or neural network etc.) the resolution and detection range

were increased, the radial and lateral resolution significantly enhanced and objects

recognized.[15][16]


In our project Ultrasonic senor is used to sense the obstacle in front of the Robot’s

path. By the help of this sensor we are capable to detect any obstacle for collision

avoidance.

6.7 RELAY:

6.7.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLES

There are really only two fundamentally different operating principles:

Electromagnetic attraction

Electromagnetic induction.

Electromagnetic attraction relays operate by virtue of a plunger being drawn into a

solenoid, or an armature being attracted to the poles of an electromagnet. Such relays

may be actuated by d-c or by a-c quantities.



http://rocky.digikey.com/weblib/Omron/Web%20Photo/G2R-1A-E%20PWR%20RELAY.jpg

Two 12V dc electromechanical relay have been used by in the motor driver circuit as

a switch.

6.8 DRY CELL BATTERY RECHARGEABLE:

Dry cell batteries, regardless of their size, have the same components.

At the center of each dry cell battery is a rod called a cathode, which is generally

made of metal or graphite and is surrounded by an electrolyte paste. The cathode and

electrolyte paste are wrapped in paper or cardboard. One or more of these cells are

sealed into a metal cylinder called an anode, which is typically made of zinc or

alkaline.


We use 12 volt dry Cell Battery as the main power source for the Waiter robot.

6.9 BUZZER AND CRYSTAL:

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or electronic. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include

alarms, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.


http://www.socalautoparts.com/images/product/PC680.jpg

http://www.futurlec.com/Pictures/BUZZER6.jpg


When ultrasonic sensor detects any objects in front of the robot than the controller

sends the high signal to buzzer. The buzzer is simple a transducer which convert the

electrical signal into sound due to this the buzzer produce the sound.

6.10 RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER:

A transmitter is an electronic device which, usually with the aid of

an antenna, propagates an electromagnetic signal such as radio, television, or other

telecommunications

Generally in communication and information processing, a transmitter is any object

(source) which sends information to an observer (receiver). When used in this more

general sense, vocal cords may also be considered an example of a transmitter.

In industrial process control, a "transmitter" is any device which converts

measurements from a sensor into a signal, conditions it, to be received, usually sent

via wires, by some display or control device located a distance away. Typically in

process control applications the "transmitter" will output an analog 4-20 mA current

loop or digital protocol to represent a measured variable within a range.

A radio receiver is an electronic circuit that receives its input from an antenna, uses

electronic filters to separate a wanted radio signal from all other signals picked up by

this antenna, amplifies it to a level suitable for further processing, and finally converts

through demodulation and decoding the signal into a form usable for the consumer,

such as sound, pictures, digital data, measurement values, navigational positions, etc.

[18]


In our project RF transmitter and receiver are used for wireless transmission of the

data we have used 4 transmitters and 2 receivers each table contains 1 transmitter and


http://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00yMkaueBcAPqI/RF-Transmitter-Module-RFM02-D-.jpg

http://www.atfresources.com.cn/picture/RF%20receiver%20module%20-CDTJS-3.jpg

one transmitter is attached in the counter circuit to give the wireless command to the

robot.

6.11 RS 232:

RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232) is a standard

for serial binary single-ended data and control signals connecting between

a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment).

It is commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard defines the electrical

characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and

pinout of connectors.[19][20]


We have used the RS-232 protocol to transmit and receive data serially by the way of

computer.

6.12 DC GEAR MOTOR:

Gear motor is a motor that has a gear reduction system or the gearbox

integrally built into the motor. The gearbox increases the torque generating ability of

the motor while simultaneously reducing its output speed.



We have used the two dc gear motors in our robot to drive the four wheels of the

robot and motor is controlled by programming of controller.

6.13 U-SHAPE SENSOR:

This device has a compact construction where the emitting-light

sources and the detectors are located face-to-face on the same optical axis. The

detector consists of a phototransistor Transmitter is positioned opposite the receiver

used for small distances and narrow objects.


In our project we are using the u-sensor for motion detection across the wheels. We

have divided the wheels into four steps when each step cut the line of sight of u-

sensor than the output of the u sensor become high which is read by the

microcontroller.

6.14 MAX232 IC:

The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port

to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits.


We have used the MAX232 in our counter receiver circuit to as a level converter. The

output signal from the RS-232 is not compatible for TTL logic circuits therefore we

have used this MAX232 IC to convert the signal into TTL logic.

6.15 CONCLUSION:

This chapter contains the brief description of the components which are used in the

project and how we use it.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor-transistor_logic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTIONSir Syed University Of Engineering & Technology

7.1 SOFTWARE:

This project contains a lot of mechanical designing and electronic circuitry and

wiring, major component of electronics is the PIC microcontroller that we used, it

needs to be programmed and also one of them is to be interfaced with a Computer

running Visual Basic 2010.

Software side of this project took a lot of hard work and dedication throughout day

and night, and it holds a much greater importance than few other aspects of the

project.

7.2 LIST OF SOFTWARES USED:

1- PIC Simulator.

2- Visual Studio 2010.

3- SQL Management Server 2008.

4- Windows Operating System.


7.2.1 PIC SIMULATOR AND COMPILER

PIC18 Simulator IDE is powerful application that supplies PIC18 developers with

user-friendly graphical development environment for Windows with integrated

simulator (emulator), Basic compiler, assembler, disassemble and debugger. PIC18

Simulator IDE currently supports the following microcontrollers from the Microchip

PIC micro 18F product line: 18F242, 18F248, 18F252, 18F258, 18F442, 18F448,

18F452, 18F458.

7.2.1.1 PIC18 SIMULATOR IDE MAIN FEATURES

- Main simulation interface showing internal microcontroller architecture,

- FLASH program memory editor, EEPROM data memory editor, hardware stack

viewer,

- Microcontroller pinot interface for simulation of digital I/O and analog inputs,

- Variable simulation rate, simulation statistics,

- Breakpoints manager for code debugging with breakpoints support,

- PIC18 assembler, interactive assembler editor for beginners, PIC18 disassemble,

- Powerful PIC18 Basic compiler with smart Basic source editor,

- PIC18 Basic compiler features: three basic integer data types (1-bit, 1-byte, 2-byte),

optional 4-byte (32-bit) integer data type with 32-bit arithmetic’s, arrays, all standard

PIC Basic language elements, optional support for structured language (procedures

and functions), optional USB support, high level language support for using internal

EEPROM memory, using internal A/D converter module, using interrupts, serial

communication using internal hardware UART, software UART implementation, I2C

communication with external I2C devices, Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

communication, interfacing character LCDs, interfacing graphical LCDs with 128x64

dot matrix, R/C servos, stepper motor control, 1-Wire devices, DS18S20, using

internal PWM modules.

- Configuration bits editor,


- PC's serial port terminal for communication with real devices connected to serial

port,

- LCD module simulation interface for character LCD modules,

- Graphical LCD module simulation interface for 128x64 graphical LCD modules,

- Stepper motor phase simulation interface for stepper motor driving visualization,

- Simulation module for external I2C EEPROMs from 24C family,

- Hardware UART simulation interface,

- Software UART simulation interface for software implemented UART routines,

- Oscilloscope (with Zoom feature) and signal generator simulation tools,

- 7-segment LED displays simulation interface,

- Support for external simulation modules,

- Extensive program options, color themes.

Through this software we were able to compile and test our programs before burning

it into the PIC18 memory, also .hex files were obtained after compilation and later

burned into the memory of PIC18.

7.2.1.2 PIC18 BURNER:

We managed to buy a pic18 and pic16 burner from the local market, along with the

software, Q200be.

7.2.2 VISUAL STUDIO 2010:

On April 12, 2010, Microsoft released Visual Studio 2010, codenamed Dev10, and

.NET Framework 4. [22]


Visual Studio 2010 features a new UI developed using WPF. Visual Studio 2010 IDE

has been redesigned which, according to Microsoft, clears the UI organization and

"reduces clutter and complexity." The new IDE better supports multiple document

windows and floating tool windows, while offering better multi-monitor support. The

IDE shell has been rewritten using the Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF),

whereas the internals have been redesigned using Managed Extensibility Framework

(MEF) that offers more extensibility points than previous versions of the IDE that

enabled add-ins to modify the behavior of the IDE.

The new multi-paradigm ML-variant F# forms part of Visual Studio 2010; as do M,

the textual modeling language, and Quadrant, the visual model designer, which are a

part of the Oslo initiative.

Visual Studio 2010 comes with .NET Framework 4 and supports developing

applications targeting Windows 7. It supports IBM DB2 and Oracle databases, in

addition to Microsoft SQL Server. It has integrated support for developing Microsoft

Silver light applications, including an interactive designer. Visual Studio 2010 offers

several tools to make parallel programming simpler: in addition to the Parallel

Extensions for the .NET Framework and the Parallel Patterns Library for native code,

Visual Studio 2010 includes tools for debugging parallel applications. The new tools

allow the visualization of parallel Tasks and their runtime stacks. Tools for profiling

parallel applications can be used for visualization of thread wait-times and thread

migrations across processor cores. Intel and Microsoft have jointly pledged support


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VisualStudio2010.png

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VisualStudio2010.png

for a new Concurrency Runtime in Visual Studio 2010 and Intel has launched

parallelism support in Parallel Studio as an add-on for Visual Studio.

The Visual Studio 2010 code editor now highlights references; whenever a symbol is

selected, all other usages of the symbol are highlighted.It also offers a Quick Search

feature to incrementally search across all symbols in C++, C# and VB.NET projects.

Quick Search supports substring matches and camelCase searches. The Call

Hierarchy feature allows the developer to see all the methods that are called from a

current method as well as the methods that call the current one.IntelliSense in Visual

Studio supports a consume-first mode which developers can opt into. In this mode,

IntelliSense will not auto-complete identifiers; this allows the developer to use

undefined identifiers (like variable or method names) and define those later. Visual

Studio 2010 can also help in this by automatically defining them, if it can infer their

types from usage. [23]

7.2.2.1 SOFTWARE SCREENSHOTS:

The GUI was developed entirely in Visual Studio 2010. Following are the important

features and commands that were used in the development of the software.

Form1 is by default the main form in the project, we have renamed it to “Main Order

Form” using the properties panel. Labels are added to define the details of the

placement of textboxes. From 1 to 9 textboxes are the queues of the table orders, there

are three tables, so the textboxes are programmed to display “Table 1” , “Table 2” ,

“Table 3”. The textboxes on the left corner are unused and were used during the

development of the software, therefore don’t be concerned about them they can be

removed.

In the Main Order Form three buttons are added “View Database” to view the

database or history of the orders that were received. “Close Program” is used to


shutdown the software. “Show Order Details” button is used to view the detail of the

orders, when this button is clicked it will open up a new form and display the details

of the orders in the 1st textbox of the “Main Order Form”.

Two more features are required by the software and both are added into the “Main

Order Form”, they are Serail Port and Timer_Tick function. Serial Port is added to

receive the data from the serial port of the computer and display it on the textbox

fields in the main order form, serial port settings include, selecting the COM port of

the computer and setting the baud rate to 2400.

Timer_Tick function repeatdly checks the status and updates the textboxes.

The following is a screenshot of the “Main Order Form” at the start of the program.

When data is received through the serial port the “Main Order Form” is updated.

Following is the screenshot taken after it was updated.


“Order Details” form is the Form2 in the Visual Studio 2010, it is renamed to “Order

Details” and it shows the details of each and every table order, in this form we can

view the selections that were made by the customer at the tables.

In this form three buttons are added to add functionality to it, Close button closes the

form, “Database” button will insert the new entry into the database, “Transmit” button

will transmit the command to the Robot, it will send the Table number to the robot.

This form also displays the names of the items that are being offered by us.

Following is the screenshot of the “Order Details” form without any orders displayed

on it.

Following is the screenshot showing the details of selections made by the customers.


“Database” form is the Form3 in Visual Studio 2010, we have edited it and its

purpose is to show the history/database of the orders that have been served by the

Robot.

Database form is connected to a database maintained in SQL Management Server

2008, it has been linked. This form will show entire history of the previous orders.

“Binding Navigator” is used on the top of the form to navigate back and forward in

the database.

Following is the screenshot of Database form without any data.

Following is the screenshot of Database form showing the history and database of

previous orders.


SQL Management Server 2008 is used to create a table, this table stores the database

and entire history of the orders, and this table is binded with our software, and is

accessible using the “Database” form in our software. [24]

7.3 CONCLUSION:

In this chapter we have discussed 4 softwares which we used including ( PIC

Simulator ,Visual Studio 2010, SQL management server 2008 and Windows

Operating System) . we gave the brief introduction to these softwares and also have

briefly discussed those areas of the software, which we used and how we used.


FLOW CHARTS AND CIRCUITS

8.1 POWER SUPPLY:

Rechargeable 12v, 9v batteries were the power

supply use for the project. This gives the running time of approximately two hours.

They are capable of providing 7 ampere of current per hour each. The rechargeable

batteries provide clean, reliable power and allowed reuse of the batteries when

depleted. The selection between different types of batteries was made based on size


and power requirements. Power supply provides biasing to the different components

of the system and activates the sensors, motors.

8.2 MOTOR DRIVING:

Motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Its principle

is because when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it

experiences a mechanical force whose direction is given by Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

and magnitude by F = B I L

In this circuit we use two relays to operate the Dc gear motor and use two transistor as

a switch. In this circuit motors are grounded through the relay, when the controller

send the logic to the transistor base the emitter and collector become short and 12 volt

through the battery is appear around the motor. When we controller send the logic to

both transistor the motor will move forward direction, to turn the robot we one motor

operates while other is off.

8.3 PIC18 GENERAL CIRCUIT:


PIC18 is the main component of our project and it is central to all the processing and

data collection and handling of the system by using PIC18 we have given life to this

system and all the decisions made by the robot are also handle by this chip. to

initialize the PIC chip we have to provide 5V at pin number 11, 32 and 1 with 4.7k

ohms resistor, also place a crystal of 4.00MHz at pin numbers 13 and 14 and pin

numbers 12 and 31 should be grounded.

8.4 MAIN ROBOT CIRCUIT:


This circuit is the main circuit of the robot, this circuit also connected with two

motors, ultra sonic sensor circuit, U-shape sensor circuit and RF receiver. This circuit

drives the motor and according the programming and U-shape sensor count the

rotation of the wheel and gives the rotation values to the controller. During the robot

in the motion any obstacle come in its path send the signal to the controller and

controller stop the motor. When the controller receive the signal through the RF

receiver it goes to its destination table to deliver the order, when it receive the the

signal it come back to is position. The u-shape sensor is used for counting the rotation

of the wheels we use LM324 with U-shape sensor because u-shape gives continuous

output and it use as a level trigger.

8.5 TABLE CIRCUIT:

this is the circuit of table, in this circuit we attach 7 push buttons, 5 push buttons is

use to insert the values of the order and 1 button is use to send the order to the counter

and one button is use to reset the order if u

enter the wrong values, one LCM is

connected to the controller which shows

orders.

8.6 PIC16 GENERAL CIRCUIT:


This is the initializing circuit of PIC16f84, to initializing the circuit we provided 5V at pin numbers 4 and 14. The pin number 5 should be grounded and 4.00MHz crystal at pin numbers 15 and 16.

8.7 ULTRA SONIC CIRCUIT:

We use ultrasonic sensor to detect any obstacle which come in the path of robot

ultrasonic sensor transmit the sound waves when sound waves hit any obstacle reflect

back and the receiver receive catch it, the range of ultra sonic sensor is about 21 meter

but we set its range about 1 feet by the help of PIC 16F848

8.8 LEDS FLASHING CIRCUIT:


This circuit is use for LEDS flashing we use 12 LEDS and glow them first to last

again and again through the programming.

8.9 COUNTER CIRCUIT:

The counter circuit has both RF receiver and transmitter, this circuit receives

data from tables and send it to the computer through max232 and serial port, and

displayed on the GUI.


From the GUI we send the transmit table number command to the robot through the

RF transmitter.

8.10 FLOW CHART OF THE SYSTEM:


8.10.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS:


The operation or the process of our entire project can be divided into three parts.

Part 1 (Placing an Order by Customer)

The Customer will take a seat at one of three tables, menu card will be printed on the

custom designed modules, selections are made using 5 pushbuttons on the module,

and last 2 pushbuttons are for “Reset” and “Send” respectively.

Liquid Crystal Display will display the selections made by the customer, when he has

made his selections he can press the “Send” button to transmit the order wirelessly to

the Counter.

Selections can be reset by using the “Reset” button.

Part 2 (Receiving and Displaying at the Counter)

All the data transmitted from the module at the tables is received by a RF receiver at

the Counter, the receiver is directly connected to the MAX232 IC that converts the

logic of data and sends it to serial port of the computer, the software is designed in

such a way that it displays exact information about the order that was placed by the

customer from the tables.

The GUI will display the Table number, and all the selections made by the customer,

this way the order is placed.

Part 3 (Transmitting to the Waiter Robot)

All the details of the orders are displayed on the GUI and are saved into the database

for later viewing.

The items that are ordered are placed onto the tray of the robot and then Robot is

given command to serve to the customers, using the GUI.

Data is sent through the serial port of the computer to the MAX232 module that

converts the logic and sends information to the RF transmitter. A RF receiver is

installed in the Robot for reception of commands from the Counter. “Recall”

command button can be used to call the robot back to the starting position, which is

the Counter. The process will be repeated again for the next order.


CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

9.1 PROJECT REVIEW:


The objective was to create a prototype of a fully functional environment with

wireless transmission of orders and a semi-intelligent robot that will serve the meals

to the customers. As the world advances and introduces new methods of automation,

even in the daily aspects of life, like eating-out at restaurants with friends and family.

We are glad to introduce first time in our university this kind of a prototype, it will

attract many people towards the engineering side because of small wonders that can

be made.

We can say that our main component was the PIC18 that was used on each and every

part of the project, tables, counter, and the robot itself.

Mechanical design was also put in consideration as the prototype needs a proper

shape and figure to look pleasant and designed for the task at hand.

9.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS AND CONSIDERATIONS:

During our research we have come across many models available doing the same job

as waiters, cleaners, chefs, etcetera, each with entirely different criteria. Our robot is

based on driving the robot on the fixed defined paths and only with intelligence of

detecting objects or obstacles in front of it. Many features can be added to assist the

robot and the operators for better management of task and functionality of the robot.

9.2.1 ADDING CAMERAS (SENSE OF SIGHT)

Many models we came across used cameras mounted typically on what is suppose to

be the head of the robot. The camera would take real time images or real time video

and store it or transmit it wirelessly to the control terminals and screens installed in

control room or the counter.

This feature not only gives sight to the robot, it also gives real time update on location

of the robot on the terminals of operators and staff. With the use of complex

programming the images from the cameras can be processed and identified by the

robot as living or as a object. This technique is usually very advance and best left to

big companies manufacturing and specializing in such hardware.

9.2.2 MULTI-PURPOSE SINGLE ROBOT


A robot of this style can be upgraded in the sense that it can be made to perform

multiple jobs, such as a waiter, a cleaner a guide and even an entertainer.

During our research we came one interesting model that would dance to the music to

entertain the customers while it was idle (had no new order).

Cleaner robots have been around for quite a long time now, they are mounted with

brushes on their bases to clean away dust and other particles. With the help of

complex programming the robot can keep track of the amount of work it has done.

Multipurpose robots are most suitable for economic viable companies.

9.2.3 GPS NAVIGATIONAL AID ROBOT

GPS system can also be implemented to know the exact coordinates of the robot at all

times and make the robot enable to know its own location and improve the A.I. level

of the robot.

9.2.4 ABILITY TO RESPOND TO VERBAL COMMANDS (SENSE OF HEARING)

Many robot models and systems are equipped to recognize the human sound and

voice and are able to understand the language and some key words.

Sense of hearing is very useful and the ability of the robot to answer to commands is

also a key to improving the A.I. of the robot.

9.2.5 MEDICAL ROBOTS

Many robots are designed to be used in field and prescribe medicine to the patients.

Other robots are operated by a doctor who is in other country or remote location.

Basic designs are the same, medical robots are usually equipped with LCD screens to

show the status and other information.


REFERENCES

CHAPTER 1


[1] David R. Shircliff. Build a remote controlled robot.

[2] http://www.wtec.org/robotics/report/05-Industrial.pdf

CHAPTER 2

[3] http://www.electronicsteacher.com/robotics/type-of-robots.php

CHAPTER 3

[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless

[5] http://www.wirelesscommunication.nl/reference/chaptr07/history.htm

[6] http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/wireless80211/a/aa80211standard.htm

[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency

[8] http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/radio-frequency

[9] http://www.smartturn.com/forums/blogs/kevin-collins/47-best-practices-setting-

up-warehouse-rf-network.html

[10] http://www.electronics-manufacturers.com/info/rf/microwave-electronics/rf-

microwave-attenuator.html

CHAPTER 6

[11] Muhammad Ali Mazidi. PIC Microcontroller And Embedded Systems : Using

Assembly And C For PIC 18

[12] http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/tran.htm

[13] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulator

[14] http://www.sparkfun.com/products/255

[15] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_sensor

[16] http://www.sensorsmag.com/sensors/acoustic-ultrasound/choosing-ultrasonic-

sensor-proximity-or-distance-measurement-825

[17] http://www.howstuffworks.com/relay.htm


http://www.howstuffworks.com/relay.htm

http://www.sensorsmag.com/sensors/acoustic-ultrasound/choosing-ultrasonic-sensor-proximity-or-distance-measurement-825

http://www.sensorsmag.com/sensors/acoustic-ultrasound/choosing-ultrasonic-sensor-proximity-or-distance-measurement-825

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_sensor

http://www.sparkfun.com/products/255

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulator

http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/tran.htm

http://www.electronics-manufacturers.com/info/rf/microwave-electronics/rf-microwave-attenuator.html

http://www.electronics-manufacturers.com/info/rf/microwave-electronics/rf-microwave-attenuator.html

http://www.smartturn.com/forums/blogs/kevin-collins/47-best-practices-setting-up-warehouse-rf-network.html

http://www.smartturn.com/forums/blogs/kevin-collins/47-best-practices-setting-up-warehouse-rf-network.html

http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/radio-frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency

http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/wireless80211/a/aa80211standard.htm

http://www.wirelesscommunication.nl/reference/chaptr07/history.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless

http://www.wtec.org/robotics/report/05-Industrial.pdf

[18] http://www.linxtechnologies.com/Products/RF-Modules/

[19] http://www.arcelect.com/rs232.htm

[20] http://www.camiresearch.com/Data_Com_Basics/RS232_standard.html

[21] http://www.directindustry.com/industrial-manufacturer/dc-gearmotor-65199.html

CHAPTER 7:

[22] http://www.microsoft.com/visualstudio/en-us

[23] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio

[24] http://www.microsoft.com/express/Database/

BOOKS

Muhammad Ali Mazidi. PIC Microcontroller And Embedded Systems : Using

Assembly And C For PIC 18

David R. Shircliff. Build a remote controlled robot.

Andrew Moore. Visual Studio 2010 All-in-One For Dummies.

Nick Randolph, David Gardner. Professional Visual Studio 2008.

VIDEO TUTORIALS:

Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 Training.

DATASHEETS

http://www.electrokits.com/downloads/pdf/7805-datasheet-kec.pdf

http://www.alldatasheets.com

http://www.electrokits.com/Datasheets/7805-Datasheet


http://www.electrokits.com/Datasheets/7805-Datasheet

http://www.electrokits.com/downloads/pdf/7805-datasheet-kec.pdf

http://www.directindustry.com/industrial-manufacturer/dc-gearmotor-65199.html

http://www.camiresearch.com/Data_Com_Basics/RS232_standard.html

http://www.arcelect.com/rs232.htm

http://www.linxtechnologies.com/Products/RF-Modules/

Applications of the Project


This design of robot is best suitable for a fast food restaurant.

This type of robot can work 27/7 with 100% efficiency.

This type of robot can be implemented in all those types of industry where

there is a need to deliver stuff from place to another.

This type of robot can cover wide areas of operations in different fields.

Our robot can be reprogrammed to perform slightly different tasks.

This type of robot can work in hazardous areas.

This type of robot can work in hindrance without losing its efficiency.

All the commands and controls are done wirelessly.

Databases are also managed on a remote computer system that will show

entire history of the orders.

COST OF PROJECT

Microcontrollers:

16F series 400Rs. * 5 = 2,000Rs.


18F series 470Rs. * 8 = 4,400Rs.

Sensors (Ultrasonic and U-shape sensors) = 8,000Rs.

DC Gear Motors with belts = 3,500Rs.

Components installed on all circuits = 11,000Rs.

Vero Boards = 1,200Rs. (15 boards)

Compiler Programmer and Burner (all PIC families) = 7,000Rs.

Mechanical Parts and design = 8,600Rs.

Soldering wire + Soldering Iron and wiring = 4,300Rs.

DC Batteries = 3* 1,200Rs. = 4,800Rs.

Overheads (Food, Travelling, Cell phones) = 9,000

Plastic Boxes = 3,700Rs.

Total = 67,500Rs.

Note: Some of the calculations are approximations.

COST AND TIME ANALYSIS:

Cost and time of Ownership can be defined as the amount it costs to maintain, fix, and

guarantee a product and the time required for the competition of project. For instance,

if a design change requiring hardware rework must be made to a few prototypes, the

cost might be relatively small. However, as the number of units that must be changed

increases, the cost can become enormous. The ease or difficulty of design changes can

also affect opportunity costs. The total cost for the project is approx 72,000Rs.

Engineers who spend time fixing old designs could be working on introducing new

products and features ahead of the competition. . In a typical design, many different

types have to be purchased and stocked. The total time duration of the completion of

the project is about in the mid or end of November 2010


DATA SHEETS:

Microcontroller (PIC18F)

Microcontroller (PICF)

Transistor

LCD

RF Transmitter

RF Receiver

MAX 232


Regulator


Final Year Project Report

Documents

autonomous robot

waiter robot

robot programming

reasoning robots

university years

stateoftheart robots

mechanical design of

types of service robots