Final Vitamins

Water Soluble

VitaminsDiane D. SosaErllyne D. Valera

Their common properties are

1. Water solubility.2. Unstable to normal cooking conditions.3. Excreted in urine.

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

• Thiamine [B1]• Riboflavin [B2]• Niacin [B3]• Pantothenic acid [B5] • Pyridoxine [B6]• Biotin • Folic acid• Cobalamine [B12]

Vitamin B complex

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Thiamine Riboflavin

Heat labile sulfur containing vitamin

Contains pyrimidine and thiazole ring

Joined by methylene bridge

It is highly alkaline sensitive

Thiamine

Pyrimidine ring Methylene bridge Thiazole ring

VITAMIN B1 - THIAMINE

Sources

Rich Sources

Good sources

Fair sources

• Outer coatings of food grains like rice, wheat and yeast.

• Whole cereals, pulses, oilseeds and nuts.

• Meat, liver and egg and fish.

Vitamin B1 - Thiamine

VITAMIN B1 - THIAMINE

Thiamine Sources

THIAMINE -RDA

1mg/day

Requirement increases with energy expenditure

Absorption and Transport

It is absorbed in small intestine by active transport mechanism and simple diffusion. Then it reaches liver through circulation.

Ethanol inhibits active transport

VITAMIN B1 - THIAMINE

VITAMIN B1 - THIAMINE

Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP or TDP) is the active form of thiamine.

FunctionsVITAMIN B1 - THIAMINE

Essential for release of

energy from carbohydrates

Necessary branched chain

amino acid metabolism

Needed for normal

functioning of nervous system

In carbohydrate metabolismOxidative decarboxylationTransketolase reactions

VITAMIN B1 - THIAMINE

Pyruvate Acetyl - CoA

NAD+ NADH+H+

Lipoate, CoA-SH, FAD

CO2

Oxidative decarboxylation

VITAMIN B1 - THIAMINE

TPP

PDH

α ketoglutarate Succinyl - CoA

NAD+ NADH+H+

Lipoate, CoA-SH, FAD

CO2

Oxidative decarboxylation

VITAMIN B1 - THIAMINE

TPP

VITAMIN B1 - THIAMINE

Xylose-5 phosphate Ribose-5 phosphate

Glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate Sedoheptulose-7 phosphate

Transketolase TPP

VITAMIN B1 - THIAMINE

VITAMIN B1 - THIAMINE

Thiamine Deficiency:

Failure of carbohydrate metabolism

↓ATP production

Impaired cellular

functions

VITAMIN B1 - THIAMINE

Thiamine Deficiency:

Impaired cellular functions

Neurological symptoms,

Edema,Indigestion,Constipation

VITAMIN B1 - THIAMINE

Thiamine Deficiency:

Neurological symptoms,

Edema,Indigestion,Constipation

BERIBERI

VITAMIN B1 - THIAMINE

Thiamine Deficiency:

Types of BERIBERI

Dry beriberi

Wet beriberi

Cerebral beriberi

Infantile beriberi

VITAMIN B1 - THIAMINE

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A person with “wet” beriberi (edema present) often develops an enlarged heart and related heart failure.

Thiamin deficiencyDry beriberi (no edema)

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

RIBOFLAVIN

RIBOFLAVIN - CHEMISTRY

It contains heterocyclic isoalloxazine ring and ribitol a sugar alcohol

It is sensitive to light.

RIBOFLAVIN - SOURCES

SourcesMilkCheeseEggsMeat Yeast extractsGreen vegetables

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VITAMIN B2 -RIBOFLAVIN

RDA

1.3 – 1.7mg/day

VITAMIN B2 -RIBOFLAVINAbsorption and Transport

Absorbed in small intestine and distributed to all tissues by circulation.

RIBOFLAVIN – ACTIVE FORMS

Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN)Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

(FAD)

RIBOFLAVIN – ACTIVE FORMS

VITAMIN B2 -RIBOFLAVIN

Active forms of riboflavin are FMN and FAD.

They act as prosthetic groups of several enzymes.

Catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions.

Growth, repair, development of body tissues - healthy skin, eyes and tongue

Functions

VITAMIN B2 -RIBOFLAVIN

Co-enzyme activity

FMN - dependent enzymes

FAD - dependent enzymes

• FAD dependent reactions :-1). Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) :- Succinate Fumarate. FAD FADH2

2). Acyl CoA dehydrogenase:-Acyl CoA α-β Unsaturated Acyl CoA. FAD FADH2

• FAD dependent reactions :-3). Xanthine oxidase :- Xanthine Uric acid FAD FADH2

• FMN dependent :- L-Amino acid oxidaseL-Aminoacid α-Keto acid + NH3 FMN FMNH2

RIBOFLAVIN - DEFICIENCY

Oral

• Angular Stomatitis

• Cheliosis• Glossitis

Facial • Dermatitis of

nasolabial region.

Ocular • Vascularization of cornea

Riboflavin Deficiency

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

NIACIN

Nicotinic acid Nicotinamide

NIACIN [B3]-CHEMISTRY

NIACIN [B3]- SOURCE

LegumesYeastLiverFish

Meat

Niacin can also be obtained from Tryptophan •

Daily Requirement (RDA):

Niacin [B3]

15-20 mg/day

Absorbed in small intestine and reach various tissues through circulation where they are converted to NAD

and NADP.

Niacin [B3]Absorption and transport

Niacin [B3]-ACTIVE FORM

NAD+ NADP+

FUN

CTIO

NS NAD+, NADP+ are involved in oxidation and

reduction reactions

NAD in oxidative pathways- TCA cycle, Glycolysis

NADP in reductive pathways- PPP, Synthesis of cholesterol, FA

NIACIN [B3]

• NAD+ dependent reactions Glycolysis :- a) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. b) Lactate dehydrogenase. TCA cycle :- a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase. b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase. c) α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. d) Malate dehydrogenase.

• NAD+ dependent reactions• Aminoacid catabolism :- a) Branched chain α-Ketoacid dehydrogenase b) Glutamate dehydrogenase• Fat metabolism ;- a) β-Hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase b) β-Hydroxy butyrate dehydrogenase

NADP+ dependentGlucose Dehydrogenase.Isocitratedehydrogenase.Glucose-6-Phosphatase.Malic enzyme.

NADPH dependent• Dihydro folate reductase.• Phenylalanine hydroxylase.• Met Hb reductase.• Cholesterol -7-a hydrolase.• Squalene epoxidase.• HMG- CoA reductase.

• 3-Keto acyl CoA reductase.• Glutathione reductase.• Glucose 6-(P) dehydrogenase.• 6-Phospho gluconate dehydrogenase.

PELLAGRA

Dermatitis

Diarrhoea

Dementia

Death

NIACIN [B3]- DEFICIENCY

PELLAGRA

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CAUSES Dietary deficiency

Deficient synthesis

Isoniazid

Hartnup disease

Carcinoid syndrome

NIACIN [B3]Niacin Deficiency

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Pantothenic acid Pyridoxine

Combination of pantoic acid and β-alanine

PANTOTHENIC ACID [B5]-CHEMISTRY

EggLiverMeatYeastMilk

Cereals

PANTOTHENIC ACID [B5]-SOURCES

Daily requirement (RDA)

PANTOTHENIC ACID [B5]

5-10 mg/day.

Absorption and transport

Freely absorbed in the intestine and reach various tissues through circulation.

PANTOTHENIC ACID [B5]

ACTIVE FORMS

Coenzyme-A[CoA-SH]

Acyl carrier protein[ACP]

PANTOTHENIC ACID [B5]

Coenzyme-A

TCA cycle

Fatty acid synthesis

Cholesterol synthesis

ACP

Fatty acid synthesis

PANTOTHENIC ACID [B5]-FUNCTIONS

Rare in humansBurning

Foot Syndrome

Experimental animals

AnemiaDermatitisFatty liver

PANTOTHENIC ACID [B5]-Deficiency

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

PYRIDOXINE [B6]

Pyridoxine

Pyridoxal

Pyridoxamine

PYRIDOXINE [B6]- CHEMISTRY

• Three compounds derived from pyridine show vitamin B6 activity.

PYRIDOXINE [B6]

Whole grainsLegumes

LiverYeastMeat

VegetablesFruits

PYRIDOXINE [B6]

Daily requirement (RDA)

2-2.5 mg/day

PYRIDOXINE [B6]

Pyridoxine is easily absorbed and reaches

various tissues through circulation.

In the tissues pyridoxine is converted to pyridoxal and

pyridoxamine.

Absorption and Transport

PYRIDOXINE [B6]

Active form of vitamin B6

Pyridoxal phosphate

PYRIDOXINE [B6]

PYRIDOXINE [B6]

Protein metabolism

Heme synthesis

Glycogenolysis

PYRIDOXINE [B6]Transamination

Deamination

Decarboxylation

Heme synthesis

Production of Niacin

Glycogenolysis

PYRIDOXINE [B6] Reaction

type Example Transamination Oxaloacetate + glutamate aspartate + ⇔ α-ketoglutarate

Deamination Serine → pyruvate + NH3

Decarboxylation Histidine → histamine + CO2

Condensation Glycine + succinyl CoA → δ-aminolevulinic acid

PYRIDOXINE [B6]-TOXICITY

>500mg/day

Neurologic symptoms:

Sensory neuropathy

Convulsions

It is rare in human adults.

Drug induced pyridoxine deficiency

Isoniazid or isonicotinic acid hydrazine (INH)

Oral contraceptives and excessive alcohol consumption

PYRIDOXINE [B6]

Thank You!